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Relativne rečeniceŠto su relativne rečenice?Relativne ili odnosne rečenice su vrlo česta vrsta rečenica u engleskom jeziku koje započinju s upitnom ili wh-riječ

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KondicionaliŠto su kondicionali?U engleskom jeziku, kondicionali se odnose na posebne kombinacije rečenica kojima se izriče rezultati potencijalnih situacija, o

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Online skripta za maturu iz Engleskog jezika A. Pronađi objašnjenja, ilustracije i tablice za gramatiku i vokabular te rješenja zadataka.

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Modalni glagoli u engleskom mogu imati isključivo funkciju . To znači da se ne pojavljuju samostalno već prethode glavnim glagolima i pobliže im određuju značenje.

Uz modalne glagole postoje izrazi koji imaju modalno značenje te se stoga mogu koristiti jednako kao i prethodni modalni glagoli:

Naprimjer, sljedeću rečenicu ( Moram se tome prilagoditi.) s modalnim glagolom must možemo preoblikovati koristeći modalni izraz:

Koje su opće značajke modalnih glagola?

Modalni glagoli su pomoćni glagoli u rečenicama

Nakon modalnog glagola pišemo glavni glagol u osnovnom obliku (infinitiv bez to)

U pitanjima, modalne glagole stavljamo ispred subjekta u rečenici.

Modalni glagoli ne mijenjaju svoj oblik s obzirom na broj, lice i vrijeme:

Samo u posebnim slučajevima (primjerice, neupravni govor - reported speech), određeni modalni glagoli se mogu sagledati kao prošli oblici:

Kada koristimo modalne glagole u prošlosti, tvorimo ih pomoću konstrukcije:

Modalne izraze u prošlosti koristimo na očekivani način:

Kada koristimo modalne glagole?

Uz pomoć modalnih glagola izražavamo različite oblike značenja. Prvenstveno ih koristimo na dva načina.

Modalne glagole upotrebljavamo kada želimo izraziti:

1. koliko smo sigurni i uvjereni u određenu tvrdnju - degree of certainty

2. koliko strogo izričemo naredbu ili obvezu prema nečemu - degree of obligation

Degree of certainty

U ovoj kategoriji modalne glagole razlikujemo prema stupnju uvjerenosti da je određena tvrdnja istina ili da će se određeni događaj razviti. Sukladno tome, modalne glagole dijelimo na "jače" i "slabije" glagole.

U tablici možemo vidjeti poredane modalne glagole krenuvši s jačima prema slabijima:
Uočite:
kada je modalni glagol 'slabiji' tj kada je nešto manje vjerojatno, glagol poprima oblik u prošlosti: can → could

Degree of obligation

U drugoj kategoriji, modalne glagole koristimo da bismo odredili koliko je stroga određena obveza ili naredba. Slično kao i u prethodnoj kategoriji, glagoli u tablici su poredani od značenjski jačih prema slabijim glagolima.

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Modalni glagoliModalni glagoli u engleskom mogu imati isključivo funkciju pomoćnih glagola (auxiliary verbs). To znači da se ne pojavljuju samostalno već pretho

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1) If she __ her job, she __ much happier. a) would change, was b) 'd changed, 'd been c) would change, 'll be d) changed,would be 2) I__ a special dinner if I __ home early enough. a) make, I'll get b) 'd have made, got c) 'll make, get d) 'd made, have got 3) If we __ more money, we __ out more. a) had, could go b) had had, would have go c) 'd have, went d) have, 'd go 4) If she __ harder, she __ the exams. a) study, will pass b) 'll study, passes c) 'd studied, 'd have passed d) studied, 'd passed 5) I don't know what I __ if John __ in an accident. a) would do, was b) had done, 'd been c) did, would be d) do, is 6) If it __ a nice day, we __ for a picnic. a) had been, 'd have gone b) 'll be, go c) 'd been, 'd had gone d) would have been, had gone 7) If you __ Tony, he __ it for you. a) asked, might do b) would ask, might do c) had asked, might has done d) ask, may does 8) He __ too if he __ in that car. a) 'd have been killed, 'd been b) 'll kill, is c) would be kill, was d) had been killed, would have been 9) I __ it if he __ me. a) did, asked b) 'll do, ask c) would done, had asked d) will do, asks 10) If the ambulance __ sooner, he __. a) had come, might have been saved b) come, may be saved c) 'd come, might had saved d) comes, may saved 11) I __ to Irma unless she __. a) wount talk, apologise b) wouldn't talk, apologise c) hadn't talked, 'd apologised d) won't talk, apologises

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1) If she __ her job, she __ much happier. a) would change, was b) 'd changed, 'd been c) would change, 'll be d) changed,would be 2) I__ a special dinner if I __ home early enough.

