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The growth and development of Baguio city sparked in the 1900s when the Americans first came. Architect Daniel H. Burnham was tasked, by American Governor Luke E. Wright, to create an urban plan for a health resort dedicated to American soldiers and civilian employees. This plan inaugurated the city’s expeditious physical development, as advanced roads such as Kennon Road, and parks such as Burnham Park were built throughout Baguio. From then on, the City of Baguio was booming with such magnificent developments (i.e., in the 1930s, the city served as the mining industry's service and operations center, making it a direct benefactor of the country's economic success). However, the occurrence of the Second World War put a rest to the city’s rising development. Baguio city was left completely ruined as it got attacked by napalm and bombing planes. Fortunately, in the years after the war, the city got back on track with its growth and development. At present time, Baguio City is known as a premier center of business and education in Northern Luzon.

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Learn how Baguio City was affected during the World War II

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For many Filipinos, probably including many Baguio City residents, the Philippines' Summer Capital's role in World War II (WWII) is no more than a side story, even though the surrender papers that ended the conflict were signed there.

Most accounts of WWII focus on battles in Manila, Bataan and Corregidor and the American landing in Leyte and Lingayen, Pangasinan, to reclaim the Philippines.

Probably in the minds of many, Baguio was just a place for rest and recreation (R&R), with its cool climate and amenities, for the invading Japanese forces as it was for the Americans.

But Dr. Ricardo T. Jose, professor of history at the University of the Philippines Diliman in Quezon City and the country's foremost scholar on WWII, told his audience during a recent lecture at the City of Pines' Camp John Hay Golf Club that Baguio was where the war in the Philippines really began and where it ended.

Students of St. Louis University (SLU) helped underscore Baguio's importance during the war as they recounted stories from grandparents and other relatives about how the uplanders contributed to the war effort.

Jose's lecture on "Reexamining World War II in the Philippines" was organized by the Philippine Veterans Bank, with the Baguio City government, to mark Baguio's liberation 70 years ago on April 27.

Some 60 teachers and city government employees and about 20 students attended.
First Japanese attack
Jose said Baguio experienced the first Japanese air raid on Luzon when the Pacific War started. "Baguio had great military and political importance and thus [figured] prominently during the war."

He said, "When the war started, the President of the Philippine Commonwealth, Manuel L. Quezon, was in Baguio; toward the end of the war,

another Philippine President, Jose P. Laurel, held office in Baguio."

Quezon stayed in Baguio periodically and the American high commissioner, direct representative of the United States government in the Philippines during the Philippine Commonwealth years, had his own residence inside Camp John Hay.

Economically, Baguio was booming, with many expatriates opening businesses on Session Road and other major streets. Mines around the city were also productive, drawing workers from the lowlands.

Baguio, known as the country's summer capital, had its own strategic military value, Jose said. The US Army had a small garrison in Camp John Hay and there were two Philippine Army camps in the city itself: Camp Henry T. Allen, which had been the site of the old Philippine Constabulary Academy in earlier years, and Teachers' Camp, temporary home of the Philippine Military Academy.

There was also the Philippine Constabulary detachment at Camp Holmes (now Camp Dangwa).

Jose said Japanese planes bombed Camp John Hay, "in the first overt attack on Luzon," soon after the bombing of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii that started the Pacific War.

The city would become one of the most destroyed Philippine cities, "perhaps second only to Manila," he said, although the destruction was caused more by American bombardment during liberation.

The Japanese targeted Baguio probably because they thought Gen. Douglas MacArthur, field marshal of the Philippine Army, and American fighter pilots were there, Jose said.
Name changes
Even as the Japanese military tortured suspected enemies, the invading forces also launched a parallel propaganda blitz-reopening schools, teaching the locals the Japanese language, among other things. Names of some streets were changed from American to either Japanese or Igorot, Jose said.

Camp John Hay became Asahi Barracks; Brent Road, Balatok; Harrison Street, Atok; Leonard Wood Road, Akupan; Session Road, Mt. Data; Kennon Road, Benguet Road; Burnham Park, Baguio City Park; Forbes Park, Rafael Palma Park; and Wright Park, Pardo de Tavera Park.

When the US troops returned, Baguio was again targeted by the first air raid on Jan. 6, 1945. In the following days, US planes bombed City Hall, Session Road and other parts of town. Bigger planes were sent in February and March. A bomb dropped in front of the cathedral killed many civilians who sought shelter there.

"Between March 4 and 10, 933 tons of bombs were dropped in and around Baguio, also 1,185 gallons of napalm...," Jose said. This was followed by carpet bombing from March 15 to 17.

