# data[].attributes.headline
Although Roosevelt approved a plan to remove twenty thousand 'dangerous' Japanese from Hawaii, Emmons ordered the internment of only 1,444 people who posed a possible threat. (page 275-276)

# data[].attributes.subject
Although Roosevelt approved a plan to remove twenty thousand 'dangerous' Japanese from Hawaii, Emmons ordered the internment of only 1,444 people who posed a possible threat. (page 275-276)

# data[].attributes.body
Juliette

# data[].attributes.body
Yet upon returning from the war with missing limbs and chests covered in military medals for heroism, the could still be turned away from barbershops with the words, "We don't serve J*** here." (Japanese Americans: A Hole in the Constitution)

# data[].attributes.body
The pear harbor bombing was used as a reason to exclude a group of people because of the different heritage. Everyone was taken no mater if they held no risk to the government, 'their were no hearings or trials held to determined if they had done anything wrong"(American concentration camps).

# data[].attributes.body
one part of settler colonialism is white supremacy and racisms. When pearl harbor was boomed and America joined world war 2 the us government arrested " a total of fewer than 2,100 Japanese"(275). The government later put Japanese people into interment camps so they could not aid the Japanese in the war. They did not do this to German or Italians the other two nations that were in the war. Only the nation that wasn't mostly white was forced into camps.

# data[].attributes.headline
2/3rds of Japanese put into concentration camps were in fact American citizens. 

# data[].attributes.subject
2/3rds of Japanese put into concentration camps were in fact American citizens. 

# data[].attributes.body
Yet upon returning from the war with missing limbs and chests covered in military medals for heroism, the could still be turned away from barbershops with the words, "We don't serve J*** here." (Japanese Americans: A Hole in the Constitution)

# data[].attributes.body
Although government films acknowledge that life was not ideal, they never addressed the injustice of the camps. (American concentration camps video)

# data[].attributes.body
The government painted a rosy picture of these detention centers, and downplayed the prison-like conditions, calling imprisoned people “evacuees,” residents,” and even “colonists.” (American concentration camps video)

# data[].attributes.body
The California Alien Land Acts prohibit Chinese and Japanese from owning land. Other states pass similar laws. (timeline)

# data[].attributes.body
Oregon banned all interracial marriages. The state’s ban on interracial marriages was extended to prevent Whites from marrying anyone who was 1⁄4 or more Chinese, or Hawaiian, and 1⁄2 or more Native American. (timeline)

# data[].attributes.body
The United States passes the Chinese Exclusion Act, suspending the immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States and denying Chinese the right to become American citizens.
(timeline)

# data[].attributes.headline
Several thousand Japanese American served as translators and interpreters in the Pacific. To carry out their missions, they sometimes crawled up to Japanese officers in the middle of battle to hear commands so that they could translate for their American comrades. One high-ranking intelligence officer estimated that these contributions shortened the war by two years. (page 277-278, A Hole in the Constitution”)

# data[].attributes.subject
Several thousand Japanese American served as translators and interpreters in the Pacific. To carry out their missions, they sometimes crawled up to Japanese officers in the middle of battle to hear commands so that they could translate for their American comrades. One high-ranking intelligence officer estimated that these contributions shortened the war by two years. (page 277-278, A Hole in the Constitution”)

# data[].attributes.headline
Members of the 442nd earned more than 18,000 decorations, including 3,600 purple hearts. Yet returning from the war w/ missing limbs and chests covered in military medals for heroism, they could still be turned away from barbershops with the words, "We don't serve Japs here." (page 278) A Hole in the Constitution” 

# data[].attributes.subject
Members of the 442nd earned more than 18,000 decorations, including 3,600 purple hearts. Yet returning from the war w/ missing limbs and chests covered in military medals for heroism, they could still be turned away from barbershops with the words, "We don't serve Japs here." (page 278) A Hole in the Constitution” 

# data[].attributes.body
Even though they had all risked their lives serving the country, they were still being put up against racism.

# data[].attributes.body
The few Japanese who resisted being interned were arrested and convicted. Although they fought their convictions all the way to the US Supreme Court, they were told that the singling out of the Japanese was a military necessity, although there was no evidence that this was true. (a hole in the constitution.)

# data[].attributes.body
1898 The U.S. Supreme Court recognized children born in U.S. of Chinese parents as citizens as a result of the case brought by Wong Kim Ark.

