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Based on the transcription 1, a phonemic variation that we would like to call attention to is rhoticity. Rhotic accents are the accents of English that are non-prevocalic /r/ is pronounced. In a simpler way, the word rhoticity expresses the sounds of the “r” is noticeable. Linguists always emphasise on the differences between rhotic and non-rhotic dialect or accents. It is being differentiated by pronouncing the letter “r” or eliminating it, as the rhotic speakers will pronounce the /r/ in words whereas normally the non-rhotic speakers will discard the pronunciation of “r” which is also known as “r”-dropping.

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Ehrlich, B. (n.d.). London National Capital United Kingdom https://www.britannica.com/place/London

Thomas, W.H. (n.d.). England history https://www.britannica.com/place/England

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- ENGLAND (LONDON)

- SOUTH AMERICA (TENNESSEE)

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How did English language spread in London, England?

How did English language spread in Tennessee, South America?

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- London, England.
- Tennessee, South America.

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ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH VARIATIONS FOR BOTH COUNTRY

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ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH VARIATIONS FOR BOTH COUNTRY

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- PHONEMIC VARIATION (RHOTICTITY)
- PROSODIC VARIATION (STRESS)
- LEXICAL VARIATION (VOCABULARY)

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Gender: Male

Age:18 years old

Place of birth: London, England

Currently is a student in one of the universities in London

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Gender: Female

Age: 22 years old

Place of birth: Wilmington, North Carolina.

Currently working

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How did English language spread in London, England? 

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How did English language spread in London, England? 

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According to the Britannica website, the English language was extracted from different types of sources and it has added up its vocabulary through borrowing words from around the world so it has been proven that English language is polyglot. As the English language is a first language for Wales, Scotland, Ireland, most Commonwealth countries and the United States, it is not associated with the English.

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The spread of English language can be divided into several parts:

1. The beginning of Old English

2. Early Middle English (French and Latin Influences)

3. Late Middle English (Stabilising a Language)

4. Early Modern English (Shakespearean)

5. Late Modern English

6. English in the 21st Century (Contemporary English)

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Some stated that English language emerged in 449 AD as the arrival came upon the British Islands by the Germanic tribes, which are the Saxons, the Angles and the Jutes. Now it is known as Denmark and Germany. The residents of British Isles were assumed to be using ancient Celtic to communicate upon their arrival. Ancient Celtic with a modern variation still exists in Britain for instance, in Welsh. Englisc, a language spoken by the Angle tribe. It began to grow throughout the south of Britain as the locals moved further to the north. The legendary Beowulf was written as the longest poem in Old English during c. 700-1000 AD.

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The beginning of the Beowulf in a digitalised image.

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Before he was known as the King of England, William the Conqueror was a Duke of Normandy. As he was crowned as King of England in 1066 because of his invasion to England from Normandy, he brought French words together with him which in the end mixed well with the existing Germanic language. During that time, Englisc had spread through Britain and was just spoken by the lower classes. However, approximately 10,000 French words are adopted in English language. The latest French-influenced type of the language was used mostly as an official language, such as language in court, administration and also utilized in culture. In this span of time is when the English language or to be more precise, English grammar, begins to expand, it focuses on syntax especially. Although the residents had Anglicised the language, the influence Norman and French continued to rule the language up to the 14th century. A better complex feature of the language was being replaced after the loss of case endings. On side notes, case ending is “a suffix on an inflected noun, pronoun, or adjective that indicates its grammatical function”. The language is still so crude and rough that even a native speakers today are unable to comprehend the language.

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Late Middle English (Stabilising a Language)

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Late Middle English (Stabilising a Language)

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In the 14th century, a distinct dialect was evolved throughout London, commonly known as  East-Midlands. The Father of English Literature and the author of Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer was indicated as the astonish poet during that era. The English language was mostly verified through his works, with French and Latin. Be that as it may, he kept on writing characters in the northern dialects. Chancery English established in the mid-1400s. The official documents were prepared by the clerk who happens to be bilingual in  both French and Latin, and were written in English where once was in French. In the end of the 15th century, William Caxton and Richard Pryson, who were the one who invented printing presses in England in the 1470s and the first publisher of English-language in the country respectively, helped the language to fully equalise with Chancery Standard. These standards were accepted in England through the translation of the bible in 1535.