On Sept. 3, 1945, a date which Baguio City Mayor Mauricio G. Domogan said should be commemorated by the nation, Gen. Tomoyuki

Yamashita, commander of the Japanese military forces in the Philippines, signed the surrender documents at the American high commissioner's residence in Camp John Hay, formally ending the war.

In the question-and-answer part of the lecture, several SLU third year students, pursuing Bachelor of Science in Education, major in Social Studies, degrees, supplemented Jose's account of the war in Baguio with stories they heard personally from survivors.

Two generations removed from WWII, the students recalled stories or sought confirmation from Jose about what they had heard from grandparents and other relatives.

One student asked about the women's involvement in the resistance movement, having heard from his grandmother that she carried messages for the guerrillas.

Jose said women did more than transmit messages. Many fought on the front line with men.

To another student's question if the Japanese regime was truly the "Golden Age of Philippine Art," Jose replied Japan had a cultural policy for the country, which included teaching Filipino as the national language.

But the Golden Age was more pronounced in Manila, which saw the birth of many publications and a flourishing of Tagalog literature.

Stage shows or vaudevilles became popular as there were no Hollywood movies, Jose said.

Another student related her grandfather's story about how familiarity with the terrain enabled the guerrillas to elude pursuing Japanese soldiers.

The locals simply took the most circuitous routes, climbing hills and mountains, to lose their pursuers. "The Japanese had the weapons but they did not have the stamina," the student was told by her grandfather.

Jose agreed with another student that Filipino fighters were the first to put pressure on Yamashita to make him surrender.

"Yamashita was surrounded by Filipinos, but he did not want to surrender to them (fearing reprisal for Japanese atrocities)," Jose said. The general had to be protected by American soldiers.

In response to another student's question on why Japan entered WWII, Jose said it was because of economic necessity. Japan needed to secure steady supplies of important resources.

With the new information Jose provided on Baguio's strategic importance during WWII, the session ended with a suggestion from a member of the audience for the history professor to write a WWII book focusing primarily on the Summer Capital.

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For many Filipinos, probably including many Baguio City residents, the Philippines' Summer Capital's role in World War II (WWII) is no more than a side story, even though the surrender papers that ended the conflict were signed there. Most accounts of WWII focus on battles in Manila, Bataan and Corregidor and the American landing in [...]

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Baguio city is located in the Cordillera Central mountain range, occupying roughly 57.5 square kilometers of mountainous territory with an altitude of 1,524 meters.

The City of Baguio lies approximately 250 km north of Manila, which is the capital of the Philippines.

The Province of Benguet fully surrounds the city, which borders it on all sides with its municipalities: the capital town of La Trinidad in the north, Itogon in the east, Tuba in the west, and Sablan in the northwest.

Three national roads, namely Quirino Highway or Naguilian Road, Kennon Road, and Marcos Highway, connect Baguio City to the western lowlands.

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According to the 2020 Census, Baguio city has a population of 366,358—which makes up 20.38% of the Cordillera Administrative Region’s total population. As such, the city has a population density of 6,370 people per square kilometer.

The 2020 Census further states that throughout the course of 50 years, the city’s population had an increase of 281,820 inhabitants.

In 2020 alone, Baguio had 5,849 live births (2,991 males and 2,858 females).

The 2015 Census states that the age group of 15 to 19 (37,996 people) is the city’s highest population. Meanwhile, the age group of 80 and over (2,286 people) is the city’s lowest population.

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A more detailed report on the city's demographics

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is a highly urbanized city in the Cordillera Administrative Region. Although administratively independent due to its distinction as highly urbanized city, Baguio is commonly grouped with the landlocked province of Benguet. The city also serves as the regional center of the Cordillera Administrative Region.

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Baguio is hailed as the Summer Capital of the Philippines due to its cool temperature, which people in the lowlands seek during hot summers.

The city is also known as the Convention City as it is able to accommodate guests from all over the country, with its numerous convention centers and conference halls.

Baguio city, together with the whole of the Cordillera Administrative Region, is one of the country’s best sources of agricultural products (e.g., broccoli, lettuce, cabbage, potatoes, carrot, cauliflower, and many others).

The city’s largest contributors—in terms of exports—include (1) radio, television, and communications equipment, (2) fabricated metal products, and (3) call centers.

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two tourists summer capital of the ph.JPG

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You will never get bored in Baguio City.

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Top 19 Tourist Spots in Baguio, Philippines

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Top 19 Tourist Spots in Baguio, Philippines

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If you're not too keen on hiking, check out the art galleries in Tam-Awan Village. The village also holds regular exhibitions and cultural shows from both local and visiting artists.

