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Phonemic Awarenes
Phonemics awareness is how a student hears and recognizes sounds in words.

An activity to use during reading would be to read a book that has repetitive sounds in the words, such as One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish. The repetitive use of the ish will enable the students to identify the sound.

Phonemic  Awareness helps students realize how letters of the alphabet represents sounds. This gives the student the ability to recognize letters and be a precursor to writing. Phonemic awareness allows the student to have building blocks to writing. By the realization of how the alphabet represents sounds, it helps to get the student ready to read print (Kuchner.,AV.& Hurley, J., 2019).

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Vocabulary
Vocabulary is the words that a student needs to communicate correctly. Vocabulary uses prior knowledge and allows students to build in reading comprehension and writing skills.

An activity to use to increase vocabulary is list-group-label. Thus uses the student's prior knowledge, uses critical thinking and categorizing skills. The student will pick a subject, such as pets. They will divide into groups and list words that are associated with pets. They will come together  and label the groups.  This utilizes critical thinking and development of vocabulary.

Vocabulary acquisiton leads to improved writing skills. It allows the student to build an arsenal of words to use in their writing. Improved vocabulary can provide the student with the means to write fluently and produce complicated passages (Antunez ,B., 2002).

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Reading Comprehension
Reading comprehension is being able to understand what the texts says. There are two parts of reading comprehension, vocabulary and text. Vocabulary knowledge has the student draw on past knowledge. Text comprehension involves understanding of text,  questioning and summarization of the text.

Beach ball stories  is an activity to use for reinforcement. The student is tossed a beach ball that has comprehension questions printed on it. They answer and can pass the ball to the next group. This allows the student to relax, have fun and develop comprehension skills.

Reading comprehension leads to informed writing. The development of vocabulary enables the student to write fluently. It provides students with prior knowledge and understanding to aid in writing  (Rasenki, T.V., 1990)..

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s          Fluency
Fluency is how a student reads a passage correctly and quickly. Students can recognize words immediately.

Choral reading can be used to reinforce fluency. Text will be divided into two parts, boys versus girls, Each group read either the same passage to different ones. This gives the students that are not skilled readers a chance to practice and to learn words that they do not know.  Any text can be used for this activity

Fluency helps build word recognition skills that can aid the student when they are writing. Fluency allow the student  to read and recognize meanings that are needed for writing. Fluency allows for automatic recognition of words and meanings that is essential for proficient writing (Moats, L.A. ,1999).

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Phonics
Phonics teaches students the single letters of words and their sounds.  Phonics help students decode words that  they do not know by using the sounds of the letters.

An activity to reinforce phonics is Kaboom. The student pulls a stick out of a styrafoam cup and a letter of the alphabet is on the stick. The student has to identify the letter and sound. If correct, they keep the stick. If they miss, they have to turn the stick back in with the sound effects Kaboom. This helps the student recognize sounds and letters that is used in pronouncing words (Moats, L.C. & 1999).