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Introduction to Tennessee, South America

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Introduction to Tennessee, South America

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Hodges, J.A. (n.d.). Tennessee State https://www.britannica.com/place/Tennessee/Climate

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Example of printing press in 1811

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Early Modern English was formed in the late 15th century until the mid-to-late 17th century. English standards began influencing the way of speaking and writing in the United Kingdom as well as Middle Scots in Scotland in 1603 when James I ascended the throne. The texts created throughout that era were amazingly comprehensible  for the readers today even though there may be a stark difference with contemporary English. William Shakespeare, a well known English poet, playwright and writer had written about 37 plays that left a huge impact on English language. Thus, Early Modern English is commonly known as Shakespearean English. He had invented more than 1,500 words and we've been using these expressions until now.

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Shakespeare

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The British Empire began to grow in the beginning of the 16th century. The Industrial Revolution and the Rise of the British Empire during the 18th, 19th and early 20th century shows the evolution of English language. The Industrial Revolution from the advancement in science and technology has impacted the language by establishing new words, phrases and concepts in order to represent ideas and new inventions. A wider range of  vocabulary was invented to be used, instead of grammar or spelling rules which shows that Late Modern English contrasts faintly from Early Modern English. The new technologies and scientific lexicon words and neologisms are drawn from prehistoric languages like Latin and Greek by the scientist and scholar. Between 1750 and 1900 when new inventions were created, it is written in English as a native speaking country of English, the United States of America helped to contribute. Colonialism is another factor of the expansion in English language. It can be assumed English language had been presented by the British to the nation under them to learn and get the benefits of foreign influence. The idea of blending their culture and traditions have backfired on Britain as the English language is now influenced more by the foreign language and became part of the English language.

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English in the 21st Century (Contemporary English)

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English in the 21st Century (Contemporary English)

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Learning English is tough these days. On a side note, just in London, 300 languages are identified and spoken. With new dialects were invented, it is certain to be called Multicultural London English. A new structure of Cockney which is mainly spoken by the working class and juvenile that accommodates  components from multitude of English arrangements, new linguistic forms and so does pattern of speaking are made use of known as multiethnolect. The rise of technologies brought up to the uses of social media and the internet does impact on language as new words and abbreviations are introduced.

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Based on the transcription 1, a phonemic variation that we would like to call attention to is rhoticity. Rhotic accents are the accents of English that are non-prevocalic /r/ is pronounced. In a simpler way, the word rhoticity expresses the sounds of the “r” is noticeable. Linguists always emphasise on the differences between rhotic and non-rhotic dialect or accents. It is being differentiated by pronouncing the letter “r” or eliminating it, as the rhotic speakers will pronounce the /r/ in words whereas normally the non rhotic speakers will discard the pronunciation of “r” which is also known as “r”-dropping.

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Demirezen (2012), cited MacArthur (1998) in his journal regarding the United States of America (USA) including the northern and western states of the US aside from Boston area and New York City are the main rhotic countries. Canada, India, Ireland, south - western of England, Scotland as well as Barbados are included in the groups of rhotic countries. The “r” sound is always pronounced by the North American speakers as their English is rhotic excluding the Boston area and New York City. There has always been a question on how South America is a non-rhotacism country despite USA is the main country of rhotacism.

This has also been claimed by Jay and Vicki in the YouTube video called “The R Sounds in British and American English” that the southern part of the USA does not pronounce the “r”. However, they also mentioned more often or not, the accents in the USA are rhotic while United Kingdom (UK) are not.

As for the speakers from Tennessee, although she is from the south part of the USA, the pronunciation of “r” is noticeable for both sentences in the transcription 1. We are able to hear it clearly despite the statements cited in Demirezen (2012) about South American. Words in the transcription 1  that have a rhotic accent are 'heard', worked', 'cashier', 'park', 'red', 'carry' and 'grocery'. The speakers from Tennessee pronounce the “r” clearly. This indicates that she is applying a rhotic accent or dialect.

The retroflex approximant is produced when a rhotic accent is being used. Initially, our gum is approached by our tongue which then the tip curls back towards the roof of the mouth thus, it causes the tongues to be pulled back into the mouth when the movement occurs. This clarifies for the retroflexion part of the consonant. The tip of the tongue fails to touch the gum to an extent hence causing no friction to happen.

