# data[].attributes.body
Group members:
ADAM DANIAL BIN DEZMIN NORIS (D022110174)
AMIRUL NAIM BIN MOHD HADZRI(D022110158)
BURHANUDDIN AL HILMI BIN MOHD(D022110209)
SALLEH
CHE KU SHAZWAN BIN CHE KU
MOHD ZAFRI(D022110200)
DURRATUL AIN BINTI OSMAN(D022110199)
ELFYVIERA JUNSIN(D022110177)
KHOR JIA YONG (D022110197)
LIEW CHAP SUM (D022110175)
MOHAMAD ALI AFIQ BIN MAMU(D022110156)
MUHAMAD AIMAN BIN MUSTAFFA(D022110211)

# data[].attributes.body
Name
1.Lim Fang Quan (D022110073)
2.Mohammad Na'aji Bin Mohd Nizam D022110080
3. Dominic Chua Jun Jie D022110045
4.Ahmad syukran bin shaiful norazhar D022110049
5. Mohamad Akashah bin Moahamad Azhar
D022110002
6. MUHAMMAD ALFIRDAUS BIN REJAB D022110047
7. Muhamad Faiq Iqbal Bin Hj Mohamad Tarmizi D022110015

What is ergonomic in health and safety?

Ergonomics is the process of designing or arranging workplaces, products and systems so that they fit the people who use them.

Most people have heard of ergonomics and think it is something to do with seating or with the design of car controls and instruments – and it is… but it is so much more. Ergonomics applies to the design of anything that involves people – workspaces, sports and leisure, health and safety.

Ergonomics (or ‘human factors’ as it is referred to in North America) is a branch of science that aims to learn about human abilities and limitations, and then apply this learning to improve people’s interaction with products, systems and environments.

Ergonomics aims to improve workspaces and environments to minimise risk of injury or harm. So as technologies change, so too does the need to ensure that the tools we access for work, rest and play are designed for our body’s requirements.

The implementation of ergonomic design
Think about the angle of your computer monitor, or the height of your desk. Think about whether your eyes are strained by the end of the day or if your wrists hurt from typing. A sound understanding of ergonomics can prevent most workplace injuries by adjusting tools to the user, putting an emphasis on proper posture to reduce the impact of repetitive movements.

Ergonomics also takes into account the need for movement throughout the day. Office furniture has traditionally encouraged stiff, fixed postures and little movement. However, a balance between sitting and standing, which can be aided with a height-adjustable desk, is a proven way to combat the effects of sedentary workplace behavior.

All of Humanscale’s work tools are inherently ergonomic. They are created to be intuitive and adjust effortlessly to the user. Our products are created to promote daily movement and physical activity, while supporting the user’s posture.

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What is Ergonomics?
Ergonomics can be simply defined as the study of people in their working environment. More specifically, an ergonomist (pronounced like economist) designs or modifies the work to fit the worker, not the other way around. The goal is to eliminate discomfort and risk of injury due to work. In other words, the employee is our first priority in analyzing a workstation. Futhermore, the concept of ergonomics is the science of fitting a workplace to the user’s needs, ergonomics aims to increase efficiency and productivity and reduce discomfort.

What are the advantages of ergonomics?
1. Increased savings
• Fewer injuries
• More productive and sustainable employees
• Fewer workers’ compensation claims – The average direct cost of a workers compensation claim for an MSD is $14,120 (Oregon OSHA 2007) – The indirect costs involved bring the total average claim cost to well over $32,000
2. Fewer employees experiencing pain
• Implementing ergonomic improvements can reduce the risk factors that lead to discomfort.
3. Increased productivity
• Ergonomic improvements can reduce the primary risk factors for MSDs, so workers are more efficient, productive, and have greater job satisfaction.
4. Increased morale
• Attention to ergonomics can make employees feel valued because they know their employer is making their workplace safer.
5. Reduced absenteeism
• Ergonomics leads to healthy and pain-free workers who are more likely to be engaged and productive.

Objective of ergonomics

In ergonomics, the aim is to create safe, comfortable and productive workspaces by considering an individual's body size, strength, skill, speed, sensory abilities (vision, hearing), and attitude into the design of a workspace.

