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*Ideas are the heart of the message.

*The content of the piece.

*The main theme, together with the details that enrich and develop that theme.

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*Ideas are released in a logical order.

*Beginning, middle, end (narrative writing) / introduction, body, conclusion (informational writing)

*Setting details.

*Transition words and phrases

Subheads (in *informational/expository writing).

*Pacing.

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Titles that hook & engage the reader.

Feeling words - keep the reader engaged.

(Expository writing) Sounds like an expert or authority on the topic.

(Narrative writing) Describe character thoughts & feelings.

A sense of audience.

(Expository writing) Provide definitions for the reader.

(Narrative writing) Include voice-filled punctuation.

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Utilizes precise, bulls-eye words.

Description woven around facts (informational writing).

Expert vocabulary (informational writing).

Synonyms and word-choice variety.

Action verbs.

show us what's happening.

Sensory description of characters, setting, & action.

(appeals to 5 senses: what something looks like, sounds like, smells like, tastes like, or feels like).

Comparison details.

Mental images for the reader.

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Sentence-length variety

LONG sentences = slow, explanatory information (12 words or more)

SHORT sentences = fast, "punchy" information (5 words or less)

There are different lengths of sentences in the same piece of writing, even in the same paragraph

Punctuation (e.g., commas, ellipses, parentheses, dash, etc.)

Especially important when writing longer sentences

Help the mind to "pause" when reading

Word patterns (parallel structure)

Example: all the verbs in one paragraph are past tense - creates a pattern or rhythm

Occasionally starting a sentence with "and," "but," or "or" to make a strong impact on the reader - alerts to a powerful shift in what's happening

Repetition for impact

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Accurate punctuation marks

Appropriate capitalization

beginning of sentences

proper nouns

Paragraph indents

when starting to talk about a new idea

dialogue

Consistent verb tense (Example: If a passage starts off in past tense, it must stay in past tense the whole way through)

Using complete sentences

Correct spelling

Use the tools & apply the rules!

Examples of "tools" = Dictionary, thesaurus, spell check, Grammarly, language books, online practice sites like Quill and NoRedInk, etc.