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Trayvon Martin (17 years old) is murdered by George Zimmerman in FL. This causes public outrage about racism in America.

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Trayvon Martin (17 years old) is murdered by George Zimmerman in FL. This causes public outrage about racism in America.

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February 26, 2012

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Responses from Establishment- Avoidance: President Obama is asked about the Trayvon Martin case and specifically, whether racism played a role in the murder. He largely avoids the subject of racism and instead, offers sympathy to his parents.

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Responses from Establishment- Avoidance: President Obama is asked about the Trayvon Martin case and specifically, whether racism played a role in the murder. He largely avoids the subject of racism and instead, offers sympathy to his parents.

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March 2012

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George Zimmerman is acquitted of the murder of Trayvon Martin in Sanford, Florida

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George Zimmerman is acquitted of the murder of Trayvon Martin in Sanford, Florida

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July 13th, 2013

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Petition of the establishment: Alicia Garza posts the instigating Facebook post that sparks the phrase, "Black lives matter," and the subsequent movement.

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Petition of the establishment: Alicia Garza posts the instigating Facebook post that sparks the phrase, "Black lives matter," and the subsequent movement.

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July 13th, 2013

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Petition: Patrisse Cullors recognizes power "Black lives matter" and creates the hashtag (#BlackLivesMatter) that draws in support for the cause and more outrage following Zimmerman's acquittal.

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Petition: Patrisse Cullors recognizes power "Black lives matter" and creates the hashtag (#BlackLivesMatter) that draws in support for the cause and more outrage following Zimmerman's acquittal.

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Late July 2013

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Promulgation: Black Lives Matter founded by Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza and Opal Tometi as an international social movement

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Promulgation: Black Lives Matter founded by Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza and Opal Tometi as an international social movement

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July 13th, 2013

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In a year filled with unforgettable moments, there's one in particular that stands out for Patrisse Cullors. On June 7, after more than a week of global protests in the wake of George Floyd's death, an estimated 100,000 people marched in Los Angeles. Aerial shots of the demonstration, which was organized by Black Lives Matter's L.A. division, pictured a sea of protesters taking over Hollywood Boulevard. "I think that was the largest Black Lives Matter protest in the history of Los Angeles," says Cullors, one of the three original co-founders of BLM, "and the footage is just gorgeous."

For Cullors and her fellow BLM co-founders-Alicia Garza and Opal Tometi-this moment had been a long time coming. In 2013, when the three women established the movement, the idea of any corporation speaking out against systemic racism (even performatively) was widely considered a radical notion. This was three years before former San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick began kneeling during the national anthem in protest and four years before Merriam-Webster officially added "woke" to the dictionary.

The years that followed were punctuated by numerous false starts, moments where tragedy triggered nationally recognized protests-like the 2015 Baltimore riots, which followed the death of Baltimore resident Freddie Gray, whose neck and spine were severed while he was being transported in a police van-but didn't quite lead to a seismic shift in how predominantly white spaces or major corporations discussed racism.

Americans would witness a similar pattern with an all-too-long list of slain Black civilians who died at the hands of police: Botham Jean, Sandra Bland, Stephon Clark, Atatiana Jefferson and countless others. But the movement gained new urgency when 46-year-old George Floyd lost his life after officer Derek Chauvin kneeled on Floyd's neck for an uninterrupted seven minutes and 46 seconds in Minneapolis on May 23, 2020.

Coming amid a global pandemic and worldwide quarantines, the incident proved to be a turning point for BLM-and for leaders and industries at large. On June 6, CNN teamed with Sesame Street for Coming Together, a town hall geared toward talking to children and families about racism. Celebrities and public figures such as Ariana Grande, Jennifer Lopez and even former Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney marched alongside protesters in support of BLM.

Getty Images

Coca-Cola, Google, Lululemon and hosts of other companies donated millions of dollars to community funds and organizations committed to fighting for racial justice. Former President Barack Obama, whom Garza notes "struggled with the framework" of the movement during his presidency, praised the protests in an address from his home. "To see the president embrace it and to know that actually there was a whole process that he had gone through was actually very powerful," she recounts.

The world was actually talking, and Black Lives Matter, believed to be the largest movement in U.S. history, was leading the conversation. In London, just one day after L.A.'s June 7 protest, thousands of activists braved the rain to flood Parliament Square with dewy homemade signs as they chanted "Black Lives Matter" and Floyd's name in tandem. By that time, similar demonstrations had been unfolding in Rome, Madrid, Paris, New Zealand, South America, Africa and Asia. Images of mobilized citizens all around the world connected in a mosaic of hope as the globe sent a unified message.

Continue Reading

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Co-Founders of Black Lives Matter on a Global Movement

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In a year filled with unforgettable moments, there's one in particular that stands out for Patrisse Cullors. On June 7, after more than a week of global protests in the wake of George Floyd's death, an estimated 100,000 people marched in Los Angeles. Aerial shots of the demonstration, which was organized by Black Lives Matter's L.A.

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Solidification: The hashtag #BlackLivesMatter becomes the identifying slogan of the  movement against racial inequality as it gains traction.

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Solidification: The hashtag #BlackLivesMatter becomes the identifying slogan of the  movement against racial inequality as it gains traction.

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2013/2014

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Nonviolent resistance: Protests break out across the country after the murder of Trayvon Martin in 2012 goes unpunished. Sometimes this escalated to Ghandi and Guerilla.

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Nonviolent resistance: Protests break out across the country after the murder of Trayvon Martin in 2012 goes unpunished. Sometimes this escalated to Ghandi and Guerilla.

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July 2013

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NEW YORK Thousands of demonstrators from across the country — chanting, praying and even fighting tears — protested a jury's decision to clear neighborhood watch volunteer George Zimmerman in the shooting death of an unarmed black teenager while the Justice Department considered whether to file criminal civil rights charges.