The vocal tract stays open broadly which explains the phrase approximant in other sounds such as stop [d], is where the tongue touches the gum. The symbol [ɻ] is to express retroflex approximant in phonetics. The letter r may potentially be pronounced in 2 other ways for rhotic accent of American English aside from the sound  [ɻ] which are as the alveolar approximant [ɹ] and alveolar flap [ɾ].

Alveolar approximant occurs when the sound [ɹ] show up at the prevocalic positions in syllable or syllable-clusters such as red [ɹed] which happens in both accents. Whereas alveolar flap which often occurs in American English only, is a sound of  [ɾ] at intervocalic position along with the stress on the first vowel is substitute with [ɾ] such as parish [ˈpæɾɪʃ], or lurid [ˈlʊɾɪd] and it appears by replacing an [ɹ] at intervallic position simultaneously in a sentence when two words are linked in between.

For instance some rhotic accent can be found in the sentence can be found in

Long vowels [ɑ:], [ɔ:], and [ɜ:], for example from the transcription 1, the word 'heard' [hɜrd], 'work' [wɜrkt], 'park' and [pɑrk]. Thus, the pronounciation "r" in these words can clearly be heard.

It also can be found after the short sound of schwa [ə]. For instance from the transcription 1, the word 'grocery' [ˈgroʊsəri ˈ]

The /æ/ and the /e/ phonemes become /eə/ in the position vowel-consonant-vowel. For example in the transcription 1, carry [ˈkæri]

There are a few circumstances where a rhotic accent is produced. When a word is pronounced in isolation or at the end of a prosodic break is where rhotic accent can be found. Next, within a prosodic unit  the last syllable of a words which ends by [ɻ] while the next word starts with a vowel, then the rhotic consonant is substituted by [ɹ] or [ɾ], depending on the particular accent. However, when the letter r does not belong in the same syllable, the rhotic accent is absent.

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1. I heard that he worked as a cashier at the cafe by the park.

aɪ hɜrd ðæt hi wɜrkt æz ə kæˈʃɪr æt ðə kəˈfeɪ baɪ ðə pɑrk.

2.The lady in the red coat helped me to carry one of my grocery bags.

ðə ˈleɪdi ɪn ðə rɛd koʊt hɛlpt mi tu ˈkæri wʌn ʌv maɪ ˈgroʊsəri bægz.

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England is bounded on the north by Scotland, on the west by the Irish Sea, Wales, and the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the English Channel and on the east by the North Sea England. More than half of the island of Great Britain is occupied by the United Kingdom central constituent unit. England is laced by great rivers and small streams while the land of England is a fertile land and the abundance of its soil has supported a thriving agricultural economy for millennia.

England became the attraction of a worldwide Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century and soon to be the world’s most  industrialised country. Representation resources from every settled mainland, cities such as Manchester, Birmingham, and Liverpool transform raw materials into produced goods for a global market, while London, the country’s capital come out as one of the world’s greatest cities and the hub of a political, economic, and cultural network that enlarged far beyond England’s shores. London has at least two (and sometimes many more) of everything such as cities, mayors, sea, cathedrals, chambers of commerce, police forces, orchestras, opera houses, and universities. In every aspect it is responsible as a fusion or confederal metropolis.

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Tennessee, inherent state of the United States of America. In 1796, Tennessee became the 16th state of the union and it is unearthed in the upper South of the eastern United States.. Tennessee has a very unique geography. Its extreme breadth of 432 miles (695 km) extend from the Appalachian Mountain boundary with North Carolina in the east to the Mississippi River partition with Missouri and Arkansas in the west whichever it is attenuated width, only 112 miles (180 km) that segregate it with the northern neighbours, Kentucky and Virginia, from Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, to the south. Nashville is the metropolis and Memphis the largest city.

The geographic, economic, and social severance of Tennessee are considered in a regionalized culture from which have materialized many remarkable figures in the arts. The white European colonizer tradition helped to shape the music, crafts, and legends of East Tennessee, while African Americans have been an influential cultural pressure in the western part of the state. Middle Tennesseans have nourished a rich amalgam of religious, educational, and other institutions.

