# data[].attributes.body
iB 1. In colonial America, many immigrants arrived for various reasons which can be boiled down to religious, economic and political reasons. Colonists in Jamestown came seeking for God, Gold, and Glory, while the Pilgrims in Plymouth Rock went looking for refuge due to being religiously persecuted in England. Nonetheless, they both came looking for new opportunities and freedom in unknown lands. Essentially, a mixture of English, French, Spanish, and Dutch settlers began arriving and disputing over territories in America to colonize. During the first wave of immigration, many western Europeans such as Germans and Irish arrived to find job opportunities and escape poverty. For the second wave of immigration,  Eastern and Southern Europeans and Asians came looking for more economical and job opportunities.

2. Xenophobia has always been a longstanding pattern in response to new immigrants in the country. Americans have either treated immigrants with disdain and respond with discriminatory behavior or restrictive laws. For instance, in 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act became the first immigration law that excluded an entire ethnicity and banned Chinese laborers from entering the United States and being eligible for citizenship.

3. Both immigration and migration refer to the movement of an individual or group from one place to another. The distinct difference between the two is that immigration is the relocation to a new country while migration is the movement from one region to the other within national borders. Most push/pull factors for immigration is fleeing from war-ridden or violent territories, education, and financial opportunities. For instance, a pull in the United States was Manifest Destiny, where citizens migrated to try and reach the west coast, as President Polk had set his campaign on the idea that it was a destiny set forth by God.

4. Immigration has always been a part of American culture. America has become one unifying culture due to the assimilation of many cultures mixing into one, essentially becoming a "melting pot" of cultures. Without the influence of immigrants, many anti-discriminatory laws and attitudes would not have been changed within our history. Also, immigrants bring a wide variety of consumer needs and job competition into the United States, benefiting the economy.

5. Many immigrants had often settled in populated areas in urban cities, but had created their own enclaves inside the cities. For instance, New York has been known for holding a multitude a multicultural neighborhoods, such as Chinatown, Little Italy, and Borough Park. They had done this because it allowed them to keep and preserve an integral part of their cultural identity in an unknown territory.

- Kat Nelson

# data[].attributes.body
1. During the colonial era, immigration was motivated by God, Gold, and Glory during Spanish colonization. Many immigrants to the United States were seeking freedom from economic and political hardships in their home country, as shown by Irish and German immigration in the 19th Century.

2. Americans have consistently been opposed to immigration and have responded negatively towards other nationalities. Americans during the 20th century expressed xenophobia and nativism by secluding immigrants from Japan by isolating citizens in internment camps during WWII. Although these citizens had been living in America for multiple generations, Xenophobia and Nativism of Americans spurred out lash towards Japanese citizens.

3. Immigration refers to movement across countries' borders while migration refers to an internal movement within a region. One example of mass migration was 1849 when the Gold Rush took place, motivating Americans to move westward to California for new opportunities. Prospects towards improved living conditions or an escape from poor political conditions motivate citizens to move both internationally and throughout a region.

4. Immigration has introduced cultural elements and has transformed American culture, coined a Melting Pot for combining many ethnic backgrounds. Immigration also leads to xenophobia amongst Americans, being used to lash out against collective ethnic groups. Immigration also has effected political turnouts. One prominent example can be explained by Boss Tweed, who used his large immigrant workforce towards supporting his political campaign, manipulating the unknowledgeable immigrants into voting for him in exchange for paid labor.

5. Immigration to America has tended to settle in industrialized cities, requiring a large workforce and offering opportunities to immigrant workers. Irish immigration during the middle of the 19th century fueled the labor force, allowing for the industrial revolution to reach its highest productivity. Industrial areas are attractive to immigrant groups because they offer financial opportunities, although not providing safe working conditions.

Jacob Clanton

# data[].attributes.body
1. During the colonial period most pilgrims were pushed from their original areas of settlement due to religious persecution. There was also the pull of the economic opportunities in the colonies which was attractive to the colonists. The same can be said looking further into the future with immigrants coming later looking for the economic wealth of the U.S.
2. When immigration happens in the U.S. most commonly Americans are xenophobic and support nativism rather than being accepting or supportive. This can be seen most exclusively with the Chinese Immigration Regulation and Restriction Act after the California gold rush. The only support some immigrants received was from people like Boss Tweed which used them for their votes.
3. A major area of migration throughout U.S. history is the relative west at any point, from Ohio to California. There was a pull to Ohio before and after the Proclamation of 1768 for it's fertile land and to California for it's gold. These people were moving for a better quality of life.
4. One again Boss Tweed can be considered, with the direction of immigrants at topics and movements he supported. Considering the large number of immigrants in cities like New York they were able to shift the politics of the city one way or another. Immigrants also boosted the economy as more cheap laborers were available to produce goods.
5. Immigrants most commonly go for cities and places with high economic possibility. This is due to the most common push factor of poverty and the hope for economic gain.
Mary Lonergan

# data[].attributes.body
1. A major era of technological innovation was during the industrial revolution. Factory systems were created due to the creation of several different innovations allowing factories to come to rise. Factories were located in the North causing big urban cities to form around. Major innovations during this time included the power loom, the steam engine, and the telegraph. Factories produced textiles out of cotton from the South’s plantations.