Rallies on Sunday were largely peaceful as demonstrators voiced their support for 17-year-old Trayvon Martin's family and decried Zimmerman's not guilty verdict as a miscarriage of justice. Police in Los Angeles said they arrested several people early Monday after about 80 protesters gathered in Hollywood on Sunset Boulevard and an unlawful assembly was declared. The New York Police Department said it arrested at least a dozen people on disorderly conduct charges during a rally in Times Square.

CBS affiliate WCBS aired video of at least one protester being detained.

The NAACP and protesters called for federal civil rights charges against Zimmerman, who was acquitted Saturday in Martin's February 2012 shooting death.

The Justice Department said it is looking into the case to determine whether federal prosecutors should file criminal civil rights charges now that Zimmerman has been acquitted in the state case. The department opened an investigation into Martin's death last year but stepped aside to allow the state prosecution to proceed.

The evidence generated during the federal probe is still being evaluated by the criminal section of the Justice Department's civil rights division, the FBI and the U.S. attorney's office for the Middle District of Florida, along with evidence and testimony from the state trial, the Justice Department said.

Meanwhile, President Barack Obama and religious and civil rights leaders urged calm in hopes of ensuring peaceful demonstrations following a case that became an emotional flash point.

Sunday's demonstrations, held in cities from Florida to Wisconsin, attracted anywhere from a few dozen people to a more than a thousand.

At a march and rally in downtown Chicago attended by about 200 people, some said the verdict was symbolic of lingering racism in the United States. Seventy-three-year-old Maya Miller said the case reminded her of the 1955 slaying of Emmitt Till, a 14-year-old from Chicago who was murdered by a group of white men while visiting Mississippi. Till's killing galvanized the civil rights movement.

"Fifty-eight years and nothing's changed," Miller said, pausing to join a chant for "Justice for Trayvon, not one more."

In New York City, more than a thousand people marched into Times Square on Sunday night, zigzagging through Manhattan's streets to avoid police lines.

Sign-carrying marchers thronged the busy intersection, chanting "Justice for! Trayvon Martin!" as they made their way from Union Square, blocking traffic for more than an hour before moving on.

Cell phone video shows throngs of protesters marching up 2nd Ave. at 89th St. on the Upper East Side at around 11:00 p.m. ET, headed towards Harlem:

In San Francisco and Los Angeles, where an earlier protest was dispersed with beanbag rounds, police closed streets as protesters marched Sunday to condemn Zimmerman's acquittal.

Protesters blocked traffic on the busy 10 Freeway. CBS affiliate KCBS video shows people running into the streets, some shouting "Justice for Trayvon!" One woman was heard saying, "It makes no sense to jump into the freeway, it's dangerous." CBS affiliate KCAL reported that, according to police, tactical units were deployed near the 10 Freeway and Crenshaw Boulevard when a group of counter-protesters started throwing bottles at officers and blocking traffic.

Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti urged protesters to "practice peace" after the rock- and bottle-throwing incident. Later, more than 100 officers in riot gear converged on the crowd and ordered people to disperse. Police said they made seven arrests throughout the day, The Los Angeles Times reported.

Rand Powdrill, 41, of San Leandro, Calif., said he came to the San Francisco march with about 400 others to "protest the execution of an innocent black teenager."

"If our voices can't be heard, then this is just going to keep going on," he said.

Earlier, at Manhattan's Middle Collegiate Church, many congregants wore hooded sweatshirts — similar to the one Martin was wearing the night he was shot — in a show of solidarity. Hoodie-clad Jessica Nacinovich said she could only feel disappointment and sadness over the verdict.

"I'm sure jurors did what they felt was right in accordance with the law but maybe the law is wrong, maybe society is wrong; there's a lot that needs fixing," she said.

At a youth service in Sanford, Fla., where the trial was held, teens wearing shirts displaying Martin's picture wiped away tears during a sermon at the St. Paul Missionary Baptist Church.

Protesters also gathered in Atlanta, Miami, Milwaukee, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C., along with a host of other cities.

In Miami, more than 200 people gathered for a vigil. "You can't justify murder," read one poster. Another read "Don't worry about more riots. Worry about more Zimmermans."

Carol Reitner, 76, of Miami, said she heard about the vigil through an announcement at her church Sunday morning. "I was really devastated. It's really hard to believe that someone can take the life of someone else and walk out of court free," she said.

In Philadelphia, about 700 protesters marched from LOVE Park to the Liberty Bell, alternating between chanting Trayvon Martin's name and "No justice, no peace!"

"We hope this will begin a movement to end discrimination against young black men," said Johnathan Cooper, one of the protest's organizers. "And also to empower black people and get them involved in the system."

In Atlanta, a crowd of about 75 protesters chanted and carried signs near Centennial Olympic Park.

"I came out today because a great deal of injustice has been done and I'm very disappointed at our justice system; I'm just disappointed in America," said Tabatha Holley, 19, of Atlanta.

Civil rights leaders, including the Revs. Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton, urged peace in the wake of the verdict. Jackson said the legal system "failed justice," but violence isn't the answer.

But not all the protesters heeded those calls immediately after the verdict.

In Oakland, Calif., during protests that began late Saturday night, some angry demonstrators broke windows, burned U.S. flags and started street fires. Some marchers also vandalized a police squad car and used spray paint to scrawl anti-police graffiti on roads and Alameda County's Davidson courthouse.

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Rallies against Zimmerman acquittal held across U.S.

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NEW YORK Thousands of demonstrators from across the country - chanting, praying and even fighting tears - protested a jury's decision to clear neighborhood watch volunteer George Zimmerman in the shooting death of an unarmed black teenager while the Justice Department considered whether to file criminal civil rights charges.