For a more immersive experience, join Tam-Awan village tours and register for any of their workshops in drawing, oil painting, watercolor, and wood carving.

For those who want to stay for more than a day, the village also has a cafe where you can taste authentic Cordilleran dishes, as well as huts for lodging.

8. Go Bargain-Hunting at Baguio Night Market

Baguio is a famous bargain shopping hotspot. If you want to put your haggling skills to the test, there is no better place than the Baguio Night Market. This bargain-hunting haven is every thrifty fashionista's dream.

From 9:00 PM to 2:00 AM, a part of Harrison Road at the northeast of Burnham Park transforms into a flea market. Here you can find everything to complete a casual look without burning a hole through your wallet, thanks to the rows of ukay-ukay stalls.

Ukay-ukay is the local term for surplus items shipped from other countries and second-hand apparel such as clothes, bags, and footwear that are sold at bargained prices.

Baguio Night Market is overflowing with ukay-ukay. It's the best place to shop for quality second-hand jackets, boots, clothes, and accessories for a fraction of their original price.

And if you're lucky, or have great thrift-shopping skills, you can score one of a kind vintage finds or even items that are in mint condition.

After shopping, grab an ear of sweet corn, noodle soup, or other street food at the northern side of the hill.

9. Try Horseback Riding at Wright Park

Wright Park is one of the many scenic parts of Baguio. It is a quiet promenade with blossoming flowers, a pool lined with pine trees, and a long stairway that leads visitors to a riding circle.

Wright Park is considerably smaller than Burnham Park, but it is also less crowded and more peaceful. It is located in the eastern part of Baguio and fronts the main gate of The Mansion.

Wright Park's long rectangular pond is called the "Pool of Pines," which could not be a perfect name as the length of the lake is flanked by pine trees on both sides.

There is also a park circle and pavilion where you can sit, relax, and listen to the swaying pine. Wright Park is an open green space, so feel free to stroll around and admire its natural beauty.

Wright Park is often called Ride Park, an understandable mistake since the park is known for its horseback-riding activity.

Indeed, Wright Park is the perfect place for people who love horses and want to learn how to ride one. It's a great addition to the tourist spots often included on a day trip in Baguio. Follow the long stairway at the far end of Wright Park to reach the Riding Circle.

There you'll find several horses you can hire and ride around in the vicinity. If you're traveling with kids, good news! There are friendly ponies that are perfect for children.

Rest assured, every horse has an experienced handler who will guide and watch riders at all times. If it's your first time, the driver will lead the horse and walk alongside you as you ride.

10. Spend Time at The Mansion

Located in the eastern side of the city, it right in front of the idyllic Wright Park. This grand palace is easily one of the most photographed landmarks in Baguio.

Although the main gate is open to the public, visitors are only allowed in The Mansion House Museum, where tourists can check out presidential memorabilia.

Aside from exploring the museum, the only other activity you can do here is picture-taking. So don't be shy about taking tons of photographs!

The Mansion's elegant main building is inspired by the Spanish Colonial Revival design, making it an excellent backdrop for any picture. You can also snap photos in front of the ornate iron gate or by the beautifully manicured lawn.

11. Unwind at the Baguio Botanical Garden

The Baguio Botanical Garden provides a much-needed tranquil space amid bustling Baguio City. In 2009, the garden was renamed Centennial Park in celebration of Baguio's 100th year as the Summer Capital of the Philippines.

However, it is more known as the Botanical Garden.

Exploring the garden is a whole adventure on its own, as it has several sections with different attractions. As you enter the park, you will be greeted by a giant sculpture.

This bronze masterpiece is the work of Ben Hur Villanueva, a renowned Filipino sculptor. The statue represents the of the Cordillerans, Americans, Chinese, and Japanese in building Baguio.

Filled with pine trees, the Botanical Garden has two purposes. It serves a hideaway from the often crowded Baguio. It also houses nurseries dedicated to propagating flora that will eventually be replanted in the parks and gardens of Baguio.

With the abundance of trees and different plants, the Baguio Botanical Garden is truly a great place to unwind. You can explore the various sections, sit by the benches, or have a snack under the cottages.

You will find pocket gardens and pavilions dedicated to Baguio's sister cities in countries such as South Korea, Japan, China, Canada, Thailand, and the USA.

These sections are decorated with symbols that represent each city. There are also relics from the Igorot Village, such as giant statues depicting different Cordillera tribes.

12. Buy Souvenirs at the Good Shepherd Convent

Aside from the pasalubong stores around Mines View Park, do not forget to drop by at the Good Shepherd Convent that is just a stones' throw away.