2. New technology in transportation like the steam engine/steamboat, and railroads allowed for increased transportation. Goods could travel from southern plantations to northern factories in order to be produced into goods. These machines also allowed for humans to be transported quicker, helping for people to move to other regions. New forms of business were created through these new machines, like catalogs.

3. Factories and new machines led to harsh and unsafe working conditions. Machines were dangerous and wages were very low. Children also worked in factories in horrible conditions. Short term, factories led to children joining the workforce in order to provide another wage for the family and long term this resulted in the creation of laws to protect workers from unsafe conditions and protect children from working until certain ages.

4. I believe the railroads had the greatest impact on America because using railroads and trains allowed for raw materials to be transported to factories very quickly. After a good was produced the railroads could transport the products to different regions of the US for consumers to buy.

5. Americans responded to technological changes like the assembly line by creating factories where labor took a new form in that workers had to deal with bad working conditions and minimal wages. Ultimately Americans ended up fighting for rights in a working environment by forming unions and creating new laws to protect themselves. Mass consumption and distribution of products was a new element to the American market when factories allowed for products to be created much faster than ever before.
-Aubrey Koch

# data[].attributes.body
1. A major push factor for some European immigrants during colonial America was religious persecution in Europe. John Winthrop used the phrase “shining city on a hill” in order to establish the Puritans as a religious community in America. A pull factor during colonial America was political freedom. When new colonies formed in America they were able to create their own forms of government away from British rule. During 1st and 2nd wave immigration factors such as economic opportunity, and religious freedoms were consistently strong pull factors. During the 1st wave many Germans and Irish came to America in order to gain political freedom and escape famine. During the 2nd wave southern and eastern Europeans, along with Chinese were immigrating to America searching for economic opportunities.

2. In response to increased immigration, Americans tended to respond with increased pressure on the government to create immigration restrictions. This led to acts like the Chinese Exclusion Act, Immigration Quotas, literacy tests being created, etc. Immigrants formed ethnic enclaves in order to create areas that felt comfortable to them. Americans often treated immigrants poorly due to the belief that they were stealing jobs. During the 1st wave immigration the Irish were treated very poorly by Americans being called drunks and Catholics.

3. Migration is an internal movement, so a large group of people living in one region of a country move to another region all at once, while immigration is the movement of a large group of people from one country to another. Manifest Destiny and the Great Migration are two large migrations in the United States. Manifest Destiny was driven by James K. Polk who believed it was God’s will that the US conquer North America from coast to coast. This caused large groups of people to move West. The Great Migration was the movement of African Americans from plantations in the South to factors in the North. This was caused by strong racial segregation in the South.

4. Politically, immigrants cause new restrictions on immigration as seen throughout the Quotas and Exclusion Acts created during times of heavy immigration. Socially, immigrants have caused Americans to become fearful or hateful toward new immigrants. They fear that immigrants will take all the jobs or spread things like their religion (Catholics). This can all be called xenophobia. Economically, American feared that immigrants would take all the jobs, they did end up filling up lower class jobs that nobody else wanted to do.

5. The Irish tended to settle within cities in order to find factory jobs. The Chinese tended to settle on the West coast, since that’s where they came in, and built railroads from the West. Germans settled in midwest farms while southern and eastern Europeans settled on the East coast also finding work in cities. The Europeans tended to settle on the East coast due to proximity to where their ships arrived.

- Aubrey Koch

# data[].attributes.body
1 The Industrial revolutions was the first major shift in technological innovation.  Steamboats and railroads connected the new country in unprecedented ways. The Guided Age, with its patent system and blood money, then followed the legacy by introducing electricity to the world. And then in the Wars of the 20th century, technology once again advanced to keep up with the killing, having tanks and planes now available.
2. The Cotten Gin impacted America by increasing the demands in slavery for the South, leading to tension. The Railroad connected America by improving telecommunication and transport, as they were often accompanied by telegraphs.
3. Jobs are lost and created in the Industrial Society. Easier jobs are automated in the beginning, but this is eventually counterbalanced with new innovations and demand for things like engineers.
4. The Steam Engine. Without out it, trains could't have had the impact they had in uniting the nation.
5. With fear and uncertainty. The assembly line was led to unions being formed, but also led to specialized labor with got money into the pockets of Americans, bringing America into the Roaring twenties.