What is a Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD)?
Musculoskeletal Disorders or MSDs are injuries and disorders that affect the human body’s movement or musculoskeletal system (exp: muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, discs, blood vessels).

Common MSDs include:
·Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
·Tendonitis
·Muscle / Tendon strain
·Ligament Sprain
·Tension Neck Syndrome
·Thoracic Outlet Compression
·Epicondylitis
·Radial Tunnel Syndrome
·Digital Neuritis
·Trigger Finger / Thumb
·Mechanical Back Syndrome

Ergonomics Risk Factors in Manual Handling Activities Ergonomics risk factors are aspects of jobs or tasks that put biomechanical stress to the body of the individuals and may cause the onset of ergonomics related disorders or injuries. For example :
1) Awkward Posture
2) Forceful Exertion
3) Repetitive Motion
4) Static and Sustained Posture
5) Contact Stress
6) Vibration

# data[].attributes.body
1. Zickrey Bin Mohamad Fazhil ... D022110125

2. Suganesha Pranavan (D022110023)

3. TanRuiHeng (D022110247)

4. Sharvessh Gopinath(D022110190)

5. Zahid Syauqi Bin Asri(D022110143)

6. Wong Yit Jun (D022110248)

7. Tok Yi Fan (D022110244)

8. Sofea Batrisya Binti Hashim (D022110182)

# data[].attributes.body
1. Muhammad Alfian Syah bin Anual Sadat
(D022110040)
2. Muhammad Lokman Hakim Bin Rezuan
(D022110048)
3. Muhammad Haziq Bin Che Rosbi
(D022110018)
4. Muhammad Naim Bin Abdul Rasid
(D022110033)
5. Muhammad Aiman Bin Mohd Kamal
(D022110057)
6. Muhamad Izzat Ikhwan bin Maznan
(D022110042)
7. Muhammad Izzat Izzuddin Bin Md Zaihan
(D022110065)
8.Nur Adha Batrisyia Binti Muhammad Zaid
(D022110029)

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Ergonomic in Health and Safety :
The word "Ergonomic" came from two separate Greek words , which is "Ergo" meaning work , and "Nomos" which means law . Simply put , what Ergonomic means is to make the job fitting for the workers doing it . This can apply to many range in jobs such as , the surroundings for the job , and the equipments and tools suited for the job . (Alfian)

Objective of Ergonomics:

1)Effeciency
2)Quality
3)Health
4)Work
5)Safety

Why are ergonomics important to occupational health and safety?
Ergonomics is important because when you’re doing a job and your body is stressed by an awkward posture, extreme temperature, or repeated movement your musculoskeletal system is affected. Your body may begin to have symptoms such as fatigue, discomfort, and pain, which can be the first signs of a musculoskeletal disorder.

How is ergonomics related to safety.

Environmental factor will lead to poor work then effect human performance.

The example :

1. Extreme temperature - effect employee body temperature that can lead to many symptoms. The hot environment in the foundary is dangerous to the body. It will lead to heat cramps and exhoustion.This is because, the body cannot quickly balancing the temperature to reduce heat absorbed while working

2. Lighting appropriate - Poor workplace lighting will effect the quality of work. Inadequate lighting can effect the health of workers, causing symptoms like eyestrain, migraine and headaches. A good lighting can help the employee to do the job better such as when lifting and carrying objects.

What are the 5 aspects of ergonomics?
There are five aspects of ergonomics:
1)safety
2)comfort
3) ease of use,
4)productivity/performance
5)aesthetics.

Example of Ergonomics:
1) Posture - When we want to do any activity, we should maintain the natural curvature of the back.  When standing, we are advised to place one foot in front so that the spine has the correct position.  While when sitting, lumbar support is recommended

What are the 3 major areas of ergonomics?
1) Physical Ergonomics

Physical ergonomics refers to the body’s response to the physical demands of a person’s workspace or profession. Workplace conditions can immensely affect an individual’s physical health.

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What is ergonomic in health and safety?

Ergonomics can roughly be defined as the study of people in their working environment. More specifically, an ergonomist (pronounced like economist) designs or modifies the work to fit the worker, not the other way around. The goal is to eliminate discomfort and risk of injury due to work.

