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What was Medicine and Science like before 1750?

Before the industrial revolution very little was known about health and hygiene. People did not think of washing their hands before eating or cleaning their streets, and diseases were easily spread. X-rays were not yet invented which meant broken bones, tumors and location of bullets were all diagnosed by physical examination and a doctors best guess. When you broke your bone they would be lined hopefully in the right place and hitched together, without an x-ray machine it was hard to tell if the bones were in the right spot. To treat an infected wound doctors would apply or injected either tropical iodine, bromine or mercury containing compounds but this was very painful and damaged issue and harmed normal human cells. Using herbal remedies for infections was also quite popular but not as effective as common used painkillers we have today. When doctors checked your heart they would have to put their ear directly over the area of interest to examine. This technique is a lot less accurate than a stethoscope.

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Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen invented x-rays in 1895. An x-ray is an electromagnetic wave of high energy and very short wavelength, which is able to pass through the human body and produce digital images. X-rays helped during the war time by locating bullets, and spotting broken bones. X-rays transformed the medical field greatly by being able to see inside the human body without cutting into the skin. X-rays were a new kind of technology that people had not seen before.

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Wilhelm Roentgen inventor of the x-ray.
The digital image of the world's first x-ray in 1895.
The image shows Roentgen's wife's hand with her wedding ring on. This image proves that the x-ray machine worked and it allowed doctors to see inside the human body without surgery. Doctors would now have a record to go with the patient's notes, so this enabled the doctors to give the patients the right treatment.

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Felix Hoffmann invented the medication aspirin in 1897. Aspirin is medication also known as acetylsalicylic and its most commonly used to reduce pain, fever, headaches, inflammation and aspirin given shortly after a heart attack decreases the risk of death. Aspirin is one of the first drugs to come into common usage and people who use aspirin a lot of the time have a reduced risk of death. Scientists have found out many more other benefits including decreased risk of stomach cancer and heart attack, it help prevents strokes and deep vein thrombosis. Aspirin also has many other unusual benefits when you crush up the tablet and rub the powder on bug bites, pimples, callus and more.

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Bayer's aspirin advertisement.
Advertisement from 1899 telling people that you should use aspirin. Bayers is saying that aspirin is proved safe by millions of people that use it for headaches, colds, neuralgia, lumiago, pain, toothache, neuritis and rheumatism. Bayer's are also stating that Aspirin is safe to use and that is proved by millions of people. You should only accept bayer's packaged aspirin as it contains proven directions.

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Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope in 1816. The stethoscope is a medical instrument used most commonly for listening to the action of a person's heart or breathing. The invention of stethoscopes offered a better sound for listening to the heart, lungs and this meant doctors could have a better diagnosis for medication. Stethoscopes can also listen to the bowels, blood pressure and to a baby inside the mother. The stethoscope has became one of the virtual tools used by doctors and nurses all over the world.

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Theobald Chartran examines a patient in front of his students at Necker Hospital in 1816.
The significance of this painting is that Chartran is showing students how to use the stethoscope. Now almost every doctor/nurse uses a stethoscope to examine patients.

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What is the overall impact of X-rays, Aspirin and Stethoscopes?

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What is the overall impact of X-rays, Aspirin and Stethoscopes?

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Without x-rays we would not have television or radios. The whole field of astronomy would disappear. Setting broken bones would be so much harder and diagnostic medicine would be impossible. After the first world war hospitals became heavily dependent on x-ray machines for patient diagnosis.

Aspirin has many good impacts like how brands could start making money selling aspirin. Doctors/scientists found out more about making medicine that is safe. People given aspirin shortly after a heart attack have less chance of death, and many people use aspirin every day to thinner their blood. Recent studies suggest aspirin may also limit the rate of growth and the occurrence of certain types of cancer.

Stethoscopes checks the sound of your heart and many other organs, without it doctors would find it a lot harder to diagnose diseases. These days checkups are a lot quicker and you can get more accurate results.

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History.com Editors. (2019) Bayer patents aspirin. Available From: https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/bayer-patents-aspirin [5th Mar 2020]

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