# data[].attributes.body
1. During colonial times immigration to the americas was greatly influenced by the three G’s ,God,Gold, and Gold. An example of this is how the majority of the colonies were founded due to religious reasons which fall under the God category however after that once america was established there was another mass migration of people from the east to west in search of Gold found in California.
2. a common theme among America’s reaction to immigration is to treat the immigrants in a terrible manner in fear that they would affect the “american culture”. This was evident when there was a mass immigration from Germans to the United States in the mid 1800 however they were forced to drop thier culture due to ww1 and it social affect on America.
3. Immigration is to go to another country in hopes of living there and migration is the leaving of the place your living in to go somewhere else. An example of migration is when a large amount of African Americans in the US migrated from the south to the north in hopes of more work during wartime in factory’s. The push pull factors are things such as social circumstances in the eres they lived in, job opportunities in the eres they want to go to, and the price of land in newly discovered areas.
4. Immigrants largely effect american culture because the american culture itself is a mix of a bunch of different type of people already. This makes it easier for immigrants to display their own culture and add it to ours because of the freedom of speech and religion.
5. Most immigrant groups when arriving to american in colonial times came from the East and largely went to the northern colonies. That’s if they did not go west to get in on the land they were discovering and selling for cheap.

- Elwiss

# data[].attributes.body
1. One major era of technology was the Industrial Revolution. This introduced the steam engine, the cotton gin, interchangeable parts, and the telegraph, all which made life significantly easier. Another major era. This occurred in more urban areas.
2.  Many of the inventions that have been created throughout history is to make tasks faster and easier. The telegraph makes communication easier, the car makes getting to and from places faster, the assembly line makes . production faster, the washing machine makes washing clothes easier, all of these were made to make life easier and generate more time to do other things.

3. Many times these innovations an inventions helped create more jobs that require less skill. The cotton gin however, was meant to decrease the need of slaves but instead did the exact opposite.

4. I would say the assembly line was the greatest technological innovation because it allowed for things to be created cheaper and faster which allows for the prices to drop and more people can afford things they couldn't before.

5. Changes in technology (assembly line) usually have moderate start where workers are happy, but as time goes by there begins to be a need for reform (conditions, pay, labor laws, etc.)

# data[].attributes.body
1. During colonial times the main push and pull factors were religious and economic. The Puritans immigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony ("city upon a hill") to escape religious prosecution. The people of Jamestown immigrated for economic reasons with the presence of joint stock companies, this is when tobacco became increasingly present in the economy. During First Wave Immigration, America became known as a land of opportunity, so many came for jobs and a better way of living. The Irish were struck by a potato famine and so they immigrated to urban areas of America for job opportunities. During the Second Wave Immigration the immigrants mainly came from Southern and Eastern and usually kept up their cultural practices in ethnic enclaves.

2. Many Americans were against immigration unless they felt like it was helping the. For one instance, the Chinese were a large part in building the railroad however;  later there is a large presence of racism. When the Irish Immigrated there were many against the out of fear of losing their jobs. After the Bolshevik Revolution there were many Americans against Russians due to the Red Scare. When the Southern and Eastern European Immigrants immigrated to America they faced backlash due to their difference and had to settle in ethnic enclaves because of the inability to go other places. The ethnic enclaves were seen as a refusal to assimilate which in turn caused more backlash.

3. Migration is moving within a nation, whereas immigration is moving to another nation. One of the most prominent example of migration is the Great Migration, the large scale movement of African Americans into the North and West for economic opportunities and social terror. The movement of Americans into the West for more economic prosperity, through the idea of Manifest Destiny is also an example of migration. These are similar to immigration because of the economic factors.

4. Immigrants affect American culture by bringing in their own cultures and mix theirs and America's cultures together. They affect the political aspect of it by voting for politicians that can represent the Immigrant population the most. Immigrants affect the economic aspects by adding a wide and diverse range of consumers, along with the new competition of jobs.

5. Immigrants usually settle in the areas where they can benefit most. Usually this is the urban areas due to the wide range of jobs, but sometimes this can be in more rural areas because of the economic opportunities that come from agriculture.

# data[].attributes.body
1. During colonial times the main push and pull factors came from religion. Many groups were not allowed to practice their religion in Britain and immigrated to the colonies in search of religious freedom. From this there is a shift from religious pull factors to economic pull factors. During first wave immigration, immigrants could come and prosper economically because of all the jobs. The Irish were also impacted by the potato famine, which would be a push factor. Once again in second wave immigration, people in southern and eastern Europe felt the economic opportunities in business, economic pull factor, and immigrated to the US.

2. Movement creates conflict, and when large numbers of people were moving into the US, they were met with conflict. This is seen as nativism. It happened with the Irish, who were treated as outsiders. Many shops and stores had “Irish need not apply” as a way to oppress the Irish and make life harder for them.

3. The factors of the cause immigration, movement to a new country, and migration, movement within a country, have similarities and differences. On the one hand people moved from Britain in order to be able to practice their own chosen religion without fear of persecution. This could be labeled as a religious pull factor in immigration. However during the time of westward expansion, Manifest Destiny, the idea that expansion is ordained by God, could also be seen as a religious pull factor. During the first wave of immigration Germans and Irish immigrated to the US in search of job or economic opportunity. This is an example of an economic pull factor, which can also be seen when large amounts of people migrated during the Goldrush.

4. The idea of America and American culture is that people come from all over with their own individual cultures. America is known as a very diverse place because of this and immigration and immigrants feed this idea.