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Responses from Establishment- Suppression: Following the widespread outrage at Zimmerman's acquittal, President Obama spoke on the issue at a press conference. The President defended the court's ruling on the case, called for American public to accept the acquittal, and warned against violent protests.

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Responses from Establishment- Suppression: Following the widespread outrage at Zimmerman's acquittal, President Obama spoke on the issue at a press conference. The President defended the court's ruling on the case, called for American public to accept the acquittal, and warned against violent protests.

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July/August 2013

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James S. Brady Press Briefing Room

1:33 P.M. EDT

THE PRESIDENT: I wanted to come out here, first of all, to tell you that Jay is prepared for all your questions and is very much looking forward to the session. The second thing is I want to let you know that over the next couple of weeks, there's going to obviously be a whole range of issues -- immigration, economics, et cetera -- we'll try to arrange a fuller press conference to address your questions.

The reason I actually wanted to come out today is not to take questions, but to speak to an issue that obviously has gotten a lot of attention over the course of the last week -- the issue of the Trayvon Martin ruling. I gave a preliminary statement right after the ruling on Sunday. But watching the debate over the course of the last week, I thought it might be useful for me to expand on my thoughts a little bit.

First of all, I want to make sure that, once again, I send my thoughts and prayers, as well as Michelle's, to the family of Trayvon Martin, and to remark on the incredible grace and dignity with which they've dealt with the entire situation. I can only imagine what they're going through, and it's remarkable how they've handled it.

The second thing I want to say is to reiterate what I said on Sunday, which is there's going to be a lot of arguments about the legal issues in the case -- I'll let all the legal analysts and talking heads address those issues. The judge conducted the trial in a professional manner. The prosecution and the defense made their arguments. The juries were properly instructed that in a case such as this reasonable doubt was relevant, and they rendered a verdict. And once the jury has spoken, that's how our system works. But I did want to just talk a little bit about context and how people have responded to it and how people are feeling.

You know, when Trayvon Martin was first shot I said that this could have been my son. Another way of saying that is Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago. And when you think about why, in the African American community at least, there's a lot of pain around what happened here, I think it's important to recognize that the African American community is looking at this issue through a set of experiences and a history that doesn't go away.

There are very few African American men in this country who haven't had the experience of being followed when they were shopping in a department store. That includes me. There are very few African American men who haven't had the experience of walking across the street and hearing the locks click on the doors of cars. That happens to me -- at least before I was a senator. There are very few African Americans who haven't had the experience of getting on an elevator and a woman clutching her purse nervously and holding her breath until she had a chance to get off. That happens often.

And I don't want to exaggerate this, but those sets of experiences inform how the African American community interprets what happened one night in Florida. And it's inescapable for people to bring those experiences to bear. The African American community is also knowledgeable that there is a history of racial disparities in the application of our criminal laws -- everything from the death penalty to enforcement of our drug laws. And that ends up having an impact in terms of how people interpret the case.

Now, this isn't to say that the African American community is naïve about the fact that African American young men are disproportionately involved in the criminal justice system; that they're disproportionately both victims and perpetrators of violence. It's not to make excuses for that fact -- although black folks do interpret the reasons for that in a historical context. They understand that some of the violence that takes place in poor black neighborhoods around the country is born out of a very violent past in this country, and that the poverty and dysfunction that we see in those communities can be traced to a very difficult history.

And so the fact that sometimes that's unacknowledged adds to the frustration. And the fact that a lot of African American boys are painted with a broad brush and the excuse is given, well, there are these statistics out there that show that African American boys are more violent -- using that as an excuse to then see sons treated differently causes pain.

I think the African American community is also not naïve in understanding that, statistically, somebody like Trayvon Martin was statistically more likely to be shot by a peer than he was by somebody else. So folks understand the challenges that exist for African American boys. But they get frustrated, I think, if they feel that there's no context for it and that context is being denied. And that all contributes I think to a sense that if a white male teen was involved in the same kind of scenario, that, from top to bottom, both the outcome and the aftermath might have been different.

Now, the question for me at least, and I think for a lot of folks, is where do we take this? How do we learn some lessons from this and move in a positive direction? I think it's understandable that there have been demonstrations and vigils and protests, and some of that stuff is just going to have to work its way through, as long as it remains nonviolent. If I see any violence, then I will remind folks that that dishonors what happened to Trayvon Martin and his family. But beyond protests or vigils, the question is, are there some concrete things that we might be able to do.

I know that Eric Holder is reviewing what happened down there, but I think it's important for people to have some clear expectations here. Traditionally, these are issues of state and local government, the criminal code. And law enforcement is traditionally done at the state and local levels, not at the federal levels.

That doesn't mean, though, that as a nation we can't do some things that I think would be productive. So let me just give a couple of specifics that I'm still bouncing around with my staff, so we're not rolling out some five-point plan, but some areas where I think all of us could potentially focus.

Number one, precisely because law enforcement is often determined at the state and local level, I think it would be productive for the Justice Department, governors, mayors to work with law enforcement about training at the state and local levels in order to reduce the kind of mistrust in the system that sometimes currently exists.

When I was in Illinois, I passed racial profiling legislation, and it actually did just two simple things. One, it collected data on traffic stops and the race of the person who was stopped. But the other thing was it resourced us training police departments across the state on how to think about potential racial bias and ways to further professionalize what they were doing.

And initially, the police departments across the state were resistant, but actually they came to recognize that if it was done in a fair, straightforward way that it would allow them to do their jobs better and communities would have more confidence in them and, in turn, be more helpful in applying the law. And obviously, law enforcement has got a very tough job.

So that's one area where I think there are a lot of resources and best practices that could be brought to bear if state and local governments are receptive. And I think a lot of them would be. And let's figure out are there ways for us to push out that kind of training.

Along the same lines, I think it would be useful for us to examine some state and local laws to see if it -- if they are designed in such a way that they may encourage the kinds of altercations and confrontations and tragedies that we saw in the Florida case, rather than diffuse potential altercations.

