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On March 24, 1882, Dr. Robert Koch announced the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB). At that time, tuberculosis killed one in seven people living in the United States and Europe. Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria that are spread from person to person through microscopic droplets spread in the air. This can happen when a person with the untreated active form of TB coughs, talks, sneezes, spits, laughs, or sings. TB disease in the lungs can cause symptoms such as the following:

Severe cough that lasts 3 weeks or more.
Chest pain.
Coughing up blood or sputum (phlegm from the bottom of the lungs)
Other symptoms of tuberculosis disease are:

Weakness or fatigue
Weightloss
Lack of appetite
Shaking chills
Fever
Night sweats

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Niños del sanatorio marítimo "Malvarrosa" de la Junta Provincial contra la Tuberculosis [Material gráfico]: Valencia.

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Este grabado aparece también en la obra: "Breve descripción de la fiebre amarilla padecida en Cádiz y pueblos comarcanos en 1800, en Medinasidonia en 1801, en Málaga en 1803 y en esta misma plaza y varias otras del Reyno en 1804. Por D. Juan de Arejula". Madrid, Imprenta Real, 1806

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Plano de la Ciudad y Puerto de Malaga [Material cartográfico] : anotados con estrellas y numeros los sitios donde principiaron las proximas pasadas Epidemias

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Este grabado aparece también en la obra: "Breve descripción de la fiebre amarilla padecida en Cádiz y pueblos comarcanos en 1800, en Medinasidonia en 1801, en Málaga en 1803 y en esta misma plaza y varias otras del Reyno en 1804. Por D. Juan de Arejula". Madrid, Imprenta Real, 1806

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Yellow fever - 1804
Yellow fever swept through the city in the summers of 1804 and 1803 where the virulence of the infection was such that more than 35% of the population died and another 15% fled.
It was terminated on November 28, 1804. The population of Malaga went from 51,745 inhabitants to 25,000, turning Malaga into a ghost town.

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Este grabado aparece también en la obra: "Breve descripción de la fiebre amarilla padecida en Cádiz y pueblos comarcanos en 1800, en Medinasidonia en 1801, en Málaga en 1803 y en esta misma plaza y varias otras del Reyno en 1804. Por D. Juan de Arejula". Madrid, Imprenta Real, 1806

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Plano de la Ciudad y Puerto de Malaga [Material cartográfico] : anotados con estrellas y numeros los sitios donde principiaron las proximas pasadas Epidemias

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Este grabado aparece también en la obra: "Breve descripción de la fiebre amarilla padecida en Cádiz y pueblos comarcanos en 1800, en Medinasidonia en 1801, en Málaga en 1803 y en esta misma plaza y varias otras del Reyno en 1804. Por D. Juan de Arejula". Madrid, Imprenta Real, 1806

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The Marseilles plague originated in 1720 and spread rapidly through the city, causing between 30,000-40,000 deaths out of a total of 90,000 inhabitants. This was the last plague epidemic outbreak recorded in France.
The Great Saint Anthony, which docked in Marseille on May 25, 1720, was the cause of the epidemic, since its cargo of silks and cotton bales was contaminated with the Yersin bacillus, responsible for the plague. To prevent the spread, the city was confined by a wall guarded by military troops so that no one tried to escape.

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Barcelona suffered a very serious epidemic in the autumn of 1914, the city suffered from serious hygienic deficiencies.
Most of the population had to go to the sources and the supply facilities were very old, from the Roman era itself.

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Aparell de destil·lació instal·lat per l'Ajuntament de Barcelona a la font pública de la Plaça del Pedró, per descontaminar l'aigua en una epidèmia de tifus, Barcelona.

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Cholera pandemic of 1983/1984, in which 1,744 inhabitants were infected, of whom 382 died.
The virus arrived on the island through an Italian ship, in which some sanitary rule of the quarantine that the ship's expedition had to pass was broken.
On January 4, 1894, after 3 months with the island affected by cholera, it was possible to return to normal life as the epidemic ended.

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Epidemia colérica de 1893 en Santa Cruz de Tenerife, capital de la provincia de Canarias : actas de las comisiones de higiene, subsistencias y beneficencia ..