Objectives of Ergonomics Nowadays

Efficiency

- by rearranging work tools and equipment
- reduce the motion needed to complete the task
- the employee can work with more movement efficiency and reduce the cycle time
- ultimately increasing work productivity

Quality

- ergonomics minimizes the mental fatigue of the employee
- reducing chances of human error through lapses or misjudgement.

Safety

- human error, whether intentionally or not, may cause serious safety violation and incidents
Health: overexertion may cause physical fatigue that can be causes of chronic ergonomics related symptoms

Health

- overexertion may cause physical fatigue that can be causes of chronic ergonomics related symptoms

Work Comfort

- work within the employee’s capabilities and limitation enhance the employees’ comfort
- allowing the employee to work at longer duration with less undue fatigue

How to know if something is an ergonomic hazard
-Ergonomic hazards one of the factors in your environment that can harm the your musculoskeletal system. Some injuries that are caused by strain placed on the body from ergonomic hazards and aren’t always immediately obvious, making these hazards difficult to detect.

•Improperly adjusted workstations and chairs

•Frequent lifting

•Bad posture

•Awkward movements, especially if they are repetitive

•Using too much force, and worse if it’s done frequently

Ergonomic hazards are often a result of the way a space is designed, meaning that planning ahead and thinking about how employees interact with their work space is crucial.

Most commonly affected areas:

Back

Arms, Elbows, and Shoulders

Neck

Hands, Wrists, and Fingers

Knees, Ankles, and Feet

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Definition
Injuries or disorders of muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, cartilages and spinal discs.

Work-related MSDs
Factor

Work postures and movements.

Repetitiveness and pace of work.

Force of movements.

Vibration.

Temperature.

Lack of influence or control over one's job.

Increase pressure (e.g., to produce more).

Lack of or poor communication.

Monotonous tasks.

Perception of low support (e.g., manager or co-worker).

# data[].attributes.body
1. Nur Athirah Binti Elias- D022110083
2.Salman Bin Che Shukran-D022110118
3.Wafiuddin bin Wahib D022110138
4. Nur Syarah Aliah binti Johari Kamal - D022110091
5. Wee Shi Shuang - D022110122
6. Sarah Raihana Binti Sahril Rizal - D022110113
7. Muhammad Syahir Afiq bin Safizan - D022110108
8.Nur Aqilah Maisarah bt Azlan- D022110119
9. Nur Anissya Binti Rashid - D022110144
10. Nurul Nafisah Binti Nasihin - D022110085

# data[].attributes.body
1. HANIF BIN MOHAMAD ZAKIR (D022110232)
2. Chua Chen Yi (D022110246)
3. KAVIYARASAN A/L RAJAN (D022110243)
4. Muhammad Azfariezuwan Bin Ja'afar (D022110253)
5. DANISH HAIKAL BIN OSMAN (D022110236)
6. Eric Lim Jun Hong (D022110239)
7.  Eg Chun Hong (D022110235)
8. CATHERINE TEH CHER MAYNE (D022110242)
9. DASHNE A/P SASHI KUMAR (D022110258)

# data[].attributes.headline
What is ergonomic in health and safety? 

# data[].attributes.subject
What is ergonomic in health and safety? 

# data[].attributes.body
Ergonomics can roughly be defined as the study of people in their working environment. More specifically, an ergonomist designs or modifies the work to fit the worker, not the other way around. The goal is to eliminate discomfort and risk of injury due to work.

# data[].attributes.headline
How can ergonomics improve health and safety?

# data[].attributes.subject
How can ergonomics improve health and safety?

# data[].attributes.body
1. Reduce costs
2. Improves productivity
3. Improves quality
4. Improves employee engagement
5. Creates a better safety culture

# data[].attributes.body
1.Muhammad Ir'fanur Rahman bin Mohd Supian
(D022110120)
2. MOHAMMAD NUR RAFFIQ BIN MOHD RAHIM
(D022110111)
3.Azril Aiman bin Azhar
(D022110145)
4. Khairul Rozikien Bin Ali Yasak
(D022110087)
5. MUHAMMAD NAQIUDDIN NORHIZEN
(D022110110)
6.AMIR HAMZAH BIN NORDIN
(D022110132)
7. ANDIKA ADRI BIN ABD HAMID
(D022110137)
8. M. ASYRAAF ZULHAFIZ B. ZULKEFLI
(D022110114)

# data[].attributes.body
Ergonomic health and safety means priority for employees in the workplace including the provision of good tools, a safe workplace, and the use of the right tools. it concerns the safety of the workplace, comfort and health of the employees by avoiding serious accidents and safety collisions ,therefore, ergonomic will improve safety and health at work.