I know that there's been commentary about the fact that the "stand your ground" laws in Florida were not used as a defense in the case. On the other hand, if we're sending a message as a society in our communities that someone who is armed potentially has the right to use those firearms even if there's a way for them to exit from a situation, is that really going to be contributing to the kind of peace and security and order that we'd like to see?

And for those who resist that idea that we should think about something like these "stand your ground" laws, I'd just ask people to consider, if Trayvon Martin was of age and armed, could he have stood his ground on that sidewalk? And do we actually think that he would have been justified in shooting Mr. Zimmerman who had followed him in a car because he felt threatened? And if the answer to that question is at least ambiguous, then it seems to me that we might want to examine those kinds of laws.

Number three -- and this is a long-term project -- we need to spend some time in thinking about how do we bolster and reinforce our African American boys. And this is something that Michelle and I talk a lot about. There are a lot of kids out there who need help who are getting a lot of negative reinforcement. And is there more that we can do to give them the sense that their country cares about them and values them and is willing to invest in them?

I'm not naïve about the prospects of some grand, new federal program. I'm not sure that that's what we're talking about here. But I do recognize that as President, I've got some convening power, and there are a lot of good programs that are being done across the country on this front. And for us to be able to gather together business leaders and local elected officials and clergy and celebrities and athletes, and figure out how are we doing a better job helping young African American men feel that they're a full part of this society and that they've got pathways and avenues to succeed -- I think that would be a pretty good outcome from what was obviously a tragic situation. And we're going to spend some time working on that and thinking about that.

And then, finally, I think it's going to be important for all of us to do some soul-searching. There has been talk about should we convene a conversation on race. I haven't seen that be particularly productive when politicians try to organize conversations. They end up being stilted and politicized, and folks are locked into the positions they already have. On the other hand, in families and churches and workplaces, there's the possibility that people are a little bit more honest, and at least you ask yourself your own questions about, am I wringing as much bias out of myself as I can? Am I judging people as much as I can, based on not the color of their skin, but the content of their character? That would, I think, be an appropriate exercise in the wake of this tragedy.

And let me just leave you with a final thought that, as difficult and challenging as this whole episode has been for a lot of people, I don't want us to lose sight that things are getting better. Each successive generation seems to be making progress in changing attitudes when it comes to race. It doesn't mean we're in a post-racial society. It doesn't mean that racism is eliminated. But when I talk to Malia and Sasha, and I listen to their friends and I seem them interact, they're better than we are -- they're better than we were -- on these issues. And that's true in every community that I've visited all across the country.

And so we have to be vigilant and we have to work on these issues. And those of us in authority should be doing everything we can to encourage the better angels of our nature, as opposed to using these episodes to heighten divisions. But we should also have confidence that kids these days, I think, have more sense than we did back then, and certainly more than our parents did or our grandparents did; and that along this long, difficult journey, we're becoming a more perfect union -- not a perfect union, but a more perfect union.

Thank you, guys.

END
1:52 P.M. EDT

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Remarks by the President on Trayvon Martin

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James S. Brady Press Briefing Room 1:33 P.M. EDT THE PRESIDENT: I wanted to come out here, first of all, to tell you that Jay is prepared for all your questions and is very much looking forward to the session.

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Polarization: Social media are key for both BLM supporters and non-supporters to take a stance on issues of racial violence and injustice.

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Polarization: Social media are key for both BLM supporters and non-supporters to take a stance on issues of racial violence and injustice.

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2013-Present

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#AllLivesMatter is like I go to the Dr for a broken arm and he says "All Bones Matter" ok but right now let's take care of this broken one

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#AllLivesMatter is like I go to the Dr for a broken arm and he says "All Bones Matter" ok but right now let's take care of this broken one

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#AllLivesMatter is like I go to the Dr for a broken arm and he says "All Bones Matter" ok but right now let's take care of this broken one
— SOAPbox (@djsoap92) July 6, 2016

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#AllLivesMatter is like I go to the Dr for a broken arm and he says "All Bones Matter" ok but right now let's take care of this broken one

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#AllLivesMatter is like I go to the Dr for a broken arm and he says "All Bones Matter" ok but right now let's take care of this broken one

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#AllLivesMatter is like I go to the Dr for a broken arm and he says "All Bones Matter" ok but right now let's take care of this broken one

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Solidification: BLM works on branding to gain recognition. This includes commissioning a branding company out of LA to create their logo. 

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Solidification: BLM works on branding to gain recognition. This includes commissioning a branding company out of LA to create their logo. 

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2014

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Solidification: The movement goes through many versions of logos before settling on a bold black and yellow wordmark shown above (although the logos would change over the years).

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Solidification: The movement goes through many versions of logos before settling on a bold black and yellow wordmark shown above (although the logos would change over the years).

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2014

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Michael Brown (18 years old) is fatally shot 6 times by police in Ferguson, MO.

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Michael Brown (18 years old) is fatally shot 6 times by police in Ferguson, MO.

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August 9, 2014

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Solidification: Protesters including BLM supporters gather in Ferguson to protest racist police violence. In the above video, residents of Ferguson call their protests "the modern civil rights movement."

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Solidification: Protesters including BLM supporters gather in Ferguson to protest racist police violence. In the above video, residents of Ferguson call their protests "the modern civil rights movement."

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Late 2014

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Ferguson 2014: A Protest Ignited | The New York Times

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Response from Establishment- Avoidance: The establishment uses counter-movement "All Lives Matter" to persuade BLM supporters and bystanders away from "Black Lives Matter."

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Response from Establishment- Avoidance: The establishment uses counter-movement "All Lives Matter" to persuade BLM supporters and bystanders away from "Black Lives Matter."