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In Western countries, the rate of HIV infection has decreased slightly due to the adoption of safe sexual practices by homosexual men and (to a lesser extent) the existence of free syringe distribution and campaigns to educate users of HIV. injection drugs on the danger of sharing syringes. The spread of infection in heterosexuals has been somewhat slower than originally feared, possibly because HIV is slightly less transmissible through vaginal intercourse, when no other sexually transmitted diseases are present, than is known. thought previously.

However, since the late 1990s, in some First World human groups, infection rates have begun to show signs of increasing again. This is attributed to the fact that younger generations do not remember the worst phase of the epidemic in the 1980s and have grown tired of using condoms. AIDS continues to be a problem among prostitutes and injection drug users. On the other hand, the death rate from AIDS-related diseases has decreased in Western countries due to the emergence of new effective (albeit more expensive) containment therapies that delay the development of AIDS.

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Plague of Justinian - Eastern Roman Empire 541-549

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Plague of Justinian - Eastern Roman Empire 541-549

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The Justinian plague was an epidemic that affected the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire, including the city of Constantinople and other parts of Europe, Asia and Africa between 541 and 549. It is estimated that, between 541 and 549, the world population lost between 25 and 50 million people, that is, between 13 and 26% of the estimated population in the sixth century. It has been considered one of the greatest plagues in history. The cause is presumed to be the bubonic plague, 1 and more recent research confirms that it is the same bubonic plague associated with current or medieval infections.

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471-400 A.C. Plague of Athens
In 430 BC, at the beginning of the second year of the Peloponnesian War, a terrible epidemic broke out in Athens and in the most populous cities of Attica. It would last a little over four years and some 100,000 people would die, a quarter to a third of the population.

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The plague of Athens. Line engraving by J. Fittler after M. Sweerts.

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Lettering: The plague. N. Poussin pinxit. ; J. Fittler sculpsit.

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Eighty years ago, between October and November 1940, Nazi Germany, which had invaded and annexed Poland a year earlier, turned a section of the Polish capital, Warsaw, into a large prison where nearly half a million Jews were confined and exterminated. An estimated 120,000 people from the ghetto contracted the disease due to the overcrowding imposed by the Nazis in Warsaw and that more than 30,000 died, in addition to deaths from food shortages. However, in the fall of 1941, when the population was experiencing the highest rate of infections and the cold winter was approaching, the epidemic curve began to fall until it was extinguished. The measures ranged from social distancing to home quarantine. General hygiene, cleaning of the apartments, and soup kitchens were also promoted to curb the famine. Eugene Lazowski, a doctor in the Polish Army, with the help of Stanislaw Matulewicz, managed to save 8,000 prisoners from the Nazis by inducing a false positive for typhus.

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The Plague: The disease began to affect Asian countries, which traded with the rest of Europe. It was easy for the epidemic to spread to all corners of Europe, although it first reached India, from where it spread to Mongolia, with some cases also being located in Russia
The society came from a convulsed period of wars and confrontations but from the eleventh century, an era of prosperity began, where the climate accompanied the harvests, giving excellent products. The fiefdoms and lordships begin to be created, with which the cities begin to prosper. The population of the most important centers such as Paris or Florence doubles and triples. Guilds are created, a new social order is conceived, it is a time of prosperity until in the fourteenth century, a climate change plays a trick on half the world.
In absolute numbers, the Black Death claimed more than 50 million lives across Europe. Of the more than 80 million inhabitants that were in the Old Continent, only 30 million remained. And all in an incredibly negative 6-year span (1347 to 1353)
Spain - In the Iberian Peninsula it would go from 6 million inhabitants to just over 2 million. In other words, 2 out of 3 citizens lost their lives, which represents 66% of the population died.
France - It is estimated that the casualties were around 65%.
Italy - For its part, the entire transalpine country saw its population drop dramatically.
Tuscany lost 63% of its population.
Siena and San Gimignano, touched 60%
Prato and Bologna reduced their demographics by 45%
Florence, for its part, went from having 92,000 inhabitants to only 37,000. That is, it lost 60% of its neighbors.
Worst of all, after the Black Death disappeared almost on its own, population growth in Europe came to a standstill. It would not be until a century later, in the middle of the 15th century. On the other hand, the crisis unleashed by the pandemic was a catastrophe that lasted for decades. Many farmers moved to the city, so the empty lands were awarded to poor peasants, which gave a boost to the rural economy.