Why is ergonomics important?
• Overexertion leading cause of injuries
– Most costly
– Recurring/Persistent pain may develop in future
• Bodily reaction is another leading cause of injuries in workplace
• Repetitive motion also within top 10 most common workplace injuries

How is Ergonomics Related to Safety?

When the principles of ergonomics are applied in the context of workplace safety, the concept of ergonomic safety is born. Ergonomics safety ensures that the products, methods, and environment that a worker uses are appropriate to fit the worker’s job requirements and personal capabilities.

What is the goal of ergonomics?

1. Effeciency :
Employees can operate with higher movement efficiency and minimise cycle time by reorganising work tools and equipment or reducing the motion required to complete the task. This will increase work productivity.

2. Quality :
Ergonomics reduces employee mental strain, lowering the likelihood of human mistake due to lapses or misjudgment.

3. Health :
Overexertion can result in physical weariness, which can lead to chronic health problems.

4. Work :
Working within an employee's strengths and limitations improves their comfort, allowing them to work for longer periods of time with less weariness

5. Safety :
Because human error, whether deliberate or unintentional, can result in major safety violations and incidents.

# data[].attributes.body
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are the largest contributor to workplace injuries besides other accidents such as falls, trips, violence, and contact with equipments. MSDs are the injuries and disorders that affect the human body's movement or musculoskeletal system such as muscles, tendons, ligaments and nerves. It is more often than not that these injuries was due to awkward posture, forceful exertion, repetitive motion,  and static and sustained posture for long periods of time. These affects can cause poor control of the body and when they are in a situation where they are using dangerous equipments that need proper handle and care, it could cause dangerous accidents to happen. It is due to this that it is important to ensure proper workplace ergonomics are achieved to avoid unwanted accidents that can cost lives.

# data[].attributes.body
When the principles of ergonomics are applied in the context of workplace safety, the concept of ergonomic safety is born. Ergonomics safety ensures that the products, methods, and environment that a worker uses are appropriate to fit the worker’s job requirements and personal capabilities.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Poor Sitting Posture
2. Awkward Postures
3. Prolonged Stationary Position
4. Frequent, Repetitive Movements
5. Poor Lighting
6. Frequent lifting
7. Using too much force, especially if it’s done frequently
8. Vibration
9. Extreme Temperatures
10. Noise
11. Overhead work
12. Gripping

# data[].attributes.body
1. MUHAMMAD FITRI  AKMAL BIN MOHAMMAD AZHAR   (D022110225)
2.PUNG KIAN ENN   (D022110233)
3.MUHAMMAD NOR FITRI BASIRON   (D022110234)
4. SITI NUR INSYIRRAH 'AISYAH BINTI MOHD JAZLY   (D022110217)
5. RAJALAXMI A/P KUMARAN   (D022110245)
6.NG JIE YING   (D022110249)
7. NUR KHAIRUL ANAM BIN KAMARUDDIN   (D022110227)
8. NUR HANA ERICA BINTI ABDUL MUIZZ DANIELS   (D022110256)

# data[].attributes.body
1. Safety
2. Comfort
3. Ease of use
4. Productivity/performance
5. Aesthetics.

# data[].attributes.body
Objectives of Ergonomics
1.EFFICIENCY
by rearranging work equipments or reducing movements needed to complete tasks, employees could work with more movement efficiency and decrease cycle time, it’ll then increase work productivity

2.QUALITY
minimizes employees’ mental fatigue, reduce chances of human error through lapses or misjudgment

3.SAFETY
accidental or intentional human error may cause serious safety violations and accidents