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How did English language spread in Tennessee, South America?

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How did English language spread in Tennessee, South America?

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The best fast food in the town serves pizza with a basil (bay-zil) and oregano (oh-ray-ga-no)  as oregano (oh-ray-ga-no) has a strong, more assertive flavor. While basil (bay-zil) is more floral.

ðə bɛst fæst fud ɪn ðə taʊn sɜrvz ˈpitsə wɪð ə ˈ bæzəl ænd ˌ ɔˈrɛgəˌnoʊ æz ˌɔˈrɛgəˌnoʊ hæz ə strɔŋ, mɔr əˈsɜrtɪv ˈfleɪvər. waɪl ˈbæzəl ɪz mɔr ˈflɔrəl.

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In phonetics, stress is the point of significance given a sound or syllable in speech, other than that it is also known as lexical stress or word stress.  English has variable (or flexible) stress, unlike some other languages. This means that stress patterns can help identify the meanings of two words or phrases that or else appear to be the same. Especially to those who are learning English as a second language, these variations in stress account for the difficulty of the English language. Nevertheless, in other languages stress is used to make words more understandable on the word level and is mainly apparent in the pronunciation of individual words and their parts. The use of Stress is to deliver emphasis, but it is mostly used to provide meaning to words in common or general and can be either linked word stress on the word,  sentence levels or phrase.

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The speaker from London, England was born and raised there. The pronunciation of the letter ”r” is light and hardly can be heard. It almost seems like the speaker does not utter the “r”. For example, ‘heard’, ‘work’  ‘park’ and ‘cashier’. However, he pronounced  “r” like American English in words such as ‘ red’, ‘carry’ and ‘grocery’. This verified that he is applying the non-rhotic accent or dialect.

The United Kingdom is a country that applies non-rhotic accent during communicating. MacArthur (1998) stated that England is a non-rhotic country. To strengthen the statements mentioned above, Gelderen (2016) explained that the language brought by Celtic, Roman and Germanic (angles, Saxon, Frisians and Jutes) were certainly a rhotic and a legacy was left for the speakers when they conquered England. The upper class of Southern England extracted the rhotic accent in communicating to differentiate between social classes by the end of 18th century. It is easily embraced by the middle class and the new accent took off. Mostly lower working classes located in Scotland and Ireland thus it shows why the people there are rhotic speakers. (cited in Demirezen, 2012)

In a YouTube video called “The R Sounds in British and American English”, Vicki, mentioned that non-rhotic speakers did pronounce “r” but very lightly. However they pronounced it strongly or audibly when the letter “r” is placed before a vowel. Hence, the "r" can be heard as they pronounce it. Whereas, the “r” pronunciation will be spoken weakly when it is followed by a consonant or by the end of a word. For instance,

The /r/ sound is concealed when it is followed by a consonant. For instance in the transcription 1, the word ‘heard’ [hɜːd], ‘worked’ [wɜːkt], and ‘park’ [pɑːk]. The /r/ sound in these words is inaudible.

The /r/ sound is not retained when “r” is at the end of the word. From the transcription 1, this can be heard when he pronounced ‘cashier’ [kæˈʃɪər]. The last letter of “r” is being dropped.

However /r/ sound is highlighted when it is ahead of a vowel. Which from the transcription 1, the “r” is pronounced along with the word ‘red’ [rɛd], ‘carry’ [ˈkæri] and ‘grocery’ [ˈgrəʊsəri]. The sounds of "r" are detectable and can be heard clearly.

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1. I heard that he worked as a cashier at the café by the park.

aɪ hɜːd ðæt hiː wɜːkt æz ə kæˈʃɪər æt ðə ˈkæfeɪ baɪ ðə pɑːk.

2. The lady in the red coat helped me to carry one of my grocery bags.

ðə ˈleɪdi ɪn ðə rɛd kəʊt hɛlpt miː tuː ˈkæri wʌn ɒv maɪ ˈgrəʊsəri bægz.

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The best fast food in the town serves pizza with a basil (bah-zil) and oregano (orah-ga-no) as oregano (orah-ga-no) has a strong, more assertive flavor. While basil (bah-zil) is more floral.