5. Immigrants settle in different places depending on the reasons for immigration and the time period. During first wave immigration farming was a large and growing job, which many Germans took. This led to them settling in typically rural areas. However the Irish tended to settle in the cities as they looked for jobs there.

# data[].attributes.body
1. During the colonial era, immigrants moved for religious and economic reasons. During this time indentured servitude became a popular way for individuals to live in America for exchange in labor.
Following the colonial era, different ethnic groups migrated to the United States in waves with their respective groups. The Irish migrated following the potato famine to work on the American railroads. Following the Civil War, large groups of Chinese migrated to the west coast for economic hopes during the gold rush. Economic hopes also sparked migration from southern and eastern Europeans during the Gilded Age.
2. As large numbers of ethnic groups began migrating to American, the citizens of the United States began responding with negative actions. In early migration of African slaves, citizens of the United States held a racist attitude later resulting in groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. As German and Irish groups began migrating to the US, the Irish were seen with more hatred because the located within major cities compared to the Germans migrating to rural areas. The Irish were seen as Catholic drunks sparking the temperance movement in the United States. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed to prevent the large groups of Chinese migrating for the gold rush. Finally, along with the Red Scare, quota laws were passed to prevent migration from countries who had high numbers of immigrants according to the 1890 census.
3. Immigration is the movement from one country to another while migration is strictly internal movement within a country. One large period of migration was the Great Migration in the United States. The Great Migration was the large movement of African American into the north  and west. The Great migration occurred because of the rising economic opportunities with the north and limited opportunities in the south for African Americans. However, racial description also pushed African Americans out from the south. Another example of internal migration was the movement of the Church of Latter-Day Saints. Individuals within the religion moved west into the state of Utah to escape religious persecution after their leader, Joseph Smith, had been murdered. Both migration and immigration occur with factors such as economic opportunity and religious persecution. The Chinese moved in large number for economic opportunity for the gold rush, while Protestants moved from Europe in escape from the catholic church.
4. The United States is commonly referred to as the "melting pot" as many immigrants make up American culture. Before, the United States had resembled the culture of Great Britain as they had no sense to a new culture. With many immigrants with see wide varieties of cultures assimilating into one, creating a one unifying culture. Politically, new immigration has sparked many equal rights movements changing our constitution to what is remains today. Economically, slavery had built the United States as white men forced them to do labor. As for the railroads, immigrants from other countries had constructed most of this transportation system. Socially, several laws, such as the Jim Crow Laws, have been terminated to provide a better form of assimilation.
5. Immigrants typically settled with areas that provided the most economic opportunities. For example, the Irish tend to settle in cities to reach jobs. While during the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the north because of the wide gap in industrialization. We also see large groups of Chinese on the west coast because of the gold rush. Immigrants tend to settle with their own ethnic groups creating ethnic enclaves. We see major ethnic enclaves in highly populated cities.

# data[].attributes.body
1. One major era of technological innovation was during the 1820-1850 market revolution , also considered a mini industrial revolution, where there was a big focus on factories and transportation. During this time, the north chooses to be industrious and focuses on canals(Erie Canal), steamboats(Robert Fulton), and railroads in order to connect major economic cities. Samuel Slater brings the first factories to the U.S in order to produce textiles out of cotton, thus increases the demand for slaves.

2. The steamboat allowed for transportation up canals which facilitated movement from city to city. Railroads connected the vast landscape and later, the refrigerated car allowed for mass transportation of goods. Henry Fords invention of the assembly line allowed lower-skilled workers to find jobs and in the process create automobiles which facilitated transportation and caused an economic boom in the 1920's.

3. As in the case of the cotton gin, more slaves were required to work the machines which in turn expanded slavery. The assembly line employed thousands of people in order to do one job in order to produce a surplus of goods. The creation of the telephone opened jobs for women who were skilled in operating the complicated machines thus allowing them to find jobs outside the home and in the long term, opened up their path to demand for entrance into the workforce.

4. The steam engine had the greatest impact because it kickstarted the Industrial Revolution which in turn led to other important inventions. Prior to steam, factories worked on water which required them to be close to a running water source. The steam engine allowed factories to operate anywhere, thus expanding industry throughout the U.S.

5. The assembly line led to mass production and a large workforce which in turn led to dispensable labor and bad working conditions. Out of this, unions rose in order to combat the inequalities in the workplace. The assembly line also increased consumerism and led to the economic boom in the 1920's which was fueled by consumption of mass goods of all kinds.