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2014-Present

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Credit... William Widmer for The New York Times

[For more about police violence and unrest, go here]
"All Lives Matter" hasn't brought people together.

That may have been the intent of some who use the slogan. They see it as a let's-all-join-hands sentiment to which no one could object.

Yet the phrase has created backlash for some celebrities and politicians, and quite possibly fevered arguments on your Facebook feed.

It is sometimes - but not always - used by people who appear to be acting with good intentions, and who are in turn surprised that anyone would protest.

So why is the phrase so perilous?

To those who find it offensive or misguided, especially those sympathetic to the Black Lives Matter movement, the statement - particularly in a social media hashtag - is not seen as a Kumbaya sentiment but as a way to remove focus from the specific grievances of black Americans.

The doctor analogy is one of many explanations people have floated.

There are others: A house on fire needs water more than the neighbor's house that isn't on fire, and "everyone should get food" is no consolation to the person who wasn't fed at dinner.

Those in the Black Lives Matter movement say black people are in immediate danger and need immediate attention, like the broken bone or house on fire.

Saying "All Lives Matter" in response would suggest to them that all people are in equal danger, invalidating the specific concerns of black people.

"You're watering the house that's not burning, but you're choosing to leave the house that's burning unattended," said Allen Kwabena Frimpong, an organizer for the New York chapter of Black Lives Matter. "It's irresponsible."

More to the point: It is a given that all lives matter, said Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, an assistant professor of African-American Studies at Princeton University.

"That has always been an assumption," she said. "The entire point of Black Lives Matter is to illustrate the extent to which black lives have not mattered in this country."

Judith Butler, a professor in the department of comparative literature and the program of critical theory at the University of California, Berkeley, said in a 2015 interview that "if we jump too quickly to the universal formulation, 'all lives matter,' then we miss the fact that black people have not yet been included in the idea of 'all lives.' "

Many people - even people of color - who have said "All Lives Matter" on social media have faced swift backlash.

Jennifer Lopez deleted a tweet using the #AllLivesMatter hashtag on Tuesday, and a singer at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game on Tuesday added the phrase into the Canadian national anthem. His fellow singers disavowed the change and said he'd no longer be performing with them.

Fetty Wap, a rapper, apologized l after he used the #AllLivesMatter hashtag in a tweet last week that he later deleted, saying on Instagram that "I didn't fully understand the hashtag."

Two other singers, Christina Milian and Keke Palmer, also faced fury from fans, causing them to backpedal or delete tweets.

Republicans, including Donald J. Trump, frequently use the phrase. Democrats, too, have said it. Hillary Clinton faced intense criticism after she used it in June 2015.

While some who use the phrase may be intentionally slighting Black Lives Matter, or offering a counter-slogan to one they view as divisive, others have seemingly been unaware that anyone would be offended.

When that happens, Ms. Taylor said, "it's important to use this as an opportunity to explain to people, and not just deride them and condemn them for being insensitive."

There might be some common ground to be found.

In Dallas, people from competing "Black Lives Matter" and "All Lives Matter" protests ended up hugging on Sunday after they came together to talk it out.

A police officer who had been keeping them separate joined a prayer with both groups.

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Why 'All Lives Matter' Is Such a Perilous Phrase

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For more about police violence and unrest, go here ] "All Lives Matter" hasn't brought people together. That may have been the intent of some who use the slogan. They see it as a let's-all-join-hands sentiment to which no one could object.

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Response from Establishment- Avoidance: The establishment uses counter-movement "Blue Lives Matter" to persuade BLM supporters and bystanders away from "Black Lives Matter" and recognize that police lives are also at stake in intense situations. Valid arguments  against blue lives matter include that police officers choose their careers and can take off their badges, while Black Americans cannot.

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Response from Establishment- Avoidance: The establishment uses counter-movement "Blue Lives Matter" to persuade BLM supporters and bystanders away from "Black Lives Matter" and recognize that police lives are also at stake in intense situations. Valid arguments  against blue lives matter include that police officers choose their careers and can take off their badges, while Black Americans cannot.

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2014-Present

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Response- Suppression: Dylann Roof attacks an African American church in Charleston, SC in an attempt to start a race war leaving 9 dead.

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Response- Suppression: Dylann Roof attacks an African American church in Charleston, SC in an attempt to start a race war leaving 9 dead.

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June 2015

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charleston church shooting suspect arrested in n.c. - cnn

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Charleston church shooting suspect arrested in N.C. - CNN

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Shooting suspect Dylann Roof has been taken into custody, officials say. He's accused of opening fire in a Charleston AME church Wednesday, killing nine.

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Solidification: Artist, Dread Scott reinvents the attention-grabbing, iconic 1920s NAACP banner, "A man was lynched by police yesterday."

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Solidification: Artist, Dread Scott reinvents the attention-grabbing, iconic 1920s NAACP banner, "A man was lynched by police yesterday."

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2015/2016

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Solidification: BLM uses many different branding techniques and designs to get attention especially over social media platforms, such as Instagram and Twitter.

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Solidification: BLM uses many different branding techniques and designs to get attention especially over social media platforms, such as Instagram and Twitter.

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2016

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Solidification: In late summer 2016, the movement had 180,000 followers on Twitter, but the account jumps to over 985,000 followers by September 2020. On Instagram, BLM reaches 4 million followers in 2020. The social justice movement continues to solidify over social media.

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Solidification: In late summer 2016, the movement had 180,000 followers on Twitter, but the account jumps to over 985,000 followers by September 2020. On Instagram, BLM reaches 4 million followers in 2020. The social justice movement continues to solidify over social media.

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2016-Present

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Polarization: Sports celebrities took a stance against police brutality and racism in America. For example, LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony and more support BLM at ESPYs.

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Polarization: Sports celebrities took a stance against police brutality and racism in America. For example, LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony and more support BLM at ESPYs.