4.HEALTH
physical fatigue by over exertions could cause chronic ergonomics related symptoms

5.WORK COMFORT
employees should be given tasks within their capabilities and limitations will enhance their comfort, they’ll have the energy to work for longer duration with less undue fatigue

# data[].attributes.body
MUHAMMAD ARIF HAIKAL BIN MOHD SYUKOR
(D022110163)
MUHAMMAD YADZLIMAN AZRAF BIN JUMAAT
(D022110169)
NUR ELLY SYAFFIRA HANIS YUSAINIR
(D022110187)
MUHAMMAD AFIQ ADLI BIN MOHD NAZRUL
(D022110205)
MUHAMAD AMIR MUQRI BIN ABDUL MALIK
(D022110196)
MUHAMMAD HAZIZAN BIN ZAHRUL NAZLINIZAM
(D022110159)
MUHAMMAD AZIM BIN AB RAHMAN
(D022110160)
PUTERA HAZIM BIN AHMAD AMMEDZA
(D022110185)
NANTHA KUMAR A/L RAMU
(D022110176)

# data[].attributes.body
1. Efficiency
2. Quality
3. Safety
4. Health
5. Work Comfort

# data[].attributes.body
1. Ergonomic is the study of people's efficiency in their working environment.

2. It is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.

3. It is basically "fitting the job to the worker” in parts such as workplace,equipments used and tools.

4. According to Ergonomics According to International
Ergonomics Association (IEA), ergonomics is “ the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of
interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well being and overall system performance” (IEA, 2015)

# data[].attributes.body
When the ideas of ergonomics are implemented withinside the context of place of work protection, the idea of ergonomic protection is born. Ergonomics protection guarantees that the products, methods, and surroundings that an employee makes use of are suitable to healthy the employee’s task necessities and private capabilities.

# data[].attributes.body
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)
Affect the muscles, nerves, blood vessels, ligaments, and tendons

# data[].attributes.body
Ergonomics risk factors are aspects of jobs or tasks that put biomechanical stress to the body of the individuals .

1. Awkward Posture
2. Forceful Exertion
3. Repetitive Motion
4. Static and Sustained Posture
5. Contact Stress
6. Vibration
7. Environmental Factors:
a) Extreme Temperatures
b) Lighting Appropriate
c) Noise

# data[].attributes.headline
What are the 3 major areas of ergonomics? 

# data[].attributes.subject
What are the 3 major areas of ergonomics? 

# data[].attributes.body
1. Physical Ergonomics

Physical ergonomics refers to the body’s response to the physical demands of a person’s workspace or profession. Workplace conditions can immensely affect an individual’s physical health. Overexertion, repetitive movements, and poor posture are just some of the causes of musculoskeletal disorders. These can result in employees having to take a leave of absence from work. To avoid these from developing, employers need to prioritize physical ergonomics. This can be done by creating ergonomic workstations, which consist of ergonomic chairs, sit-stand desks, footrests, ergonomic keyboards, and more. It is also important to ensure employees aren’t worked beyond their physical capabilities.

2. Cognitive Ergonomics

The next type of ergonomics we’ll be discussing is cognitive. Cognitive ergonomics is the study of how a product, system, task, or environment interacts with an individual’s cognitive abilities. It includes designing things that are user-friendly, developing training programs, creating guidelines and brochures, and ensuring that employees can perform what is asked of them.

3. Organizational Ergonomics

Lastly, organizational ergonomics is important in a work environment. It focuses on the structure of the workplace as a whole. Implementing organizational ergonomics can be done by designating work times, improving communication within departments, promoting participation, hosting team-building events, and more.

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Examples of Ergonomic Hazards in the Workplace

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Examples of Ergonomic Hazards in the Workplace

# data[].attributes.body
1） Chairs

A poorly designed office chair can contribute to a series of problems for the user including: lower back pain, fatigue, abdominal cramps, and worse yet, deep vein thrombosis in the legs.

When choosing to invest in a chair, it’s best to choose an ergonomic office chair that has adjustable features. The best ones provide proper height, width, and size adjustments

2） Heavy Lifting

This is a common theme with workers involved in manufacturing. Examples of ergonomic hazards in manufacturing is a very serious issue. Due to the intense load and pressure, heavy lifting without proper form can injure your back, knees, and legs.