Their acclaimed peanut brittle, ube, and strawberry jam have become synonymous with Baguio pasalubong. They are also now offering baked goodies like Lengua de Gato and alfajores, homemade ice cream, and strawberry-calamansi juice.

Nuns and volunteers from the international congregation The Religious of the Good Shepherd Sisters run the convent, with profits from Good Shepherd going to charity.

Students of the Mountain Maid Training Center and Development Inc. create the products as part of the congregation's livelihood program to poor female students from Kalinga and Bontoc.

Be prepared to either line up for at least 30 minutes as you wait to be serviced or get heartbroken when your desired product goes out of stock.

Though, you may enjoy taking photos from the convent's view deck with the Cordillera Mountains as your background.

13. Visit the Baguio Cathedral

Formally known as the Our Lady of Atonement Cathedral, the Baguio Cathedral stands atop Mount Mary Hill, or what the Ibalois call "Kampo."

The church is known for its Neo-Gothic style, as evidenced by its twin spires and its rose-colored exterior with stained-glass windows.

During World War II, it served as an evacuation center. Baguio Cathedral is also the largest Catholic church in the city. As it is built on top of a hill, it gives visitors an awe-inspiring bird' s-eye view of Session Road and the whole of Baguio.

The Baguio Cathedral can be reached by climbing a 104-step staircase.

If you want to cut some time and effort, the road up the hill is accessible to cars. You can also climb the escalators of Porta Vaga Shopping Mall in Session Road and exit at the top floor, as it'll lead onto the church's parking grounds.

14. Admire the Taoist Architecture of Bell Church

Bell Church was founded in 1960 by Ng Pee, a Chinese immigrant from the Canton Region.

This Chinese temple is primarily influenced by Taoist architecture, but it also features a fusion of Buddhist symbols and follows ancient Chinese methods of construction.

Upon arriving at Bell Church, an ornate arch with dragon highlights and Chinese inscriptions will greet you. In front of the temple, you will find two octagonal lotus ponds that resemble a Bagua.

In Chinese culture, it represents the concept of rebirth and immortality. As you explore the church grounds, prepared to be entranced by the soaring pagodas, dragons, and lion statues, of course, the bells that decorate Bell Church.

Bell Church's pagodas feature images of saints and the Buddha. Past the opposing dragon figures, you will find a charming koi pond where you can make a wish.

You can go to the central patio of Bell Church to witness a panoramic view of the surrounding hills.

15. Explore Baguio Museum

Baguio is a melting pot of diverse Cordilleran culture. The Baguio Museum stands as a reminder of that and the city's storied past and rich cultural and historical heritage.

The museum was built to resemble a traditional Ifugao home. It has wood and stone, and it features a pyramid roof that has two towering concrete poles at the stair entrance.

Baguio is part of Benguet Province and the greater Cordillera Region. The main floor of the building is dedicated to the craftsmanship of the provinces of the Cordillera region: Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, Mountain Province, Apayao, and Abra.

You will find various tribal artifacts, native jewelry, apparel, fabrics, and musical instruments encased by protective glass panels.

If you're curious about what the lives of the indigenous Cordilleran tribes look like, the miniature dioramas in the museum will give you a picture.

Aside from the exhibits, the museum has educational clippings and photographs where you can learn more about the history of Baguio and the different tribes in Cordillera.

Baguio Museum also houses models of the different huts used by tribes in ancient times. Even more fascinating is the museum's collection of burial jars and carved wooden coffins, one of which contains a real mummified body!

So, if you're a museum lover, don't forget to stop by the Baguio Museum on your Cordillera heritage tour.

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Top 19 Tourist Spots in Baguio Philippines|The City of Pi...

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If you're not too keen on hiking, check out the art galleries in Tam-Awan Village. The village also holds regular exhibitions and cultural shows from both local and visiting artists. For a more immersive experience, join Tam-Awan village tours and register for any of their workshops in drawing, oil painting, watercolor, and wood carving.

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SDG 11 as a means to help fix Baguio's issues on air quality

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SDG 11 as a means to help fix Baguio's issues on air quality

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The City of Baguio is classified as a highly-urbanized city and hailed as the premier urban center of Northern Luzon. People from nearby provinces flock to this city because of its job opportunities and overall lifestyle. The 2020 Census indicates that the city had a positive growth rate of 1.25% since 2015. Aside from the new residents, people from the lowlands occasionally visit the highlands of Baguio due to its cool and refreshing climate. Consequently, this influx of people means that the number of vehicles entering Baguio city also increases. With that being said, the air quality of the city has started to worsen, mainly because of the surge of vehicular exhaust. Extremely high levels of air pollution can result in urgent health issues, such as worsening cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses. According to Environment Secretary Roy A. Cimatu of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), tremendous efforts need to be done in order to tackle the worsening air quality of Baguio city.