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July/August 2016

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ESPY Awards Emphasize 'Black Lives Matter' With LeBron James, Dwyane Wade

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Polarization: Colin Kaepernick acknowledges, during the national anthem at NFL game, the violent racial inequality in America by refusing to stand up.

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Polarization: Colin Kaepernick acknowledges, during the national anthem at NFL game, the violent racial inequality in America by refusing to stand up.

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August 2016

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Athletes Join Colin Kaepernick By Refusing To Stand During the National Anthem

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Timeline of some of the key dates that sparked outrage about racial injustice/violence in America tracked through #BlackLivesMatter on Twitter.

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Timeline of some of the key dates that sparked outrage about racial injustice/violence in America tracked through #BlackLivesMatter on Twitter.

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2013-2016

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Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech

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In recent years, social media have become a common way for political groups and social movements to organize. On Twitter's 10-year anniversary, the site published a list of the most used hashtags related to social causes. Two of the top three were directly related to issues of race. According to Twitter, #Ferguson was the most used social-issue hashtag in the 10-year history of the platform, while #BlackLivesMatter was third.

Along with examining tweets that mentioned race in a general sense, the Center's analysis looked at all tweets that included the #BlackLivesMatter and #AllLivesMatter hashtags from July 12, 2013, to March 31, 2016. These tweets (13.3 million in total) were then analyzed using Crimson Hexagon's algorithmic tool to determine their subject matter and tone. (A previous Pew Research Center study surveyed Americans on their awareness of and attitudes towards issues of racial equality.)

Historically, hashtags developed as an informal method of highlighting ideas in unformatted text and trying to grow conversation around a topic. In 2009, Twitter began to hyperlink and compile hashtags, making them searchable and increasing their utility as identifiers. While most hashtags are developed organically, some groups deliberately use hashtags to promote a message.

In mid-2014, as the issue of use of force by police gained national attention due to several high profile cases involving black men, some activists promoted hashtags as a way to identify their messages and display solidarity.

This was the case with the Black Lives Matter movement. Organizers of Black Lives Matter made social media - and specifically the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter - a centerpiece of their strategy. As a result, the growth of the movement offline was directly linked with the online conversation.

An early timeline of the #BlackLivesMatter and #AllLivesMatter hashtags

All told, from its initial appearance in mid-2013 through March 2016, the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter has appeared on Twitter almost 11.8 million times.

As a direct response to #BlackLivesMatter, some on Twitter began using the hashtag #AllLivesMatter. That hashtag has been used a total of 1.5 million times, about one-eighth as often as #BlackLivesMatter. Over time, the volume of #AllLivesMatter tweets has generally moved in parallel with that of #BlackLivesMatter.

The phrase "black lives matter" was first used by a black community organizer in a Facebook post following the July 2013 acquittal of George Zimmerman in the shooting death of black 17-year-old Trayvon Martin. Despite its widespread presence today, the hashtag was slow to gain prominence: During the second half of 2013, it appeared on Twitter a total of just 5,106 times (or about 30 times a day).

Both the use of the hashtag and the influence of the broader Black Lives Matter movement accelerated greatly in August 2014 when Michael Brown, a black teenager, was fatally shot by a white police officer in Ferguson, Missouri.

The #BlackLivesMatter hashtag appeared an average of 58,747 times per day in the roughly three weeks following Brown's death. However, the use of the hashtag increased dramatically three months later when on November 25, the day after a Ferguson grand jury decided not to indict the officer involved in Brown's death, the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag appeared 172,772 times. During the subsequent three weeks, the hashtag was used 1.7 million times.

Since late 2014, #BlackLivesMatter has been a continuous presence on Twitter, but its use has increased around some specific events. These include:

On Dec. 4, 2014, the day after a New York grand jury decided not to indict police officers in the death of Eric Garner, #BlackLivesMatter appeared 189,210 times - the most it was ever used in a single day.

The Oct. 13, 2015, presidential campaign debate in which Senator Bernie Sanders defended the Black Lives Matter movement and decried institutional racism spurred the hashtag to appear more than 127,000 times on Twitter the following day as many users voiced support for Sanders.

On the one-year anniversary of Brown's death, August 9, 2015, the hashtag appeared 120,067 times as well as 98,518 times the following day.

As for #AllLivesMatter, the hashtag appeared on Twitter a few times prior to the unrest in Ferguson in August 2014. However - as was the case with #BlackLivesMatter - it was the day after the announcement that there would be no grand jury indictments in the Michael Brown case when the hashtag began appearing regularly. On Nov. 25, 2014, #AllLivesMatter was used 14,308 times.

The day in which the hashtag #AllLivesMatter appeared the most during this time period was Dec. 21, 2014, the day after two police officers were killed in New York City while in their patrol car. That day the hashtag appeared 28,526 times. The hashtag #BlueLivesMatter, usually used to express support for police, was used 22,834 times that day.

The #BlackLivesMatter hashtag has been used frequently in support of the broader social movement or to flag general racial issues, occasionally as a form of criticism

From its first appearance in mid-2013, Twitter users have utilized the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag for a range of purposes. Supportive or positive references to the broader movement are among the most common. But in some cases, people included #BlackLivesMatter in tweets to criticize the movement - or simply identify the subject matter of their posts and attach them to the broader discussion occurring around racial issues.

Supportive or positive references to the broader movement make up a large portion of tweets utilizing the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag

Tweets using the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag that are generally supportive of the movement are much more common than those opposing it. Over the period studied, 38% of the tweets that included #BlackLivesMatter were supportive or made positive reference to the social movement.