# data[].attributes.body
1. In colonial times, push/pull can be summarized with the three G's. Gold led to the formation of joint-stock companies that settled the eastern coast. God's role was that  of striving for religious freedoms and the conversion of natives "for the greater good". Glory was just because the monarchies were feuding, so new land and space was available. In the 1st wave, this extra land led o people wanting to come. This wave is best characterized by the fact that they weren't as targeted, as they stayed away from the major population centers, the the old northwest and Texas. The 2nd wave is characterized by the Industrial Revolution displacing and overpopulating cities. The desire for work opportunities and space led to eastern and southern Europeans coming, ending with the Asians on the west coast.
2. Americans respond to immigration with nativism and xenophobia. The Alien and Sedition act punished French immigrants,  and the Catholics and Irish led to the nativism of the mid-18th century,  eventually leading to the formation of the Ku Klux Klan. In the Red Scare, anyone from marxist adjacent countries were treated with suspicion and were harassed through legislation and domestic terrorism.
3. Migration occurs within a nation. The Manifest Destiny moved the nation accross the plains into the west. The Great migration, in a bid to escape the sharecropping system, had African-Americans move upwards into the rust belt.
4. Immigrants contribute to American culture by combining their cultures with it. As for politics, resistance against them often leads to legislation and thinking that seeks to avoid more of them, such is the case in the Chinese exclusion act.
5. Overgeneralized, the first wave had immigrants move to open land, so places like Texas and Wisconsin hosted Scandinavians and Germans respectively. The second wave had people go to major cities, as there was more economic opportunity to be had, including the Irish, and British.

# data[].attributes.body
1. The pull factors during colonial times consisted of the desire for riches which drew British colonists to the Americas  and later the successful cultivation of tobacco provided motivation for settlers who sought to escape increasingly crowded Europe and establish a more free way of life. Religious persecution also played a factor in the immigration of many religious groups such as the Pilgrims who sought to escape the corrupt church of England and establish their new "shining city on a hill". Furthermore, the social mobility, lack of aristocracy and egalitarianism drew multitudes of immigrants to the colonies.

1st wave immigration was during the 19th century and brought Germans and Irish escaping the potato famine who were independent and protestant and catholic and urban, respectively. The Germans tended to settle rurally in the midwest while the Irish prefer to stay in the cities at which they had arrived.

2nd wave immigration included Chinese, and southern and easter europeans who were hoping for better opportunities and escaping political unrest, respectively. The United States at the time was a beacon of innovation with the Gilded Age producing surplus capital and a multitude of jobs, providing a strong pull factor for immigration.

2. Americans typically responded with increased nativism and dislike towards immigrants as seen in the Chinese exclusion act of 1882 and the passing of the 1920 and 1924 quota laws limiting southern/eastern europeans. 1st wave of immigration brought the Irish who were deemed drunkards and were prone to steal American jobs. Many had to take up undesirable and dangerous work such as the building of infrastructure, especially canals.

3. Migration is movement within a country while immigration is the movement from one country to another with the intent to stay. Manifest destiny in the 19th century caused troves of Americans to move west under the promise of bountiful land that was theirs by right. The Great Migration of African Americans north in the 20th century was spurred by push factors such as heavy racial discrimination and unfair Jim Crow laws in southern states and the prospect of jobs and acceptance in industry-heavy northern states. Discrimination and economic opportunities are push/pull factors seen in both migration and immigration.

4. Immigrants bring their own cultures into the already diverse American population. Many immigrants settled in ethnic enclaves which later turned into "Chinatowns" or "Little Italys" where the native culture of an immigrant group is seen.  Immigrants often  spurred xenophobia, political opinion and subsequently restrictive quotas and laws, and filled lower-level jobs.

5. Many immigrants settle in their points of entry such as the Chinese on the west coast and southern/eastern europeans on the upper east coast. Many Germans in the midwest to farm and many Irish stayed in cities for jobs. The Chinese mined for gold in California and build railroads stemming from western United States.

# data[].attributes.body
1. During colonial times, initially the pull factor for British colonists to come to America was the promise of gold and riches, as most men who immigrated there were rich upper class men. But as tobacco grew and different practices of agriculture grew, people started immigrating for a different reason. This caused a rise in indentured servants. A push factor for some immigrants to leave Britain was due to religious reasons. These were separatists who essentially separated themselves from the Church of England.

From the 1820s to 1860s immigration was mainly caused the push factors of the immigrants respective countries. The Irish and German made up the majority of the immigrants as they were escaping the potato famine. However from the 1880s to before World War I, immigration was mainly caused by the pull factors of the United States and the promise of a better life and more opportunities. These were the new immigrants which included those from southern and eastern Europe and parts of Asia.

2. Americans responded to immigration in different ways. Significant events would be the temperance movement (cause by the stereotype that the Irish were alcoholics), the internment of the Japanese, the Red Scare, the rise of the KKK (especially during Great Migration), rise in xenophobia, immigration quotas, the chinese exclusion act. This discrimination towards foreigners and immigrants was  caused by events happening at the time, such as World War 1.

3. Immigration is the movement from a country to another while migration is the internal movement in a country. Some major areas of migration in the U.S would be westwards (manifest destiny, gold rush), to the north (freedom for slaves, better technology and factory jobs),

4. Immigrants modify and change the U.S significantly. Immigrants played an important role in progressing the economy and the industry of the U.S as they worked in factories. The U.S is often coined the melting pot or the land of immigrants. Immigrants can provide a new perspective and add to the American culture. Also the with the rise in immigrants came the push for more equal rights for them as well and made the U.S rethink about the importance and value of those immigrants.