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Glagolska vremenaU engleskom jeziku, razlikujemo dva glagolska vremena - present i past, odnosno, glagolska vremena za sadašnjost i prošlost.Budućnost (future)

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Kvantifikatori ( quantifiers) su determinatori koji pobliže određuju količinu imenice ispred koje se nalaze.

Kvantifikatorima možemo odrediti:

Velika količina
Bitno:
Neodređena količina

Za neodređenu količinu koristimo:.

Some

Riječ some najčešće govori o pozitivnoj količini, i to neodređenoj. Ponekad može se odnositi na osobu ili stvar čiji je identitet nepoznat. Uz some možemo koristiti prijedlog of kada se nalazi ispred imenice u množini.

Any

Riječ any naglašava negativnu količinu te se većinski koristi u negativnim rečenicama i pitanjima. Ponekad any može značiti bilo koji.

Mala količina

Za određivanje male količine koristimo:
Bitno:
There is little water left.

Nulta količina

Za određivanje nepostojeće, odonsno, nulte količine koristimo ili .

Cjelovite i djelomične količine

Kada želimo govoriti o polovici cjeline, koristimo half ( of).

Both, neither, either
Bitno:
Neither, either i both koristimo s prijedlogom of

Every i Each (of)

Kada govorimo o dijelovima neke cjeline, koristimo every ili each ( of).

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KvantifikatoriKvantifikatori (quantifiers) su determinatori koji pobliže određuju količinu imenice ispred koje se nalaze.Kvantifikatorima možemo odrediti:Veliku

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Exercises Explanation Downloads

Much, many, a lot, little, few, some, any, no - quantifiers

Exercise 1

Choose the correct quantifiers for each gap below.

Much, many, little, few, some, any, no - Grammar chart

Many/much

Many for countable, much for uncountable in (?) and (-)

We use many before plural (countable) nouns and much before uncountable nouns. We use them in negative sentences and questions. We don't often use them in affirmative sentences.

Too much/too many, so much/so many

Note that we don't normally use much/ many in affirmative sentences, but we can use too much and too many or so much and so many in affirmative sentences.

How much/how many

We use how many and how much to ask about quantity.

A lot of/lots of/plenty of

Before both countable and uncountable

Of before noun; no of at the end of a sentence

We must always use a lot of or lots of including of at the end. However, we can use the expressions a lot or lots (without of) at the end of a sentence.

(A) few/(a) little/a bit of

Few for countable; little for uncountable

Few or a few? Little or a little?

A few means 'some but not many; enough', and a little means 'some but not much; enough' .

Few means 'almost none; not enough'.

Normally, the difference between a few/ little (WITH a) and few/ little (WITHOUT a) is that a few/little is positive in meaning, and few/ little is negative. Compare:

'Do you speak English?' 'No, I speak very little English.' (=Negative)

'Do you speak English?' 'Yes, I speak a little English.' (=Positive)

Some/any/no

Some in (+) and any in (?) and (-)

No in (+)

We use no in affirmative sentences.

I have no questions to ask.

With both countable (plural) and uncountable

Are there any students in the classroom? (NOT Is there any student in the classroom?)

There are no students in the classroom.

Some for offers and requests

We use some (NOT any) in interrogative sentences when we are offering or requesting (=asking for) something.

None

None is a pronoun. It means 'zero'. We use it in affirmative sentences as a pronoun to replace countable and uncountable nouns. This means that it's not followed by a noun.

None of

We can also use none of + noun (countable or uncountable).

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Much, many, a lot, little, few, some, any, no - quantifiers - Test-English

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Much, many, a lot, little, few, some, any, no - quantifiers. Determiners and pronouns. English intermediate grammar exercises.

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Modal verbs of speculation and deduction

Must

We use must + infinitive for obligation and strong recommendation, but also to say that we are quite sure that something is true.