Slightly more than half of those, representing 21% of all the tweets using the hashtag, offered broad support for racial equality and opposition to police brutality. This February 2014 post by Mag-net, a network of social organizations, is one example:

#blacklivesmatter is a response to the dehumanization of black people. But it's also a call to action. @aliciagarza #mediajustice

- MAG-Net (@mediaaction) February 26, 2014

Others used the hashtag when describing efforts to organize protests, as in this tweet by Chicago-based activist Byron Sigcho:

'Honoring the legacy of MLK by organizing' #BlackLivesMatter #MLKchi #ReclaimChicago @peopleslobbyusa @PilsenAlliance @gozamos @mikeklonsky

- Byron Sigcho (@TeamSigcho) January 17, 2015

Another 18% of tweets utilized the hashtag to connect specific incidents of alleged police misconduct. For example, a number of Black Lives Matter supporters focused on the November 2014 death of 12-year-old Tamir Rice in Cleveland, as in this tweet:

Officer who killed Tamir Rice found unfit in previous police job http://t.co/UncePJxA2f via @msnbc#TRIBELIVE #CLEVELAND #BLACKLIVESMATTER!!

- Jazzmine D. McKnight (@Progress4Ohio) August 26, 2015

Among the other incidents #BlackLivesMatter supporters focused on were the April 2015 death of Freddie Gray while in police custody in Baltimore; the March 2015 shooting death of 19-year-old Tony Robinson at the hands of police in Madison, Wisconsin; and the contentious arrest of University of Virginia student Martese Johnson that same month.

Many tweets used the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag to engage with broader discussions around race

Not all the uses of #BlackLivesMatter were directly tied to specific incidents. In 15% of the tweets using the hashtag, the author was making a larger point about race - without directly focusing on the modern-day social movement. For instance, many people offered thematic quotes:

A System Cannot Fail Those It Was Never Meant To Protect. #BlackLivesMatter

- katori (@iamkatori) July 23, 2015

Variations of this particular quote appeared in tweets alongside the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter more than 2,200 times. This message, which first appeared in 2013, was often attributed incorrectly to the sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois.

Around one-in-ten tweets using the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag were critical of the movement

As the Black Lives Matter movement grew and the use of the hashtag increased, a number of tweets began to object to the movement. Some critics felt it was valuing one race above all others, while others felt the movement was unfairly condemning all police officers based on the actions of a few.

In fact, 11% of the posts including the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag were critical of the movement and/or the actions of its supporters. Sometimes these posts utilized very strong language, as in this tweet by a retired solider:

Hey #BlackLivesMatter, police saves MORE black lives everyday, than you cowards ever will, in your pathetic lifetime! #AllLivesMatter ??

- David Higgins (@dhiggins63) September 11, 2015

How the #AllLivesMatter hashtag was used: a more even mix of support and criticism

Unlike the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag, the mentions of #AllLivesMatter from July 2013 to March 2016 were nearly evenly split between positive and negative posts.
About one-third of #AllLivesMatter tweets were supportive of the general sentiment, but few focused on a larger movement
In contrast to the use of #BlackLivesMatter, posts which used #AllLivesMatter in a positive manner were less likely to connect their posts with a broader social agenda. Only 7% of the tweets using #AllLivesMatter took this position. Notably - and in contrast to the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag - #AllLivesMatter did not have a specific organization backing it or promoting its use in its early stages.

More tweets, 13%, were aimed at defending the people or organizations that were often criticized by #BlackLivesMatter - most often the police. For example, in September 2015, an account for the Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Texas Dan Patrick linked to a formal statement opposing violence toward police:

#AllLivesMatter & we must end violence against our law enforcement officers: http://t.co/zBQvznTVgT #TxLege

- Office of the Lt Gov (@LtGovTX) September 2, 2015

Another 13% of the tweets with #AllLivesMatter focused on condemning the #BlackLivesMatter movement.
One-third of tweets with #AllLivesMatter were critical of its meaning
A backlash against #AllLivesMatter developed that was just as large as the hashtag itself. In fact, 33% of the tweets that contained the hashtag were criticizing the premise of #AllLivesMatter - almost the same amount (32%) that used #AllLivesMatter in a positive light.

To critics, #AllLivesMatter was a minimization of the concerns of minorities, especially in regards to issues of police brutality and discrimination.

Syndicated columnist Arthur Chu illustrated this view on November 27, 2014:

Do people who change #BlackLivesMatter to #AllLivesMatter run thru a cancer fundraiser going "THERE ARE OTHER DISEASES TOO"

- Arthur Chu (@arthur_affect) November 27, 2014

Chu's message was retweeted more than 11,000 times.

#AllLivesMatter gets used by other movements

While the vast majority of the use of #AllLivesMatter was in reference to conversations on race, several other movements used the hashtag in different contexts.

About one-in-ten (11%) tweets with #AllLivesMatter were used by someone opposing abortion. Many of those were connected with the 2015 controversy involving videos that purported to show wrongdoing committed by the health services organization Planned Parenthood. In January 2016, one user tweeted:

Americans Need To Stand United For Life. #WeThePeople Must #DefundPP TODAY.
✞#PrayToEndAbortion#AllLivesMatter#RedNationRising#RenewUS

- Byron (@Metz_Byron) January 5, 2016

Another 7% of tweets were used to promote animal rights, sometimes in support of vegetarianism. Musician Kristin Star expressed this sentiment in November 2014:

Save Lives...Live Compassionately...Be Vegan!!! #EveryoneCounts#AllLivesMatter#HelpChangetheWorld#Life#Love#Peace#Vegan#LivePeace

- Kristin Star (@Kristin_Star) November 16, 2014

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3. The hashtag #BlackLivesMatter emerges: Social activism on Twitter

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In recent years, social media have become a common way for political groups and social movements to organize. On Twitter's 10-year anniversary, the site published a list of the most used hashtags related to social causes. Two of the top three were directly related to issues of race.

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Response- Suppression: "Unite The Right" rally break out in Charlottesville, Virginia.

