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Organic and Inorganic  Molecules Structure:

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Organic and Inorganic  Molecules Structure:

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Biological molecules are separated into two categories, organic and inorganic. Organic molecules are those such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Inorganic molecules are those such as water, salt and oxygen. In general, inorganic compounds are often smaller and simpler than organic compounds and do not contain carbon within their structure. They can consist of many different elements whereas organic compounds can only contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen phosphorus and sulphur. Most often inorganic compounds contain ions and have ionic bonds. In contrast to this organic compounds only have covalent bonds. Inorganic molecules can still contain covalent bonds. Organic molecules are carbon-based and so contain many carbon-hydrogen bonds, they also have carbon backbones. This is opposite for inorganic molecules, these are not carbon based and can have any form of bonding. They also do not have carbon backbones.

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There are four major groups of organic molecules; proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Carbohydrate is a description of the elements it contains, carbon hydrates. In the body, carbohydrates regulate blood glucose in addition to providing energy, they also help with fat metabolism by processing extra energy and converting it to fat. The breakdown of carbohydrates for energy prevents the use of proteins for this purpose. Additionally, they prevent the degradation of tissue within the body. Some carbohydrates also provide part of the cellular membrane and contribute to cell functions such as growth. Finally they store energy to meet the immediate needs of the body. Lipids are an important food reserve for animals. This is especially important in animals that hibernate as lipids provide the food reserve that enables the animal to hide away for the winter. Animals will accumulate extra fat reserves before hibernating. Lipid deposits also form a sort of protection around the skeleton by providing a shock absorbing layer. Proteins are formed from amino acids. They are essential in repair and growth of muscles and the rest of the body. They are essential in the development of the joints and hair in addition to being a major energy source as proteins can be converted into lipids. Nucleic acids (DNA) are used to store all hereditary information for that cell or organism. They are essential in cell replication as they provide the coding for the creation of amino acids.

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Inorganic molecules perform many vital functions within the body such as calcium which is vital in the development of bones and teeth. It is the most important structural component of bones and teeth. Sodium is also vital within the body as it contributes to nerve impulse transmissions and plays a role in water reabsorption to produce concentrated urine within the kidneys. Potassium is another essential inorganic molecule within the body as this is involved in the turgidity of the guard cells which control the opening and closing of the stomata.

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Biological molecules are large, complex molecules which are only produced by living organisms. These include;
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
- Water.