ðə bɛst fɑːst fuːd ɪn ðə taʊn sɜːvz ˈpiːtsə wɪð ə ˈbæzl ænd ˌɒrɪˈgɑːnəʊ æz ˌ ɒrɪˈgɑːnəʊ hæz ə strɒŋ, mɔːr əˈsɜːtɪv ˈfleɪvə. waɪl ˈbæzl ɪz mɔː ˈflɔːrəl.

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In phonetics, stress is the point of significance given a sound or syllable in speech, other than that it is also known as lexical stress or word stress. English has variable (or flexible) stress, unlike some other languages. This means that stress patterns can help identify the meanings of two words or phrases that or else appear to be the same. Especially to those who are learning English as a second language, these variations in stress account for the difficulty of the English language. Nevertheless, in other languages stress is used to make words more understandable on the word level and is mainly apparent in the pronunciation of individual words and their parts. The use of Stress is to deliver emphasis, but it is mostly used to provide meaning to words in common or general and can be either linked word stress on the word,  sentence levels or phrase. Harold T. Edwards stated in "Applied Phonetics, Word-level stress: The Sounds of American English," is determined by the context and content of the stress to notify meaning.

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One phonological feature that is apparent in this particular speaker’s recording is on the conversion of the word basil. As a native of British, they pronounce basil differently from the other country and it is obviously differ to American. He pronounces basil as (bah-zil) he stresses the syllable (bah) which is the alphabet b and he also stresses the alphabet z for the syllable (zil). The loudness of his voice also increased and vowel. His tone also changed when he pronounced the word.

Next for the second word he pronounced oregano as (orah-ga-no). He stresses the alphabet o for the syllable (orah) and the alphabet g for the syllable (ga) and the loudness of his voices decrease as he does not stress the syllable (no). His pitch goes up when he speaks the syllable (orah-ga) and his pitch goes down when he speaks the syllable (no). Their pitch, loudness and the stress made a difference between American and British.

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British: We made a plan to go for a holiday next weekend. We have booked a flat near the main street for 3 days.

wiː meɪd ə plæn tuː gəʊ ɒn ˈhɒlədeɪ ɒn nɛkst ˈwiːkˈɛnd. wiː hæv bʊkt ə flæt nɪə ðə meɪn striːt fɔː 3 deɪz

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Taking into account that this speaker is from South America, Tennessee with a background of being born both in South America but a different state which is at Wilmington. We can hear her accent in this particular word which is basil. She pronounced the word basil as (bay-zil). The word contains two syllables as she stresses the syllables (bay) her pitch goes up meanwhile, when she pronounces the syllables (zil) the loudness of her pitch goes down as she does not stress the syllables.

Another obvious difference from the British accent that has been displayed by the speaker is the pronunciation of the word oregano. She pronounces (oh-ray-ga-no), in this particular word with four syllables. She pronounces the syllables (oh) without stress while the syllables (ray) and syllables (ga), her pitch goes up as she stresses the part of the word. Lastly the syllables (no), the loudness of her voice and her pitch decreased this shows a huge difference between American and British.

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Ducksters. (n.d.). Biographies for William the Conqueror. https://www.ducksters.com/history/middle_ages/william_the_conqueror.php

Kellner, P. (n.d.). People of England. https://www.britannica.com/place/England/People

Signoriello, F. (2016, October 20). The Development Of The British English Language. https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/articles/the-development-of-the-british-english-language/

Oxford International English Schools. (n.d.). A brief  history of the English language. https://www.oxfordinternationalenglish.com/a-brief-history-of-the-english-language/

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History of English: Tennessee, South America

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History of English: Tennessee, South America

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Friedrich, P. (2019, November, 27) South American Englishes and Englishes in South America https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119147282.ch11

Knapp, G.W. (n.d) South America https://www.britannica.com/place/South-America

Researchgate.net. (2008, January) South American Englishes https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228041775_South_American_Englishes

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Analysis of English Variation: London, England.

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Analysis of English Variation: London, England.