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Response- Suppression: "Unite The Right" rally break out in Charlottesville, Virginia.

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August 2017

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Charlottesville: Race and Terror – VICE News Tonight (HBO)

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Escalation: BLM counter-protesters are present at "Unite The Right" rally. 

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Escalation: BLM counter-protesters are present at "Unite The Right" rally. 

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August 2017

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Car Crashed into Counter-Protesters of Charlottesville White Nationalist March

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Polarization (Example): Cofounder of BLM, Patrisse Cullors, speaks on Trump's "All Lives Matter" stance and denial of his own racism. 

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Polarization (Example): Cofounder of BLM, Patrisse Cullors, speaks on Trump's "All Lives Matter" stance and denial of his own racism. 

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2018

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Black Lives Matter Cofounder On How To Really Make America Great

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Solidification: Times honors the founders of BLM

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Solidification: Times honors the founders of BLM

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March 2020

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This month, Time magazine put out its "100 Women of the Year," issue and front and center among the honorees are the three female activists who founded the Black Lives Matter movement.

Time used to annually celebrate the "Man of the Year," and in 1999 changed it to "Person of the Year." But even with a more politically correct name, women were still severely under-represented. To address that gender disparity, the iconic magazine has now come out with its 100 "Women of the Year" list which is meant to highlight women who've shaped history.

In the special issue, one woman is retroactively chosen for every year starting from 1920 all the way through 2019.

The impressive list of honorees includes Oprah Winfrey, Michelle Obama, Hillary Rodham Clinton, Aretha Franklin, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Beyoncé, Serena Williams, Marsha P. Johnson, Toni Morrison, and Billie Holliday.

But when representing the year 2013, the publication opted to collectively celebrate Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza and Opal Tometi for creating the hasthtag #BlackLivesMatter that went viral in the wake of George Zimmerman being acquitted for the killing of unarmed Florida teen Trayvon Martin.

"While critics called Garza, Cullors and Tometi terrorists and threats to America, the activists continued urging the public to pay attention to the spate of fatal shootings of unarmed black men and women that followed Martin's, shutting down highways, blocking bridges and staging die-in demonstrations," staff writer Melissa Chan wrote in her tribute to the trio.

Their gorgeous cover art, which was illustrated by New York-based artist and writer Molly Crabapple, is also now available for sale.

TIME magazine is out with "100 Women of the Year" this morning, ahead of International Women's Day. 100 covers recognize the most influential women of each year from 1920 through 2019. https://t.co/NAG69C9KQA

- Brian Stelter (@brianstelter) March 5, 2020

Black Lives Matter founders Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza and Opal Tometi grace the cover of Time 100 Women commemorating the year 2013, when the hasthtag #BlackLivesMatter went viral. https://t.co/qulC4CWPEN pic.twitter.com/EYigUOkLqy

- Michael Owens (@MikeOwensArt) March 9, 2020

.@Beyonce is one of TIME's 100 women who defined the last century.

"The 'Lemonade' album's overtures to Black Lives Matter insisted she may be pop, but she is also political," writes Brittney Cooper (@ProfessorCrunk) #womenoftheyear https://t.co/uUgI2rvVpH

- TIME (@TIME) March 5, 2020

-The Grio

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Black Lives Matter founders honored on cover of Time's '100 Women of The Year' issue - DefenderNetwork.com

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This month, Time magazine put out its "100 Women of the Year," issue and front and center among the honorees are the three female activists who founded the Black Lives Matter movement. Time used to annually celebrate the "Man of the Year," and in 1999 changed it to "Person of the Year."

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Breonna Taylor is shot multiple times by police during no-knock warrant in Louisville, KY and dies.

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Breonna Taylor is shot multiple times by police during no-knock warrant in Louisville, KY and dies.

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March 13th, 2020

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George Floyd Murdered by Police in Minneapolis

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George Floyd Murdered by Police in Minneapolis

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May 25th, 2020

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Gandhi & Guerilla: Protests (mostly peaceful with some scattered violence) break out after George Floyd is murdered by police who are not immediately charged with homicide. His death becomes a cry heard across the world for police reform. (oh also, there's a pandemic)

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Gandhi & Guerilla: Protests (mostly peaceful with some scattered violence) break out after George Floyd is murdered by police who are not immediately charged with homicide. His death becomes a cry heard across the world for police reform. (oh also, there's a pandemic)

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May 2020-Present

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Response- Adjustment: Confederate statues are removed in the wake of protests after George Floyd's death.

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Response- Adjustment: Confederate statues are removed in the wake of protests after George Floyd's death.

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July 2020-Present

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Confederate statues are coming down following George Floyd’s death. Here’s what we know | CNN

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The death of George Floyd is leading to the removal -- by protesters in some cases and city leaders in others -- of contentious statues that have riled some residents for decades, if not longer.

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The BLM Movement seems to have gone through (and continues to go through) processes described in the Rhetoric of Agitation and Control over the years as it builds in strength and grows geographically. I conclude through my research of the movement that BLM follows the steps of the rhetoric of agitation closely with each inciting incident that sets off more outrage across the country and world (ex. Ahmaud Arbery and George Floyd in 2020). In response, the establishment has mostly avoided and suppressed the movement, however, I believe more recently the movement has been met with some adjustment in terms of police training reform in certain cities. I would not say that overall the establishment has adjusted mostly because the current administration continues to avoid and suppress BLM while endorsing counter-persuasive movements such as blue lives matter and all lives matter.

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I believe the future response to BLM depends on who wins the election in November. We have seen Trump's reaction to the continuous protests since May and have heard Biden's promises about how he would  respond in the future to the cries for justice, so now it is up the American public to decide.

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1KzikygqHnL97IkC1vmx7YWcuXd5OrgXsP3PKcQ8JlGs/edit?usp=sharing