We use must be + - ing with dynamic verbs to say that we are quite sure that something is happening now.

We use must have + past participle or must have been + -ing to say that we are quite sure that something was true or happened in the past.

Can't

We can use can't + infinitive to say that we are quite sure that something is NOT true.

We use can't be + - ing to say that we are quite sure that something is NOT happening now.

We use can't/couldn't have + past participle or can't have been + -ing to say that we are quite sure that something did NOT happen or was NOT true in the past.

Note that for negative deduction we use can't and NOT

Could/might/may

We can use could/might/may + infinitive to say that it's possible that something is true (but we are not sure).

We use could/might/may be + - ing to say that we are quite it's possible that something is happening now (but we are not sure).

We can use could/might/may have + past participle or might/may have been + -ing to say that it's possible that something was true or happened in the past.

We can use could have + past participle to say that something was possible in the past but did not happen.

Note that we use might not or may not (NOT ) to talk about a negative possibility.

Should/ought to

We use should/ ought to + infinitive to talk about a situation that we expect to happen (present or future).

We use should have/ ought to have + past participle to talk about a situation expected to happen in the past. We can also use this form to express criticism.

Expressions for speculation

Bound/sure

Bound and sure are adjectives that are used to say that we are quite sure that something will be true or happen. We use them in the structure be bound/sure + to-infinitive.

Likely/unlikely

Likely and unlikely are adjectives. If something is likely to happen it means that it will probably happen or that it is expected to happen. If something is unlikely to happen it means that it probably won't happen. We can use these two adjectives in two ways.

It is likely/unlikely that + clause

Subject + be likely/unlikely + to + infinitive

Definitely/probably

Definitely and probably go before the main verb and after the auxiliary verb (if there is one) in (+) sentences.

You' get the job. Nobody's got your qualifications and experience.

And they go before the auxiliary verb in (-) sentences.

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Speculation and deduction - modal verbs and expressions - Test-English

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Expressing speculation and deduction. Advanced English grammar exercises. Modal verbs, adjectives and adverbs used to express speculation and deduction.

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Clauses of contrast

Although, even though

We can use although/even though at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence followed by a clause (subject + verb). We NEVER use a comma after although or event though.

However

We use however to connect two different sentences. We normally use however at the beginning of the second sentence after a full stop (.) or a semi-colon (;). However is ALWAYS followed by a comma.

We can also use however at the end of the sentence.

Despite/in spite of

Despite and in spite of are normally followed by a noun or a - ing verb. They can go at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.

We can use a clause (subject + verb) after despite/in spite of + the fact that.

Clauses of purpose

To + infinitive

The most common way to express purpose in English is to + infinitive.

In order to/so as to + infinitive

In order to or so as to + infinitive are more common in formal English, mainly in writing. The negative forms are in order not to and so as not to + infinitive.

We can also use the structure in order for someone/something to do something.

So that + clause

We can also use so that + subject + verb to express purpose. We normally use a modal verb with this connector, e.g. could, can, would, etc.

For + noun

We can also use for + noun to express purpose.

We can use for + - ing verb (instead of to + infinitive) to talk about the purpose of an object or action when we use the verb used or when we imply it.

In case + clause

To express purpose, we can also use in case+ subject + verb. We use this form to talk about precautions, when we do something because something not wanted might happen.

Clauses of reason

When we want to explain the reason why something happened or why someone did something, we use a clause of reason introduced by a conjunction ( as, since, because) or a noun phrase introduced by because of, due to, owing to, or on account of.

Because

We use because before a clause (subject + verb). It can be used at the beginning or at the end of a sentence (at the end is more common). A comma is used when the clause of reason is at the beginning of the sentence.

As/since

We use as and since in a very similar way to because. They are followed by subject + verb and can be used at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. However, as and since are more formal expressions, and more common in written than in spoken English.

Because of

We use because of before a noun.

Due to/owing to/on account of

We can also use before a noun. They mean 'because of' but are more formal.

Clauses of result

We use clauses of result to talk about the result of an action or situation.

So

We can use so + subject + verb at the end of a sentence to mean 'this is why'.

For this reason

We normally use for this reason at the beginning of a sentence. We use a comma after it.