As such, the 11th Sustainable Development Goal has been chosen to address this particular issue. SDG 11 focuses on the goal of making cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. Specifically, target 11.6 of SDG 11 aims to reduce the environmental impact of cities, which includes the goal of improving air quality for the well-being of all.

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Baguio Air Quality Index (AQI) and Philippines Air Pollution 

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Baguio Air Quality Index (AQI) and Philippines Air Pollution 

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What is the air quality index of Baguio?

Baguio is also officially known as the City of Baguio and is located on the northern island of Luzon in the Philippines. It is fondly known as "The City of Pines" due to the plethora of pine trees which grow readily at its high elevation of 1,470 meters above sea level.

At the start of 2021, Baguio was experiencing a period of "Moderate" quality air with a US AQI reading of 57. This classification follows the guidelines of the World Health Organisation (WHO).

Where does the air pollution in Baguio originate?

Air pollution can be defined as the presence of harmful chemicals in the air we breathe. These are chemicals that can impede good health. Such chemicals are products of numerous anthropogenic activities, such as fuel combustion from vehicles, heat and power generation due to oil and coal power stations, smoke from factories and mines, waste incineration, and even the simple act of cooking food at home. These pollutants come in various forms. The largest group is called particulate matter or PM, which includes particles that comprise sulphates, nitrates, ammonia, sodium chloride, black carbon, mineral dust, and even water. The sizes of these pollutants are measured in microns which can be up to 30 times thinner than a strand of human hair.

Another pollutant is ground-level ozone (O ₃), a major product of photochemical smog. This phenomenon can be observed in China, where cities are engulfed by thick smoke consisting of particulate matter, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO x), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These components react with each other and sunlight to produce ozone, which can exacerbate asthma and lead to reduced lung function and other respiratory diseases.

Carbon monoxide (CO), is another one of the main ingredients of photochemical smog. It is mostly produced from the exhausts of motor engines and machinery that burn fossil fuels. An increased concentration of this compound in the body can damage the body's ability to carry oxygen to its different parts, which is critical for all organs. Nitrogen dioxide (NO ₂), another component of smog, comes from emissions from power and industrial generation. The WHO states that when introduced independently into the body, it can aggravate symptoms of asthma and bronchitis, which may escalate to respiratory infections.

The World Health Organisation estimates that reducing the amount of particulate matter PM10 to 20 micrograms per cubic metre (μg/m ³) annually would subsequently decrease air pollution-related mortality rates by approximately15 per cent.

For the microscopic variant, PM2.5, they suggested a standard of 10 μg/m ³ per annum. In the case of other pollutants, ozone (O ₃) has a safety level of 100 μg/m ³ for an 8-hour average, while carbon dioxide (NO ₂) has a safety level of 40 μg/m ³ (annual mean).

What is the main source of air pollution in Baguio?

The main source of pollution seems to be coming from vehicular exhausts. Over a period of time, Baguio's image was tainted by worsening traffic and pollution. Motor vehicles, whether parked or not, occupied much of the road space. Pavements were narrowed or eliminated in order to widen the roads to create more lanes for cars.

Baguio became notorious for gridlock, especially during the holidays when thousands of cars would ascend from the lowlands. Because of this, the stench of vehicle exhaust replaced Baguio's pine-scented air.

What can be done to improve the air quality in Baguio?

Following a report by the World Health Organisation which stated that Baguio City was one of the most polluted cities in the Philippines, the local government had to put out a corrective statement saying that the WHO data was taken in 2013 and that the quality of air had improved since then.

The city was recently chosen as one of the pilot areas for Clean Air Certification, international recognition of 'innovative and impactful, voluntary action towards better air quality' given by the Clean Cities Air Partnership Program (CCAP) through the Clean Air Asia. Baguio will join three other Philippine cities, Iloilo City and Sta. Rosa in Laguna, and two cities in Southeast Asia, Malang in Indonesia and Kathmandu in Nepal as pilot areas for the certification process before it will be opened to wider participation.

The city will be investing in air-quality monitoring stations, measuring not only large particulates such as PM10 but also the finer but more harmful particles of PM2.5. With meaningful data, it is hoped to raise awareness and engage citizens in the fight for clean air.

The local government spoke of the priority it would give to expanding and modernising public transport, replacing old, polluting jeepneys with modern, low-emission vehicles. To make public transport more accessible, the local authority plans to build five public transport terminals in different parts of the city. The city would also establish an integrated command centre for "smart" traffic management and operations coordination during emergencies and disasters. In addition, the city is studying the viability of cable car and monorail systems for mass transit.