5. Different immigrant groups settle often based on what their goals are, where they entered the U.S, or  often where those of the same ethnic group are. One example is that there are a lot of asians on the west coast as that is where angel island was located.  There were many ethnic enclaves as well such as Chinatown or Little Italy. Many immigrants that came for job opportunities would settle in the North due to the vast amount of job openings because of how industrialized it was there.

Fallyn Y

# data[].attributes.body
1)  One of the biggest technological movements in American history is the Industrial Revolution. Mainly taking place in the northern Cities, America went from farming to factory systems, The Industrial Revolution was caused by efficient Innovations on Transportation and tools and by growing population. The Industrial Revolution gave America more powerful tools and more efficient ways to mass produce products, Which further expanded our economy.
Another big era of Technology advancement would be the gilded age. The Gilded age was a time where big business dominated the economy with large scale monopolies. Factories grew in size and machines became even more efficient. This increased Americans Economy but brought many moral conflicts to the American society.
2) The cotton Gin was an invention that made the separation of seeds from cotton more efficient. This led to an increase in slavery in the south.
Another invention was the rail road the rail road made it easier to get from one part of America to the next. This made it easier to transport goods from one place to another which led to businesses operating more efficiently.
3) The increase in factories in America led to a large amount of jobs and an increase in the size of Americas economy. Some long term effects would be over population in cities causing harsh living conditions. Extremely low minimum wage, and even child labor.
4) I believe that the cotton gin was the most influential invention in American history. It increased slavery in the south which ultimately led to the separation from the north and the south. It led to the diminishment of slavery due to the civil war. After the fall of slavery America for the most part changed their moral standpoint on slavery and a couple hundred years later began giving African Americans equal rights.
5) Due to the Assembly line Americans formed unions to increase minimum wage and in order to create better working conditions. The Assembly line lowered the cost of goods around America due to the increase efficiency of creating products. This increased Americans Consumerism and expanded the capitalistic economy.

# data[].attributes.body
1) Technological Eras: infrastructure/transportation (canals, steamboats, railroads, cars, electricity), agriculture (mills, cotton gin), industrialization (factories, assembly lines), communication (telegram, telegraph), wartime industry (guns, tanks, planes, bombs, missiles), Space Race (rockets, satellites, space shuttles)

2) Impact: cotton gin = saved time separating seeds from fibers --> economic boom in cotton industry; assembly line = able to make lots of the same thing fast --> quicker manufacturing time

3) Work Changes: easier and faster to get things done (assembly lines make it easier to make things in a quicker manner); short term consequences = workers don't trust new technologies quickly; long term consequences = easier to get the job done faster, eliminates some human jobs

4) Greatest Piece of Technology: electricity, we use it for everything (lights, transportation, electronics, etc.)

5) America's Response to Technological Changes: People don't immediately trust innovations/inventions because they're new and people don't know how they work, but the technology eventually gets integrated and becomes the new normal.

Miranda Andrews

# data[].attributes.body
1) One major era of technological innovation occurred with the industrial revolution. The American Industrial Revolution was largely caused by the British Industrial Revolution, which occurred directly preceding the American one. It was largely centered in the Northeastern cities, including the construction of factories and heavy machinery, creating what is today called the rust belt. This also affected farmers by giving more powerful tools, however, it was not “centered” in rural America.

Another major era of technological innovation could be seen in the gilded age with the rapid development of businesses. Multiple factors led to the features of the gilded age, however, on the topic of technological development, the Lassez Faire government of the time could be identified as a cause, as the lack of regulation by the government incentivized businesses and individuals to invest in technology.

2) Electricity allowed for a more interconnected country, cheaper and more efficient machinery, and modern convenience.

Railroads (transportation) allowed for again a more interconnected country and modern convenience with the transportation of food, goods, and people.

Cotton gin (agricultural) led to the more efficient separating of cotton, but also, in turn, increased slavery within the south.

3)In the short term it, for the most part, gave people jobs in cities and took away jobs from farmers. As technology developed for agricultural purposes, individuals were able to tend to more land, and therefore people started absorbing smaller farms, displacing farmers. However, with the development of factories and other technologies, more and more jobs were demanded in the city, giving more urban jobs. This, in turn, had the long term effect of urbanizing America. Technology also led to the growth of the middle class, as factory/urban jobs allowed for a wage that was above the poverty line but wasn’t going to make you rich.

4)I believe agricultural innovations, specifically the cotton gin, had the greatest impact on American history. While choosing the cotton gin may seem cliche, I chose it due to it having economic, political and social effects over multiple generations. Socially, the cottin gin caused a large increase in slavery in the south, as the gin increased demand for cottin as post-processes were vastly sped up by the cottin gin. This change in social demographics led to political changes, as it exacerbated the divide between the North and South, as they increasingly became free vs slave, which led to the civil war. This also led to economic changes as it created a manufacturing north and agricultural south, along with the fact that agricultural technological advancements, such as the cotton gin, led to the acquitisition of farms by larger corporations, which also led to the urbanization of America, coming back around to affect more social and economic changes. Therefore, the cotton gin had the greatest impact in American history, as not only did it change economic and social climates, but also attributed to the largest war seen on American soil and the political features of the entire country.