Be careful when dealing with heavy supplies, files, and books in the office. Never over-extend yourself and use footstools to reach high shelves.

3） Lighting

It’s nearly impossible to provide proper lighting that is suitable for everyone. Artificial lighting may hinder a worker’s productivity and comfort, simply because it is too bright or too dim. The most common problem in the office is dealing with the glare from computer screens.

These ergonomic challenges arise from different factors such as different seasons, the position of office windows, and skylights. All of these factors can contribute to eye strain, headaches, and etc.

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What is ergonomics ?
-Ergonomics is  the scientific discipline concerned with understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, methods and data to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance .Ergonomic also means fitting the job to the worker.

How is ergonomics related to safety?
-Ergonomics safety ensures that the products, methods, and environment that a worker uses are appropriate to fit the worker's job requirements and personal capabilities.

What is ergonomics example
1. Safety
When the workers taking care of their posture during work , they will be safe and also can prevent from any injuries or accident during work.

2. Comfort
When the workers work within the employee’s capabilities and limitation enhance the employees’ comfort, allowing the employee to work at longer duration with less undue fatigue.It'll also make the workers concentrate with their work.

3. Ease of use
Less MSD problems meaning that the workers will do their work without facing any difficulties .

4. Productivity/performance
The employee can work with more movement efficiency and reduce the cycle time, ultimately increasing work productivity

5. Aesthetics.
Conventionally, ergonomics has consisted of usability and functionality, and designing pleasure into the product has been the job of the designer so that many client will be impressed with the work.

What are the 3 major areas of ergonomics?
-physical, cognitive, and organizational

What are the 5 aspects of ergonomics?
-safety, comfort, ease of use, productivity/performance, and aesthetics

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Methods of protecting against MSDs:
1.Establish ergonomics program
2. Conduct job hazard analysis (JHAs)
3.Early recognition and reporting of potential MSDs

Examples of engineering controls
1.Work station design and setup
2.Ergonomically designed tools
3.Ergonomically designed equipment
4.Load weight reduction

Examples of proper work practices:
1.Proper lifting techniques (NIOSH)
2.Team lift heavy/bulky/awkward loads
3. Stretch
4.Work rotation
5.Task variety
6.Increase rest breaks

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• Efficiency

by rearranging work tools and equipment, or reduce the motion needed to complete the task the employee can work with more movement efficiency and reduce the cycle time, ultimately increasing work productivity

• Quality

ergonomics minimizes the mental fatigue of the employee, reducing chances of human error through lapses or misjudgment

• Safety

human error, whether intentionally or not, may cause serious safety violation and incidents
• Health
overexertion may cause physical fatigue that can be causes of chronic ergonomics related symptoms

• Work Comfort

work within the employee’s capabilities and limitation enhance the employees’ comfort, allowing the employee to work at longer duration with less undue fatigue

# data[].attributes.body
Ergonomics evaluation consider the entire work process, the evaluations aim to identify and decrease the injury risk factor. When some work like lifting item from floor is eliminated , there are time savings with the elimination of the extra movement that can reduce the time cycle and increase in productivity. Its also making the jobs safier and easier to perform.

# data[].attributes.body
When the principles of ergonomics are applied in the context of workplace safety, the concept of ergonomic safety is born. Ergonomics safety ensures that the products, methods, and environment that a worker uses are appropriate to fit the worker’s job requirements and personal capabilities.

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GENERAL DUTY CLAUSE

-Each Employer
-Each Employee
REPORT
-Pain is persistent,  severe  or worsening
- Pain  radiates
-Symptoms  include numbness  or  tingling
-Symptoms  keep you  from  sleeping  at  night
- Fingers  blanch  or turning  white
GETTING INVOLVED
-Look at  jobs
- Come up  with solutions
-Work  with solutions
-Take  part  in  training
-Take  responsibility  for changing the way you  do your  job
-Help to  make  sure efforts  are  successful

# data[].attributes.body
1)Physical ergonomic
2)coginitive ergonomic
3)Organizational ergonomic