As a result/consequently/therefore

As a result, c onsequently and therefore are more formal and more common in written language. They are normally used at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma.

We can also use consequently and therefore in mid position (before the verb, after be as the main verb, or after the first auxiliary verb).

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Clauses of contrast, purpose, reason and result - Test-English

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Clauses of contrast, purpose, reason and result. Advanced English grammar and exercises. In spite of, despite, although, in order to, so as to, due to, etc.

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Discourse markers

Discourse markers are very important to structure text or speech to connect sentences in a meaningful and logical way. They are used to express contrast, reason, purpose, result, etc. Here you can find some very common discourse markers, their meaning and some examples.

By the way / incidentally

Used to change the subject, to say something that you have just thought about and that doesn't have to be connected to what was being said before.

Actually / in fact / as a matter of fact

Used to introduce information that might be in some way surprising or unexpected.

Anyway / in any case

Used to return to an earlier subject after a digression, or to get to the most interesting point.

It's not so strange to lose documents. It happens to lots of people all the time. Anyway/In any case , we finally found the passports in ...

Used to give a more important reason for something you are saying.

As I was saying

Used to return to an earlier subject in the conversation after an interruption or digression.

After all

Used to introduce an additional point that supports or explains what you have just said.

Used to say that something is true despite what is believed or said.

At least

Used to introduce positive information when talking about something negative.

Used to reduce the effect of something we have said, or to make something less certain or definite.

All in all

= Taking into consideration all the parts of a situation.

On the whole

= Generally

Besides

Used to add additional information (informal)

Furthermore

Used to add additional (an often more important) information (formal)

What's more

We use what's more to add something interesting to what we have just said. It's similar to furthermore but more informal.

Scientists have found a big body of water under the surface of the planet. What's more , they think it's not the only body of water they are going to find.

Obviously

Used to introduce a fact that is easy to see or understand.

Basically

Used to introduce the most important point or characteristic of something.

In other words

Used to say what has been said in simpler words.

That is to say

Used to explain or be more precise about something we have said. Similar to in other words.

The best thing about music is its repeatability; that is to say, you can listen to the same songs again and again and never get bored.

Otherwise

Used after an order or suggestion to say what will happen if that order or suggestion is not followed.

Regarding ... / as regards ... / as far as ... is concerned

= About. Used to introduce a topic of conversation.

On the other hand

Used to introduce a contrasting fact.

It can be preceded by on the one hand:

On the one hand, cycling is good for your health, and it's a sport that is gentle with your muscles and joints. But on the other hand, there are many fatal accidents among cyclists.

Whereas

We use whereas to compare and contrast two things or ideas. It means 'while' when it is used to express contrast.

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Discourse markers - linking words - Test-English

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Discourse markers. Advanced English grammar exercises. Adverbs and adverbial expressions. Linking adverbs. Comment adverbs.

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1) My friend, ___ project about environmental protection won the competition, goes to an eco-school. a) whose b) which c) who 2) Car exhaust fumes, ____ cause a lot of polution, are dangerous to human health. a) who b) which c) that 3) Diving in a turquoise ocean, ____ is inhabited by numerous species, in an extraordinary experience. a) where b) which 4) WWF, ___ mission is to conserve nature, is known worldwide. a) whose b) which c) where 5) Last week I interviewed Mark, ___ is in charge of our school's eco team. a) whom b) whose c) who d) which 6) The Amazon, ____ you can see amazing fauna and flora, has become a popular travel destination. a) which b) where c) who 7) The panda, ____ is an endangered species, has been WWF's logo since 1961. a) which b) who 8) The animal rescuers finally caught an injured dolphin ___ was seen near the coast. a) which b) who

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1) My friend, ___ project about environmental protection won the competition, goes to an eco-school. a) whose b) which c) who 2) Car exhaust fumes, ____ cause a lot of polution, are dangerous to human health. a) who b) which c) that 3) Diving in a turquoise ocean, ____ is inhabited by numerous species, in an extraordinary experience.