A major tree-planting program is underway to replace some of those lost to modernisation. They intend to use the latest methods of husbandry to ensure a larger percentage of successful seedling growth.

What are the effects of breathing Baguio's poor quality air?

Of course, not everybody is affected by poor quality air in the same way. It depends on many variants. The actual risk of adverse effects depends on your current health status, the pollutant type and concentration, and the length of your exposure to the polluted air. Even young, strong healthy people can be adversely affected.

Very high levels of air pollution can cause immediate health problems which may include intensified cardiovascular and respiratory illness. The heart and lungs are subject to greater levels of stress because they have to work harder as they struggle to supply the body with the desired amount of oxygen. Even a relatively short time of exposure can lead to irreparable damage to the respiratory system.

Long-term exposure can lead to permanent damage such as the accelerated ageing of the lungs together with the loss of lung capacity and decreased lung function. It can even shorten the life-span.

Some people are more susceptible to poor air quality than others. Pregnant women, children under the age of 14 years and senior citizens should take extra care as should those whose job dictates that they spend their working time outdoors.

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Baguio Air Quality Index (AQI) and Philippines Air Pollution | AirVisual

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Baguio is also officially known as the City of Baguio and is located on the northern island of Luzon in the Philippines. It is fondly known as "The City of Pines" due to the plethora of pine trees which grow readily at its high elevation of 1,470 meters above sea level.

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I remember with great fondness the Baguio of my childhood - a city of cool, pine-scented breezes; verdant mountains; nature trails; and public parks. It was a city to explore on foot, with many narrow, winding roads and quaint neighborhoods. Filipinos used to visit Baguio to enjoy its clean air and recuperate from illnesses.

Over time, Baguio's image was tarnished by worsening traffic and pollution. Motor vehicles, whether parked or not, consumed much of the road space. Sidewalks were narrowed or eliminated in order to widen roads or create more lanes for cars. Baguio became notorious for gridlock, especially during holidays, when thousands of cars would ascend from the lowlands. Soon enough, the stench of vehicle exhaust replaced Baguio's pine-scented air.

It was therefore refreshing to hear Mayor Benjamin Magalong discuss his plans for restoring Baguio's standing as the premier "green city" and the top tourist destination in the country. At the United Nations Development Programme-sponsored Low Carbon Transport Forum on January 7, Magalong talked about how he would make Baguio a model for sound environmental management and sustainable mobility.

Recognizing that air quality is central to Baguio's attractiveness and the health of its residents, a top priority would be to eliminate sources of pollution and restore the city's forest cover. Magalong underscored the need to measure and record air quality. The city will be investing in air-quality monitoring stations, measuring not only large particulates (PM10), but also the finer but more harmful particles (PM2.5). With meaningful data, Magalong hopes to raise awareness and engage citizens in the fight for clean air.

The mayor talked about the priority the city government would give to expanding and modernizing public transport, replacing old, polluting jeepneys with modern, low-emission vehicles. To make public transport more accessible, the city government plans to build five public transport terminals in different parts of Baguio. The city would also establish an integrated command center for "smart" traffic management and operations coordination during emergencies and disasters. In addition, the city was studying the viability of cable car and monorail systems for mass transit.

To restore Baguio's forest cover and combat climate change, it would be undertaking a major tree-planting program, using modern agroforestry methods to achieve higher survival rates of the seedlings.

One of the most encouraging initiatives under Magalong's administration is the weekly "carless" Session Road. Baguio's residents and visitors know Session Road as Baguio's most active corridor, lined with popular restaurants and cafés, historic buildings (including the Baguio Cathedral), and shops filled with culture and character. In recent years, Session Road has been plagued by heavy congestion and poor air quality, mainly from motor vehicle fumes.

Every Sunday since August 2019, half of Session Road has been transformed into a pedestrian mall with residents and visitors strolling up and down the city's most famous avenue. One side of the road becomes a public space where children can play safely, tourists can stroll and people can walk their pets.

We applaud Magalong for this bold step toward making Baguio a more walkable city.

"Carless" Session Road was initially labeled as a six-month experiment. We hope that it can become a permanent feature, not just on weekends, and expanded to other Baguio corridors.

In cities around the world with "pedestrianized" roads in the city center, merchants have found that a carless street brings more customers and higher sales. Cities need more public spaces; if you build it, they will come. And it does not take much to create a festive atmosphere that attracts people of all ages. A carless street can host a bazaar, food fair or arts and crafts market. A roadway without cars serves as a perfect setting for concerts, art exhibits and group exercise sessions.

