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The alteration or modification of cultural elements in a society. It can occur at the micro, meso and macro levels and be brought by modernisation processes, including technological innovation

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The persistence or consistent existence of cultural elements in a society across time

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Assumes that:
-  Change and conflict are normal to society
-  Inequalities in power are built into all social structures
-  Human interactions result in conflict
-  Revolutionary change occurs as a result of the conflict.

Strengths:

The theory explores the dynamic between competing groups

Helps theorists analyse group dynamics at a macro level

Theorists are able to analyse society in a critical manner

Criticisms:

Portrays a negative view on society constantly being in conflict

Neglects social stability, does not account for incremental changes

Does not address micro-changes; eg changes in familial structures, not all individuals seek power.

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Assumptions: Societies will reach newer and higher levels of development over time and change is progress

Main Points:

Hunting and gathering societies

Agricultural societies = More secure food supplies, subsistence living

Industrial societies = Mass production, rise of capitalism

Post-Industrial technology, important information technology.

Criticisms:

Assumes all societies follow the path

Describes social change rather than explaining how and why it occurs

Does not take into account globalisation cultural diffusion and the blending of societies

Believes that post industrial societies are superior to primitive societies

Strengths:

The use of social change for the global world to grow

Creates an impact in the future for whether it is business or societies to adapt to the current evolution change

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Assumptions:
- As societies develop, become more complex and interdependent
- Society functions more effectively with clear social order

Strengths

Social norms are the rules that govern social life

Society is held together by solidarity and agreement about what is good and worthwhile

If an event occurs at a micro level, it wont severely impact the structure of society

Criticisms

Does not deal well with economic or technological change

Focused on Macro level but not on Micro

Does not acknowledge major role of individuals and their actions in social change for example the black lives protests

Emphasis on social stability rather than change

Only focus on a macro level and doesn't take individual actions to account

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Assumes that: People and individuals shape the world and society and Individuals act according to their own interpretation of the world.

Strengths:

Focuses on individual rather than categorising  into groups of society

Allows individuals to compare the way they act with different people and understand the social constructs developed by society

Criticisms:

Research is often subjective as it is based upon the individual

More emphasis on the individual rather than social structures

Does not explain macro level social change

Ignores the effect of social forces.

Research is subjective

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Structure​: refers to the rules within groups and institutions.

Theories can be used to explain structural changes. Examples of structural changes:

Increasing secularisation → conflict theory explains this

Increasing gender equality

Changing demographics

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Different agents of social change. (S.T.E.E.P)

Socio-cultural. eg. ethnicity, traditions, religion

Technological e.g. Technology changing throughout the years

Economic e.g. Economy, money etc

Environmental e.g. Change of landscape and region

Political e.g. Government

Through these factors, individuals develop different perspective on the occurrences of Changes within society.
For example:

Black Lives Matter

LGBTQI+

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→ Social process where the values, customs and practices of Western industrial capitalism are adopted to form the basis of cultural change

- Culture is spread rapidly through intergovernmental agreements that facilitate trade and tourism

- Metropolitan areas of China where the wealthy condone consumerism, appear to have embraced Westernisation

- The rise of individualism is evidence of Westernisation

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→ Process of integration and the sharing of goods, capital, services, knowledge etc. between countries. Brought about by improved technologies. Evidenced in the emergence of global sport; spread of world tourism

- Allows the sharing of goods, services, knowledge, ideas and culture

- Adapting new structures of ideology within communities due to the rise of beliefs in contemporary society

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→ Tools we use to assist our interactions in society. Can be referred to as innovation and can initiate change to micro, meso and macro operations in society. Constantly changing and adapting and their impacts vary over time

- Different beliefs and perspectives are shared rapidly due to different social platforms online

- Exhilarated the process of globalisation by making things more "express"