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Beare, K. (2019, November, 4) American English to British English Vocabulary https://www.thoughtco.com/american-english-to-british-english-4010264

Demirezen, M. (2012). Which /r/ Are you Using as an English Teacher? Rhotic or Non-Rhotic? Science Direct. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812016710

Englishclub.com. (n.d) British vs American Vocabulary https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/british-american.htm

learningenglish.voanews.com. (2017,September, 6) Six Differences Between British and American English https://learningenglish.voanews.com/amp/six-difference-between-britsh-and-american-english/3063743.html

Nordquist, R. (2019, November 04). Definition and Examples of Rhotic and Non-Rhotic Speech. https://www.thoughtco.com/rhoticity-speech-4065992

Peppe, S.J.E., Maxim, J., Wells, B. (2000, September) Prosodic Variation in Southern British English https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12115664_Prosodic_Variation_in_Southern_British_English

Simple English Video. (2018, July 7). The R Sound in British and American English [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hWjcoajXRVg

Web de Paco Gomez. (n.d.). British and American English Pronunciation Differences. http://www.webpgomez.com/english/404-british-and-american-english-pronunciation-differences#x1-30002

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Analysis of English Variation: Tennessee, South America.

# data[].attributes.subject
Analysis of English Variation: Tennessee, South America.

# data[].attributes.body
Beare, K. (2019, November, 4) American English to British English Vocabulary https://www.thoughtco.com/american-english-to-british-english-4010264

Demirezen, M. (2012). Which /r/ Are you Using as an English Teacher? Rhotic or Non-Rhotic? Science Direct. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812016710

Englishclub.com. (n.d) British vs American Vocabulary https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/british-american.htm

learningenglish.voanews.com. (2017,September, 6) Six Differences Between British and American English https://learningenglish.voanews.com/amp/six-difference-between-britsh-and-american-english/3063743.html

Nordquist, R. (2019, November 04). Definition and Examples of Rhotic and Non-Rhotic Speech. https://www.thoughtco.com/rhoticity-speech-4065992

Nordquist, R. (2019, July,3) What is Stress in Shttps://www.thoughtco.com/stress-speech-definition-1691995peech

Pathere, E. (n.d.). Word Stress https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/word-stress

Simple English Video. (2018, July 7). The R Sound in British and American English [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hWjcoajXRVg

Web de Paco Gomez. (n.d.). British and American English Pronunciation Differences. http://www.webpgomez.com/english/404-british-and-american-english-pronunciation-differences#x1-30002

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Tourist Destination.net. (2013, January) Retrieved from https://www.tourist-destinations.net/2013/01/london-england.html

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American: We made a plan to go on vacation next weekend. We have booked an apartment near the main street for 3 days.

wiː meɪd ə plæn tuː gəʊ ɒn vəˈkeɪʃən ɒn nɛkst ˈwiːkˈɛnd. wiː hæv bʊkt ən əˈpɑːtmənt nɪə ðə meɪn striːt fɔː 3 deɪz

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In lexical, vocabulary is a group of words in a person’s language that they are familiar with. It is also known as words that make up a language. The value of enhancing one’s personal vocabulary cannot be overlooked. A large vocabulary benefits all aspects of communication which are listening, speaking, reading and writing. Human cannot understand others or express their own ides without a proper punctuation, which is why vocabulary is crucial in English language education. Even if it relates from his or her native language, everybody has some vocabulary knowledge that is relevant to English. The expansion of English vocabulary is exciting, but it also means that human must develop a vocabulary. In addition, A person's vocabulary is a collection of commonly used words in their native language.

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In lexical, vocabulary is a group of words in a person’s language that they are familiar with. It is also known as words that make up a language. The value of enhancing one’s personal vocabulary cannot be overlooked. A large vocabulary benefits all aspects of communication which are listening, speaking, reading and writing. Human cannot understand others or express their own ides without a proper punctuation, which is why vocabulary is crucial in English language education. Even if it relates from his or her native language, everybody has some vocabulary knowledge that is relevant to English. The expansion of English vocabulary is exciting, but it also means that human must develop a vocabulary. In addition, A person's vocabulary is a collection of commonly used words in their native language.

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How did English language spread in Tennessee, South America?

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How did English language spread in Tennessee, South America?