It may seem like a distant dream, but why not consider a carless Baguio? Then, offer ample public transport liberated from traffic jams. All public transport vehicles could be low-emission, even fully electric. Visitors would arrive in Baguio on buses or cable cars, not in private cars. Within Baguio, mobility would be through walking, bicycling and public transport. Without cars, more road space could be converted into wide sidewalks.

Baguio has plans to construct parking buildings in several strategic locations around the city. In Baguio's "carless" future, car parks could be repurposed for bicycle parking/bicycle rental stations and as depots or terminals for electric buses and jeepneys, complete with charging stations.

As a carless city, Baguio could become a truly unique and remarkable tourist destination - free of traffic and pollution. Visitors would look forward to taking long walks, breathing clean air and enjoying the beautiful mountain settings. At a time when climate change calls for dramatic action, when increasing numbers of Filipinos are falling ill due to poor air quality, when mobility and congestion are worsening in every Philippine city, Baguio could stand out as a model of environmental sustainability and inclusive mobility. Mayor Benjamin Magalong may be just the right person to champion this vision.
Robert Y. Siy is a development economist, city and regional planner, and public transport advocate. He can be reached at [email protected] or followed on Twitter @RobertRsiy

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I remember with great fondness the Baguio of my childhood - a city of cool, pine-scented breezes; verdant mountains; nature trails; and public parks. It was a city to explore on foot, with many narrow, winding roads and quaint neighborhoods. Filipinos used to visit Baguio to enjoy its clean air and recuperate from illnesses.

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SDG 12 as a means to help fix Baguio's issues on Solid Waste Management

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SDG 12 as a means to help fix Baguio's issues on Solid Waste Management

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Being such that the City of Baguio is a renowned tourist destination, even acknowledged as “The Summer Capital of the Philippines”, tons of garbage waste is produced in the city. During the holidays last December 2019, Baguio city produced a total of 200 tons. This number is approximately 30% more than the average volume of garbage produced in the city, which is usually around 170 tons. As a way of managing the city’s waste, Baguio sends all of its garbage to a sanitary landfill facility in Urdaneta, Pangasinan. Unfortunately, last March 2021, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) issued the Urdaneta facility a cease and desist order because of certain violations. As a result, Baguio had to dispose of its waste to another sanitary landfill in Capas, Tarlac. Moreover, the amount of waste the city generates is alarming. Immediate intervention by the Local Government Unit, as well as the DENR, is needed in order to address the issue. If not addressed or managed properly, solid waste can pollute the air, water, and soil, resulting in a variety of environmental effects and may pose a threat to the health of Baguio residents.

As such, the 12th Sustainable Development Goal has been chosen to address this specific issue. Furthermore, SDG 12 aims to make certain that places like Baguio city have sustainable consumption and production patterns. With the help of SDG 12, Baguio’s garbage crisis may finally be put to a stop; thus, ensuring a good quality of life for all.

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The city is looking for an alternative dumpsite after the current landfill it is using in Urdaneta, Pangasinan, is ordered closed by the DENR-EMB

Baguio City is in danger of getting into another garbage crisis after its dumping area in Pangasinan was closed by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources two weeks ago.

The Baguio City Council, in its regular session last March 8, passed a resolution authorizing Mayor Benjamin Magalong to represent the city and to enter into a memorandum of agreement with Metro Clark Waste Management Corporation or other entities offering engineered sanitary landfill services at a lower cost and closer to the city to be used as its repository area for residual wastes.

This came after the sanitary landfill in Urdaneta, Pangasinan, was issued a cease and desist order by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Environmental Management Bureau (DENR-EMB) for being an open dumpsite instead of a sanitary landfill, among several violations.

EMB Ilocos regional director Dorica Hipe said the leachate from the dumpsite has already reached the Sinocalan River.

Baguio has a memorandum of agreement with the Urdaneta Waste Management on the use of the latter's engineered sanitary landfill as a disposal field for the city's residual wastes for 3 years, spanning January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2021.

Under the agreement, Baguio is obliged to bring all residual and some portions of mixed solid waste to the Urdaneta sanitary landfill; ensure the solid waste materials brought to the landfill contains no medical or toxic or hazardous waste from hospitals and clinics, and to pay the landfill operator the required tipping fee of P550, inclusive of value-added tax per ton, within three days from the date it receives the billing from the operator.

But on March 5, DENR-EMB, upon the recommendation of the Pollution Adjudication Board, closed down Urdaneta's supposed ESL for violating the Clean Water Act, the Presidential Decree 1586 or the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement, and Republic Act (RA) 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act.