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1) Tom said, 'I want to visit my friends this weekend.' a) Tom said he wants to visit his friends that weekend. b) Tom said he wanted to visit his friends that weekend. c) Tom said he wanted to visit his friends this weekend. 2) I must write this essay tonight. a) She said she must write that essay that night. b) She said she had to write this essay that night. c) She said she had to write that essay tonight. d) She said she had to write that essay that night. 3) I left my keys on this shelf last night. a) He haid he have left his keys on that shelf the previous night. b) He said he had left his keys on this shelf the previous night. c) He said he had left his keys on that shelf the previous night. d) He said he have left his keys on that shelf last night. 4) "We have lived here for a long time." a) They said we've lived here for a long time. b) They said they lived here for a long time. c) They said they had lived there for a long time. 5) I will call you tomorrow. a) He said he would call me the following day. b) He said he will call me the following day. c) He said he was going to call me the following day. d) He said he would call me next day. 6) I have never travelled by plane before. a) She said she has never travelled by plane before. b) She said she had never travelled by plane before. c) She said she had never travelled by plane ago. d) She said she has never travelled by plane ago. 7) It may rain tomorrow. a) He said it may rain the following day. b) He said it could rain the following day. c) He said it might rain the following day. d) He said it will rain the following day. 8) 'I get up every morning at seven o'clock.', Peter said. a) Peter said he got up every morning at seven o'clock. b) Peter said I got up every morning at seven o'clock. c) Peter said he had got up every morning at seven o'clock. 9) I am really curious about this project. a) She said she is really curious about that project. b) She said she had been really curious about that project. c) She said she was really curious about this project. d) She said she was really curious about that project. 10) I am going to Spain next month. a) He said he is going to Spain the following month. b) He said he will go to Spain the following month. c) He said he was going to Spain the following month. d) He said he had been going to Spain the following month. 11) I met her in the park last Monday. a) He said he had met her in the park the previous Monday. b) He said he has met her in the park the previous Monday. c) He said he had met her in the park last Monday. d) He said he met her in the park the previous Monday. 12) Susan reassured me, 'I can come tonight.' a) Susan told me I could come that night. b) Susan told me she could come that night. c) Susan told me she could come tomorrow evening. 13) She said, 'I really wish I had bought that new car.' a) She told me she really wished she bought that new car. b) She told me she really had wished she had bought that new car. c) She told me she really wished she had bought that new car. 14) Jack said, 'He must be guilty!' a) Jack said that he must have been guilty. b) Jack said that he must have be guilty. c) Jack said that he must has been guilty. 15) He said, 'I must get going. Otherwise, I'm going to be late.' a) He told me he has to get going. Otherwise, he was going to be late. b) He told me he had to get going. Otherwise, I was going to be late. c) He told me he had to get going. Otherwise, he was going to be late.

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1) Tom said, 'I want to visit my friends this weekend.' 2) I must write this essay tonight. 3) I left my keys on this shelf last night.

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1) "I'm tired" -> He said he ___ tired a) is b) was c) will be 2) "I'm going to watch TV all day" -> He said he ___ to watch TV all day. a) was going b) is going c) had gone 3) "They haven't bought this house" -> I said that they ___ this house. a) haven't bought b) didn't buy c) hadn't bought 4) "We will be late" -> we said we ___ late. a) would be b) will be c) are going to be 5) "She overslept for school" -> He said that she ___ for school a) have overslept b) did overslept c) had overslept 6) "Are you hungry?" -> Grandma asked if I ___ hungry. a) am b) was c) had been 7) "I can't swim very well" -> I said I ___ very well. a) couldn't swim b) can't swam c) can't swimming 8) "This film isn't a waste of time" -> He said this film ___ a waste of time. a) isn't b) wasn't c) won't be 9) "I didn't make dinner today" -> My mum said she ___ dinner that day. a) hadn't made b) haven't make c) haven't made 10) "Can you repeat, please?" -> He asked if I ___. a) can repeat b) could repeat c) can't repeat 11) "You can go out tonight" -> My mum said I ___ out tonight. a) could go b) can go c) could went 12) "What are you doing here?" -> She asked what I ___ there. a) am doing b) have done c) was doing 13) "Do you like listening to music?" -> She asked if I ___ listening to music. a) like b) liked c) did like 14) "Let me pet your cat! -> He asked me ___ my cat. a) let him pet b) let me pet c) to let him pet

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1) "I'm tired" -> He said he ___ tired a) is b) was c) will be 2) "I'm going to watch TV all day" -> He said he ___ to watch TV all day. a) was going b) is going c) had gone 3) "They haven't bought this house" -> I said that they ___ this house.