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A physician wearing a seventeenth century plague preventive costume. Watercolour.

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Lettering: Costume worn by doctors during an outbreak of plague 17th century.

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The Black Death (la gran mortaldat) was present in the states of present-day Spain between 1348 and 1350.[1][2] In the 14th-century, present-day Spain was composed of the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile and Navarre, and the Emirate of Granada.Of the countries on the Iberian Peninsula, the Black Death is well documented and researched in Navarre and particularly in Aragon - which was famous for the chronicle of Peter IV - but less documented in Castile, Portugal and Granada.
The Black Death in Castile are not as well researched or documented as in Aragon and Navarre. It caused the death of king Alfonso XI of Castile in the middle of his warfare against Muslim Andalusia.

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Russian flu (1889)
The first significant flu pandemic started in Siberia and Kazakhstan, traveled to Moscow, and made its way info Finland and then Poland, where it moved into the rest of Europe. By the following year, it had crossed the ocean into North America and Africa. By the end of 1890, 360.000 had died.

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This is a map of England that shows the prevalence of cholera in the several districts during the epidemic of 1849. The degree of mortality is expressed in the darkness of the shades drawn on the map below.

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Between 1826 and 1837 Europe was severely affected by the second wave of choleraDuring the third wave, between 1853 and 1854, 23,000 people lost their lives in the United Kingdom alone, while during the fifth wave, between 1883 and 1887, 250,000 people died across Europe.

The doctor John Snow discovered the cause of the spread of cholera, establishing that it was due to water coming from a well contaminated. This finding laid the foundations for the paradigm shift regarding the generation of diseases and the definition of the concept of infectious-contagious disease that was achieved shortly after with the contribution of Louis Pasteur. Determining the cause of this outbreak influenced the organization of public health and the improvement of drainage and water intake systems towards the beginning of the 19th century.

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'A court for King Cholera' is hardly an exaggeration of many dwelling places of the poor in London.

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The Spanish Flu was the cause of more than 40 million people around the world between 1918 and 1920. The exact number of the pandemic is unknown, which is considered the most devastating in history. Many studies place the first cases in the military base of Fort Riley (USA) on March 4, 1918, although some researchers claim that it began in France in 1916 or in China in 1917.

The flu passed to Spain after registering the first cases in Europe. A neutral country in World War I that did not censor the publication of reports on the disease and its consequences, unlike the other countries focused on the war.

Being the only country that echoed the problem caused the epidemic to be known as the Spanish Flu. It is estimated that in our country it caused more than 200,000 deaths, about 1% of the population at that time. Official records speak of almost 187,000 victims, although later estimates place the victims at many more.

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The Black Death was the most devastating pandemic in human history that affected Europe and Asia in the 14th century It is estimated that the number of deaths is between 75 and 200 million people, equivalent to 30% -60% of the population. In Florence only a fifth of its inhabitants survived.

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Boccaccio's 'The plague of Florence in 1348'

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Lettering: La peste di Firenze dal Boccaccio descritta. A.S.E. il Sigr. Marchese Pier Roberto Capponi. Luigi Sabatelli DDD. Luigi Sabatelli invento, disegnò, &amp; inc.; The plague of Florence in 1348, as described in Boccaccio's Decameron ('Il decameron'). Etching by L. Sabatelli after himself.

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Measles is a highly contagious disease that causes red spots on the skin. More than 70% of measles cases in 2018 were registered in Ukraine, where there were 25,000 positives.

Most of the deaths in the population were of children under 5 years of age.

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It took place in Barcelona in 1870. Due to some crew members who arrived infected from America. Yellow fever was an infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes and Haemagogus.It affected more males, although over 60 years more women died than men. The first yellow fever epidemic was in America in 1647.
It is estimated that between 18,000 and 20,000 people died in Barcelona of yellow fever between August and December 1821.

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"Perez d.º y lit.º -- Lit.ª de Perez y Donon / LA FIEBRE AMARILLA." Litografía 18 x 14 cm Extraído del libro: Guerra de la Independencia : narración histórica [...] / por Miguel Agustín Príncipe