# data[].attributes.body
"...This photo [of the joining of the Transcontinental Railroad] deliberately omits the Chinese, despite their accomplishment, their sacrifice., their suffering. They were prohibited from entering the frame." (Asian Americans Breaking Ground)

# data[].attributes.headline
Many of the negative ideas and images that had been associated with African Americans and Native Americans were applied to the Chinese, too...  All three groups shared a common identity: they were people of color.  This was made clear in 1854 when California’s state supreme court ruled that “Chinese and other people not white” could not give evidence against whites in court.  California also passed a state law banning marriage between a white person and an Asian, black, or mixed-race person. (152-53)

# data[].attributes.subject
Many of the negative ideas and images that had been associated with African Americans and Native Americans were applied to the Chinese, too...  All three groups shared a common identity: they were people of color.  This was made clear in 1854 when California’s state supreme court ruled that “Chinese and other people not white” could not give evidence against whites in court.  California also passed a state law banning marriage between a white person and an Asian, black, or mixed-race person. (152-53)

# data[].attributes.body
[I]n rural regions the Chinese were contributing to the agricultural industry of California... they shared their knowledge, teaching their employers how to plant, cultivate, and harvest the crops of orchards and fields. (From China to Gold Mountain)

# data[].attributes.body
Chinese were seen as outsiders who came to “steal” the jobs of white Americans. (quote response)

# data[].attributes.body
These workers had been experienced farmers in China.  They shared their knowledge, teaching their employers how to plant, cultivate, and harvest the crops of orchards and fields.  They also shared their skills in techniques in building dams and irrigation systems, turning swamplands into fertile fields. (From China to Gold Mountain Response)

# data[].attributes.body
Chinese workers help to build the U. S. Transcontinental Railroad.

(Asian american timeline)

# data[].attributes.body
The United States passes the Chinese Exclusion Act, suspending the immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States and denying Chinese the right to become American citizens.  It is the first U. S. restriction on immigration based on race and nationality, and stops large scale Chinese immigration for sixty years.
(timeline)

# data[].attributes.headline
1880's            Chinese immigrants were driven by mobs out of Oregon City, Mount Tabor neighborhood (NE/SE PDX) and Albina neighborhood (N PDX). 

# data[].attributes.subject
1880's            Chinese immigrants were driven by mobs out of Oregon City, Mount Tabor neighborhood (NE/SE PDX) and Albina neighborhood (N PDX). 

# data[].attributes.body
(Asian American History - Timeline of Events )

# data[].attributes.body
Timeline starts at 1600s / isn't until 1968 that anti-Asian violence gets remotely recognized:
1968

Chinese Americans join other students in planning and executing San Francisco State College Strike, the nation’s longest student strike, which leads to the establishment of the first School of Ethnic Studies in the United States. (Timeline)

# data[].attributes.body
[I]n rural regions the Chinese were contributing to the agricultural industry of California, helping the state to shift from farming wheat to growing fruit… (From China to Gold Mountain Quote Responses)

# data[].attributes.body
Something had gone wrong in America, and an age of economic opportunity seemed to be coming to an end.  The economy took a downturn.  Unemployment rose as thousands of men and women were thrown out of work.  In this context of economic crisis and social strife, the Chinese were seen as outsiders who came to “steal” the jobs of white Americans.  Support for the Exclusion Act was overwhelming. (timeline)

# data[].attributes.body
1882

The United States passes the Chinese Exclusion Act, suspending the immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States and denying Chinese the right to become American citizens.

(Timeline)  and [I]n rural regions the Chinese were contributing to the agricultural industry of California, helping the state to shift from farming wheat to growing fruit (Quote response)

# data[].attributes.body
Chinese Americans join other students in planning and executing San Francisco State College Strike... which leads to the establishment of the first School of Ethnic Studies in the United States. (Timeline)

# data[].attributes.body
1863-1869

Chinese workers help to build the U. S. Transcontinental Railroad.

(Timeline)

# data[].attributes.body
One example of America trying to make Asian immigrants leave is when "The United States passes the Chinese Exclusion Act, suspending the immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States and denying Chinese the right to become American citizens"(Asian American Timeline).

# data[].attributes.body
"The moment is immortalized in one of the most famous photos of the 20 century...people believe this photo deliberately omits the Chinese, despite their accomplishment, their sacrifice."(Asian Americans Breaking Ground documentary)

# data[].attributes.body
Five thousand Chinese railroad workers go on strike for higher wages and a shorter workday. The strike fails. (Timeline)

# data[].attributes.body
1884

The Oregon statewide railroad system was completed connecting all regions of the state. Oregon remained relatively isolated until this completion of the railroad network.... They earned a reputation as tireless and extraordinarily reliable workers. 12,000 of the Central Pacific railroad's 13,500 employees were Chinese immigrants. (Asian American History Timeline)

# data[].attributes.headline
America's economy grew in part from the help and labor of Asian immigrants. Even so, their work was ignored and forgotten, like how no Asians were in the photo of the Transcontinental Railroad. 

# data[].attributes.subject
America's economy grew in part from the help and labor of Asian immigrants. Even so, their work was ignored and forgotten, like how no Asians were in the photo of the Transcontinental Railroad. 

# data[].attributes.body
anti-Asian violence is fueled by the same thing as settler colonialism their is a gorup of people they are different so they have to change to be like us or leave.

# data[].attributes.body
1. How does anti-Asian violence today fit into the longer history of settler colonialism in the United States?

2. What are examples of anti-Asian violence & resistance in our history?