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1) The house ....... by the fire a) destroyed b) was destroyed c) destroy 2) The school .......... summer trips a) is organized b) organises c) was organized 3) Mozart ........ The Magic Flute. a) composed b) was composed c) composes 4) The Magic Flute ..... by Mozart a) was composed b) composes c) composed 5) Summer Trips ....... by our school every year. a) organise b) are organized c) was organized 6) George Lucas ... Star Wars a) directs b) was directed c) directed 7) Star Wars .... by George Lucas a) are directed b) were directed c) directed 8) William Shakespeare .... Hamlet. a) writes b) wrote c) was written 9) Hamlet .... by Shakespeare. a) is written b) was written c) writes 10) The fire ... the house. a) was destroyed b) is destroyed c) destroyed 11) The house.........by my father. a) built b) was built c) building 12) This book....................interesting. a) are b) have c) was

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1) The house ....... by the fire 2) The school .......... summer trips 3) Mozart ........ The Magic Flute. 4) The Magic Flute ..... by Mozart

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B2 Grammar lessons and exercises - Test-English

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Pre-advanced grammar lessons and exercises to help you prepare your B2 English exam.

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Quiz - A series of multiple choice questions. Tap the correct answer to proceed.

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Defining vs non-defining

There are two types of relative clauses, defining and non-defining. In the grammar chart below, you can see the main differences between them.

Relative pronouns

Relative pronouns are the words that introduce relative clauses. They can act as the subject or the object of the relative clause.

Note that that can be used in informal English instead of who/whom/which but it is never used after commas, i.e. in non-defining relative clauses, or after prepositions.

We use which/that as relative pronouns. They refer back to a noun or sentence.

We don't use what as a relative pronoun. It cannot be used to refer back to a sentence or noun.

We use what independently to mean 'the thing/s that'.

Prepositions in relative clauses

When the relative pronoun is the complement of a preposition, we can use the preposition before the relative pronoun or at the end of the relative clause.

Preposition + relative pronoun

It's not very common to use prepositions before relative pronouns, we just do it in formal language.

Note that after a preposition we can only use the pronouns whom or which. We cannot use who or that after a preposition.

We can also use whose after a preposition.

Preposition at the end of the relative clause

The most common position of the preposition is at the end of the relative clause.

Relative adverbs

Relative adverbs introduce relative clauses, just like relative pronouns, but in this case, they are used to introduce information about time ( when), place ( where), or reason ( why).

Note that we can use a preposition + which instead of a relative adverb, although this structure is more formal and not as common.

Quantifier + of which/whom

In non-defining relative clauses (=between commas), we can use of which/whom after a quantifier such as some, any, none, all, both, several, enough, many and few.

Their daughters, both of whom are in university, don't visit them very often.

Their house was full of cats, most of which had been found in the street.

We can also use a quantifier + of whose.

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Relative clauses - defining and non-defining - Test-English

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Relative clauses. Defining and non-defining relative clauses. Relative pronouns with preposition, relative adverbs. Advanced English grammar exercises.

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Exercises Explanation Downloads

The passive voice - all tenses

Exercise 1

Choose the correct passive voice forms for each gap below.

The passive voice with the different tenses

In a passive sentence, the object of an active sentence becomes the subject. Then we have to use the verb be in the tense we need and add the past participle of the main verb after it. In a passive voice sentence, the subject is the receiver of the action, not the doer of the action.

They take the photos in Africa. (active)

The photos are taken in Africa. (passive)

You can see how to use the passive voice with different tenses below.

When do we use the passive voice?

In English, we us the passive voice when we don't know, or we don't want to talk about who or what does the action in a sentence. Check the following examples.

A bank was robbed yesterday. (=We don't know who robbed the bank.)

He was arrested last night. (=It's obvious that the police arrested him.)

I have been told that you insulted my brother. (=I don't want to say who told me.)

Jurassic Park was filmed by Spielberg in 1993. (=I'm talking about Jurassic Park and not about Spielberg.)

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The passive voice - all tenses - Test-English

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Gap-filling exercises, multiple choice exercises and clozes to review how the use of the passive voice in all tenses and verb forms.