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White Southerners primarily speak it in more rural areas. By number of speakers, it is the most populous American regional accent group. The mix of English speakers from the British Isles (including largely Southern English and Scots-Irish immigrants) who moved to the American South in the 17th and 18th centuries, with particular 19th-century elements also borrowed from the London upper class and African-American slaves, resulted in a diversity of earlier Southern dialects. After the American Civil War, the South's economy and migration patterns revolutionized, as did Southern dialect trends. Though it quickly became stigmatized in American popular culture, this newer Southern dialect largely replaced the existing and more diverse local Southern dialects. Despite this slow decline, the accent is still documented as widespread in the Atlas of North American English, which was published in 2006. The spread of the Southern accent took hundreds of years and it was assisted by a number of factors, the most notable of which were immigration and slavery. The accent is primarily influenced by British immigrants. The older Southern American accent, which became less prominent after the Civil War, was more similar to Northern English British accents. The Co. has grown over the years.

The following vocabulary is mostly unique to, or best associated with, Southern American English in the United States:

· Rolling means the prank of toilet papering

·  Taters mean potatoes

·  “Yonder” means over there

·   “Slaw” as a synonym for coleslaw

·    “Tote” means carry

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According to Edwan Finegan, in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, British colonization brought the English language to the Americas. As a result of British trade and colonization, as well as the spread of the former British Empire, which by 1921 included 470–570 million people, or roughly a quarter of the world's population, the language spread to many other parts of the world. Several words in the two versions have completely different meanings or are even unknown or not used in one of the versions. For example, the American refers holiday as a vacation, and flat as an apartment. American English adds the suffix-s to adverbs to indicate a repeated or customary action. In terms of compound nouns, American English prefers the bare infinitive and generally has a proclivity for dropping inflectional suffixes, thus favoring clipped forms.

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British English shows a differences in terms of pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary (lexis), spelling, punctuation, idioms, and formatting of dates and numbers just like how American English works. In terms of mutual intelligibility, however, the differences in written and most spoken grammar structure are much less than in other aspects of the language. A few words in the two versions have completely different meanings or are even unknown or not used in one of the versions. For example, the British English refers vacation as a holiday and apartment as a flat.  In terms of compound noun, British English prefers to use gerund and some of the words comes from French roots.

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NUR AQILA BINTI SHAIK MOHD HASHIM (2020856384)

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NUR AQILA BINTI SHAIK MOHD HASHIM (2020856384)

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NUR AINA AFIQAH SHAHARUDDIN (2020831322)

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NUR AINA AFIQAH SHAHARUDDIN (2020831322)

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For this assignment we have found two real speakers from London, England and Tennessee, South America through mutual. They really give in effort to help us although there are limitations because the time-zone is different and constraints of time as both of them have their own routine and responsibility. Based on the analysis carried out on the speaker from London, England and Tennessee, South America, both of the speakers have accentuated three variations from the scripted speeches which underline the variations of phonemic variation, prosodic variation and lexical variation.  The first feature highlighted by both speakers is phonemic variation along with rhoticity beneath it. For the speaker from. London, England, he had displayed that he is applying a non-rhotic accent or dialect as he omitted the sound of “r” or pronounced it lightly when it is followed by a consonant and when “r” is at the end of the words. Thus we are unable to hear the “r” sound.  Nevertheless, he did pronounce the “r” when it is placed before a vowel. To sum up, the speaker from Tennessee, South America displayed that she is applying a rhotic accent when communicating. The “r” sound is produced whenever she stumbles into words with “r” letters. Although some say that South American are non-rhotic speakers, the speaker found by us is applying a rhotic accent.

Next, based on what has been analysed, the various linguistic variations of both speakers London and Tennessee, It is interesting to know that the stress of a particular phrase or word does affect the receiver. Speakers from London, England speak differently not only from the accent but their word stress is also different from our Tennessee, South America speaker. From what we have analyzed, the word that has two syllables still remains as it is while the word that is longer, the syllables will be differ to the both countries. As for the speaker from London, the word oregano has three syllables but for the Tennessee they have four syllables in the same word. This shows the difference between these countries that Tennessee from South America uses word stress more than London from England. Hence we can hear a lot of raising the pitch of their voices and their loudness whenever they speak more than the British.

Finally, based on the findings of the investigation, there aren't many words that have completely different meanings; most of the time, you'll see: 1) words that have one or more shared meanings as well as one or more meanings that are unique to one variety. 2) words with similar meanings in British and American English but differing in frequency, connotation, or denotation.