5)As seen in the concept of the “American dream,” Americans always strive to utilize opportunities they are given to increase their political and economic standing, going back to colonial times. Therefore, when new technological changes occur, Americans quickly adapt and attempt to fully utilize the opportunities they are given through those changes. This is seen agriculturally with the acquisition of farms, the urbanization of America with factories within the North, furthered by the assembly line, among others. In general, if it can make more money, the United States will embrace it and utilize to better the lives of their citizens, even if it really only benefits the wealthy few.

# data[].attributes.body
1) Push/Pulls: economic opportunity (gold rush, new land, new jobs), escape persecution (Quakers and other Protestants)

2) American Response to Immigration: Xenophobia (1st and 2nd Red Scare --> Americans thought all Russians and Germans were communist spies)

3) Immigration vs. Migration: migration is movement of American around the country (internal), immigration is movement of foreign people into America (external); example of migration = Manifest Destiny and Westward Expansion (economic opportunity, new land, "our God-given right"); push/pulls are similar for both, but migration isn't usually to escape a bad situation, such as religious persecution, whereas immigration often is

4) Affects of Immigration: Americans are often xenophobic; more jobs are created to accommodate more people (xenophobic people claim immigrants steal jobs from Americans); new beliefs, traditions, etc. are "added to the melting pot"

5) Where Immigrants Settle: usually the coasts and borders (outside edges) because it's closest to where they came from (Chinese in California during gold rush, Mexicans in Texas, New Mexico, etc. after Mexican-American War)

Miranda Andrews

# data[].attributes.body
1) For colonial times, there were numerous push factors coming primarily from British society. A prominent factor could be seen in the immigration of religious groups from Britain, such as Quakers and Puritans, as they were not allowed to practice their religion in Britain at the time. Other factors that contributed to initial colonial immigration include economic pull (new land, new opportunity, which is largely seen in the middle and southern colonies, such as with Jamestown), forced immigration by the British government, such as debtors prisons, among other factors.

For other examples of immigrations, economic pull is largely prevalent, though it is not the only reason that they immigrated. This can be seen in first wave immigration with the German and Irish being pulled by economic opportunity within the United States (though the Irish also felt an economic push with the potato famine). During the Goldrush, Chinese immigrants were pulled here by the opportunity for gold, even if they did end up primarily railroad workers after arriving here. Economic pull was also influential within second wave immigration, with the movement of Southern and Eastern Europeans, and the pull of the new industrialist and economically booming United States, which occurred primarily during the gilded age.

2) Consistently, immigration is met with nativism from those already within the United States. During first wave immigration, Irish were severely segregated against, finding its peak with the alien and sedition acts, which legalized such discriminations. Within Chinese immigration, they were “excepted” for as long as they built the railroad, and then immediate immigration laws were put in to limit new Chinese from entering the country. Second wave immigrants were largely met with resistance from previous first wave immigrants, especially the Irish, as they feared losing their jobs. Throughout, it is a common theme to meet immigration with resistance as people fear losing economic opportunity, it is seen with the Chinese and the Goldrush, the second wave immigrants, and within internal migration between regions within the United States, such as with the Great Migration.

3)While immigration and migration are both movements of people from one area to another, immigration is internationally, or between states, while migration is domestic, or the movement of people between areas within a country. Major movements of migration can be seen within the Great Migration, where Freedmen were pushed by racial discrimination in the south and pulled by economic opportunity within the North. This is similar to immigration, as almost all immigration is usually coincident with an economic pull, the largest difference between the two is the distance, not the factors. This can easily be seen in Manifest Destiny (political/social push and economic pull with opportunity), the Gold Rush (economic pull).

4)Due to the concept of “the melting pot,” they in it of itself create American culture. During colonial times, American culture was largely just an adaptation of British culture, with economic and political influences from European philosophers (due to that British education within those that created the country). Then, with first wave immigration, the US began to evolve to include aspects of Irish and German culture, largely in a social sense. This trend is continued throughout US history, with immigrants largely affecting the social culture of the place they settle at, with economic and political systems largely evolving domestically (with notable exceptions, such as the adoption of British factory systems).

5) There are multiple factors that play into where immigrants settle. The type of economic opportunity the groups are pursuing is a large factor, which is seen in first wave immigration with Germans largely settling in the rural US to become farmers, while the Irish settled in cities for other jobs (largely due to the bad experience with potato farming they left). Immigrants also usually settle in ethnic enclaves, surrounding themselves with others like them to ease the transition between moving countries, giving social influence into where people settle as well.