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Exercises Explanation Downloads

Review of all upper-intermediate verb tenses (CEFR B2.1)

Exercise 1

Choose the correct verb tenses to complete the sentences below.

Review of all upper-intermediate verb tenses (CEFR B2.1) - Summary table

Present perfect simple or continuous?

Situations that started in the past and still continue

We can use either the present perfect simple or continuous for situations that started in the past and still continue. But we must use the present perfect simple with stative verbs, and we normally use the present perfect continuous with dynamic verbs (although the present perfect simple is also possible.)

We use the present perfect continuous with dynamic verbs for situations that started in the past and still continue when we want to emphasise how long the situation has lasted.

Finished and unfinished situations

We use the present perfect simple for finished actions in the past, and the present perfect continuous for situations (happening from the past till now) that may or may not have finished.

I've been watching the series you recommended. I'll tell you about it when I finish watching it.

Actions with present results

We can use both present perfect simple or continuous for recent actions with a present result, but we use the present perfect simple when the present results come from having finished the action, and we use the present perfect continuous when the present results come from the process of performing the action (which may or may not have finished).

Something is different in this house. Have you painted it?

How come you are so dirty? Have you been painting?

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Review of all upper-intermediate verb tenses (CEFR B2.1) - Test-English

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Revision of all the English verb tenses studied in B1-B2 intermediate and upper-intermediate courses. Complete explanation with a summary table and exercises.

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ČlanoviČlanovi (articles) koji postoje u engleskom jeziku su:a i an → neodređeni članovi (indefinite articles)the → određeni član (definite article).Članovi ima

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(This is an extract from my book: A and The Explained)

Download this explanation in PDF here.

We use 'a/an' with several quantifiers:

a little

a few

a lot (of)

We also use 'no article' with several: In many situations, we can choose to use 'a little' or 'little' (when using an uncountable noun) or 'a few' or 'few' (when using a plural countable noun). They have slightly different meanings. ('A lot' and 'lots' aren't like this. 'A lot' means the same as 'lots').

When we say 'a little' or 'a few', we mean a small amount, but it's enough:

John: Let's go out tonight.

Lucy: Okay. I have a little money, enough for the cinema at least.

On the other hand, 'little' or 'few' usually give us a different impression. These also mean a small amount, but this time the amount is almost nothing. If the noun is something that we want (like money or friends) then using 'little' or 'few' means that we don't have enough:

John: Let's go out tonight.

Lucy: Sorry, I have little money. I really can't afford to go out.

Of course, if we use 'few' or 'little' with a noun that we don't want, then it can have a positive meaning. It's good to have nearly no problems, for example:

There have been few problems with the new system, thankfully!

Luckily, there is little crime in my town.

I'm so pleased that I have few arguments with my family.

It's great that there's been very little bad weather this month.

Try an exercise about this here.
Go to the main 'a' and 'the' page.

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(This is an extract from my book: A and The Explained) Download this explanation in PDF here. We use 'a/an' with several quantifiers: a little a few a lot (of) We also use 'no article' with several: In many situations, we can choose to use 'a little' or 'little' (when using an uncountable noun) or 'a few' or 'few' (when using a plural countable noun).

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English has three articles: , AN, and THE. These articles are used before nouns to show whether the nouns are general or specific. Learning how to use , AN, and THE can take time. To speed up the process, this English articles tutorial includes descriptions and exercises to make every English learner an articles expert.

How to Use this Tutorial

1. Read A vs. An and complete articles exercises 1 - 6.

2. Read A(An) vs. The and complete articles exercises 7 - 11.

3. Advanced article usage is more challenging. If you wish to become an English articles expert, read Advanced Articles, complete articles exercises 12 - 30, and take the articles final test.

4. Please note that after each exercise below, we have listed the article uses covered with a link to the descriptions.

Articles A An The Exercises

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The Internet's best tutorial on A, AN, and THE with 30 exercises to practice what you learn.

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B1+ Grammar lessons and exercises - Test-English

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Excel in B1+ Upper-Intermediate Grammar! Unravel deeper rules, view comprehensive charts, and challenge yourself with diverse exercises.

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C1 Business: Grammar - Articles: a/an, the, no article

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Find the match - Tap the matching answer to eliminate it. Repeat until all answers are gone.

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1) Did you remember to lock ... kitchen door before we left? a) a b) an c) the d) - 2) I shouldn't drink ... coffee. It keeps me awake at night. a) a b) an c) the d) - 3) Can you turn on ... air conditioner? It's boiling in here! a) a b) an c) the d) - 4) Jane is allergic to ... cats. She starts sneezing when one comes near her. a) a b) an c) the d) - 5) Eric and Charlotte are going away ... next weekend. a) a b) an c) the d) - 6) Are these ... keys you were looking for? a) a b) an c) the d) - 7) I wasn't feeling very well yesterday so I didn't go to ... work. a) a b) an c) the d) - 8) ... river that runs through Paris is called the Seine. a) A b) An c) The d) - 9) I'm seeing Katie tomorrow. We haven't seen each other since ... last year. a) a b) an c) the d) - 10) It looks as if it's going to rain. Take ... umbrella! a) a b) an c) the d) - 11) Hurry up! You're going to be late for ... work. a) a b) an c) the d) - 12) I have a friend who is ... electrician. Do you want his phone number? a) a b) an c) the d) - 13) It's cheaper to buy ... books online than in store. a) a b) an c) the d) - 14) I don't like ... people who talk about ... sports all the time. a) the / the b) the / - c) - / - d) - / the 15) Luckily ... people who work in my office don't talk about ... sports at all. a) the / the b) the / - c) - / the d) - / - 16) My sister works in ... restaurant. She gets home from ... work late every evening. a) a / a b) a / - c) - / a d) a / the 17) What's your favorite meal of the day? ... breakfast or ... dinner? a) - / - b) a / a c) the / the d) a / - 18) That's ... easy question. I think I know ... answer. a) an / an b) an / the c) the / an d) the / the 19) Audrey has two children. ... boy and ... girl. ... boy's ten and ... girl's two years younger. a) a / a / A / a b) - / - / The / the c) a / a / The / the d) - / - / A / a 20) ... good health is more important than ... money. a) - / - b) A / a c) The / the d) A / the

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Complete with a, an, the or - (no article)

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1) Did you remember to lock ... kitchen door before we left? 2) I shouldn't drink ... coffee. It keeps me awake at night.

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Can you give me ___ apple from ___ fridge? - an, the, She has always wanted to visit ___ Great Barrier Reef. - the, ___ honesty is the best policy. - -.

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50 common Noun + Preposition collocations - Test-English

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Boost your B2 English grammar with our lesson on Noun + Preposition collocations. It includes a clear chart and three exercises with feedback!

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Home > Preposition Tutorial > Phrasal Verb Dictionary > A

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Prepositions are short words ( at, in, on) which are used to show position, location, direction, and time in English. This in-depth tutorial will take you from basic usage to advanced verb + preposition combinations. It includes dozens of preposition exercises as well as the answers to common preposition questions.

Learn Prepositions

The following pages explain different types of prepositions and how they are used. After reading these pages, test what you have learned with the exercises below.

Basic Preposition Exercises

These exercises cover the content in the pages above. Make sure you know the preposition basics before moving on to the advanced exercises below.

Verbs + Prepositions

There are many verb + preposition combinations in English. Some English verbs take prepositions to show direction or position ( go up, go down, go in, etc.) These combinations are easy to learn.

But some verbs require prepositions to take objects ( depend on her, joke about him, laugh at them, etc.) These combinations are harder. The best way to learn them is by reading English books and speaking with native speakers. To help English learners, we have put together a great list of the most common verb + preposition combinations with example sentences.

Phrasal verbs

Some verbs can be followed by different prepositions. This can change the meaning of the verb. For example, turn, turn off, turn back and turn down all have very different meanings. These special verb + preposition combinations are called phrasal verbs, and they take time to learn.

Read through our phrasal verb page, which talks about different types of phrasal verbs and how they are used. There is also a phrasal verb dictionary with definitions and examples. Afterwards, test your knowledge with the exercises below. Practice makes perfect.

Verb + Preposition and Phrasal Verb Exercises

These exercises test verb + preposition combinations and phrasal verbs. While doing these exercises, think about how prepositions change the meaning of the verbs. Make sure you fully understand phrasal verbs before moving on to the mixed preposition exercises.

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English prepositions tutorial with dozens of preposition exercises and preposition reference pages.