Benjamin Merrell

# data[].attributes.body
The Topic 1:
1. In the 1840's and 1850's the majority of immigrants to the US were coming from Germany and Ireland. Famine was a pushing factor for many Irish along with the Enclosure Movement which happened earlier in the 19th century.
2. Often times, immigrants were met with negative attitudes in the US. The Irish were met with "Irish need not apply signs" in the 19th century and Southern and Eastern European immigration was limited by Quota Laws in the early 20th century as a result of the Red Scare.
3. Immigration is coming to a country whereas migration is movement within a country. They are both driven by economic opportunity. An example of migration in the US is the Great Migration which consisted of a large number of black Americans migrating to the north in search of better economic opportunities and better social treatment.
4. Immigrants influence the US in a variety of ways. They shape politics as opposition against them grew into things such as the Know nothing Party and Quota laws were passed. Culturally, the US is an amalgamation of different cultures that make up the idea of the "Melting Pot".
5. For most immigrants, they settle in urban areas often in ethnic enclaves. Ethnic enclaves were a result of the US limiting where immigrants would live. Urban areas offered a greater variety of economic opportunities and so immigrants, who often left with nothing, settled here to seek jobs. In other situations, they settled the west. A large number of German farmers settled in the Midwest where they could continue to work in agriculture.
Topic 2:
1. The obvious first era of technological innovation comes in the Industrial Revolution. The development of steel, large rail roads, and new forms of communication greatly expanded the US ability to manufacture. As this continued on into the early 20th century, we saw the development of mass production and assembly lines which gave rise to the consumer culture of the 1920's.
2. The invention of the Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney unintentionally led to the expansion of slavery as it allowed for the expansion of plantations to occur s it made harvesting cotton much more efficient. The invention of steel led to the growth of the major monopolies of the Gilded Age.
3. As technology continued to develop, there was a shift in the US from agriculture. By the 1920's more people lived in cities than they did farms.  People began working for wages and had structured hours of work. It changed the way people worked, shifting the unstructured hours of farm work to having set hours. During the Gilded Age, we saw the rise of Company Towns, in which employers paid their employees in money that could only be spent in company stores and employees were required to live in company owned housing.
4. The US is historically an agricultural country. Innovations in agriculture such as the cotton gin and the steel plow gave way to the continuation of technological development. Being able to feed a growing population sustains the market for new goods but quite simply keeping people alive. I personally would say impact wise, the cotton gin is the most important invention because of the political ramifications it had. By expanding the use of slavery, the cotton gin further drove the wedge into the divide between the north and the south. The Civil War was a major event in US history that almost completely destroyed the entire nation in itself. Although the cotton gin did not single handedly cause the Civil War, it led to the expansion of slavery which continued to increase regional tensions.
5. The changes in the ways Americans worked led to the development of unions. The development of the assembly line brought down the overall cost of goods as it reduced the amount of time needed to manufacture them. With the lowering of costs and mass production of goods, American consumerism rose substantially.

# data[].attributes.body
1) Opportunities that draw immigrants to the United States include many different ideas over the span of history. During the Industrial Revolution for example many immigrants made the journey to the United States in search of jobs, as the United States was prime for economic opportunity. Whereas in the early years of first colonies the majority of immigrants came seeking refuge from persecution in their home country.
2) The way in which American's responded to immigrants stayed mostly constant throughout periods of history. With the movement of people into the country often times xenophobia spread, and quotas were put into place restricting immigration from certain groups specifically immigration laws that restricted the Chinese. This xenophobia is shown in the Red Scare, when southern and eastern europeans were feared and hated by many Americans out of fear of communism, and in the quotas put into place to restrict their movement to the United States.
3) Immigration is separate from migration as migration is the internal movement of people within the United States, while immigration is the influx of foreigners into the United States. Certain pull factors of migration within the United States included new land, the frontier during Westward Expansion, and economic opportunity during war times, which caused the Great Migration. Whereas a push factor could be the movement of the Quakers to Pennsylvania when facing religious persecution. These push and pull factors are very similar to the push and pull factors of immigration, as the reasons behind the movement of people are often the same.
4) Immigrants change American culture in many ways, which comes back to the "Melting Pot" idea, that American culture is a fusion of the culture of its immigrants. This is shown in the politics of the 1920's in how Boss Tweed gained his support from mainly immigrants, and in the sense of America's diverse religious groups. As immigrants moved into society and while some attempted to assimilate, and others did not, they brought with them their culture in forms of music, dress, public opinions, etc.
5) Different groups of immigrants throughout history have settled in different places mainly based upon their intentions of their immigration. For example, many immigrants who came to the United States in search of economic opportunity and jobs settled in big cities on the coast, that were often centers for factory work. One of the best examples of this is the Irish, who constituted a large amount of American immigrants in the 1840's during the time of the Industrial Revolution.

# data[].attributes.body
Promontory Point: Connecting the Transcontinental Railroad

# data[].attributes.headline
Hello! This is a great place to respond to the big questions from this week's Loom lecture. This will help me write our wrap up lecture for Friday. Please remember to sign your name. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Hello! This is a great place to respond to the big questions from this week's Loom lecture. This will help me write our wrap up lecture for Friday. Please remember to sign your name. 