The Urdaneta landfill, where Baguio has been transporting its residual waste, is located on an 18-hectare property owned by the city in Sitio Calegu, Barangay Catablan and has been operating since 2011.

Baguio was producing an average of 180 tons of garbage per day before COVID-19 struck. It's now down to a daily volume of around 150 tons under the pandemic.

Thirty towns and cities, including Baguio, are paying Urdaneta for the use of its dumpsite.

Before Urdaneta, Baguio was transporting its residual trash to an ESL operated by Metro Clark Waste Management Corporation in Capas, Tarlac.

City General Services Office head Eugene Buyucan said Urdaneta had offered the city a cheaper tipping rate compared to Metro Clark company and is also nearer to Baguio than Tarlac, thus the shift to the services of Urdaneta.

Should the city enter into an agreement with Metro Clark Waste Management, Buyucan suggested that it be on a monthly basis only.

"This will make it easier for the city to transfer if it finds a landfill facility that offers cheaper tipping fees and is nearer," Buyucan said.

Urdaneta Mayor Julio Parayno III said they would appeal to the DENR to allow their city to continue using the landfill for their wastes.

But EMB's Hibe said Urdaneta might have a hard time reopening the ESL.

"We observed due process, we conducted sampling, confirmatory sampling. Once it was confirmed, that's the time we build our case and endorse it to the central office," she said.

"They scheduled hearings and conducted monitoring activities, issued a notice of violation, conferences, and then lastly the show-cause order. They were given a time frame until December last year to implement measures. They were given until the end of February but they did not comply," Hibe added. - Rappler.com

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Baguio City facing possible garbage crisis

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The city is looking for an alternative dumpsite after the current landfill it is using in Urdaneta, Pangasinan, is ordered closed by the DENR-EMB

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HERALD EXPRESS | News in Cordillera and Northern Luzon -

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This post has already been read 443 times!

BAGUIO CITY - The City General Services Office (GSO) disclosed the volume of garbage generated during the Yuletide break drastically increased by over 30 percent compared to the garbage generated during regular days in the city.

General Services Officer Eugene Buyucan reported from the normal 170 tons of residual waste collected in the city during normal days, the same increased to over 200 tons daily from December 21 up to December 30, 2019 which compelled personnel of the city government in charge of garbage collection and volunteers to work double time to ensure the collection of the residual waste from the established collection points in the different barangays.

He said the city government also requested the operator of the sanitary landfill in Urdaneta City, Pangasinan to make sure the facility will be open during the holidays to accommodate the huge volume of residual waste coming from the city so that garbage will not be stockpiled in the city's waste transfer station at the Baguio Dairy Farm.

"We had to exert extra effort to ensure the generated residual waste in the different barangays will be collected on time despite the significant increase in the volume of the garbage produced by the residents and tourists alike due to the Yuletide celebrations," Buyucan stressed.

He admitted there were some untoward delays in the collection of the generated residual waste in the established pick up points in the different barangays primarily because of the traffic that delayed the turn around of the garbage trucks from the waste transfer station to the pickup points.

According to him, the collection of garbage in the different barangays started to normalize last December 31, 2019 because the number of visitors that flocked to the city during the Yuletide break started to decrease as most of them went back to their places of origin.

The city general services officer appealed to residents for their utmost understanding in cases when there are delays in the collection of garbage in the established pickup points due to unavoidable circumstances but assured the people the garbage brought to pickup points during the scheduled collection day will be done.

Buyucan revealed the residual waste in the different barangays drastically increased on December 24 and 25, 2019 with the garbage collection trucks having to go back at least four times to ensure all the wastes will be collected to prevent the occurrence of a garbage crisis.

He underscored the hauling of the city's residual waste is still the most feasible intervention against a serious garbage problem in the city while the city government is working out the realization of its planned waste-to-energy plant near the existing transfer station.

He stated that in the case of the biodegradable waste, the same is being fed into the existing Environmental Recycling system (ERS) machines while the recyclable waste is being collected by the volunteers who go with the city's garbage trucks in the collection of garbage in the established collection points.

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Garbage in Baguio increased by 30 percent during Yuletide break - HERALD EXPRESS | News in Cordillera and Northern Luzon

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This post has already been read 443 times! BAGUIO CITY - The City General Services Office (GSO) disclosed the volume of garbage generated during the Yuletide break drastically increased by over 30 percent compared to the garbage generated during regular days in the city.

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DENR's statement regarding Baguio's Problems (including issues on waste)

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DENR's statement regarding Baguio's Problems (including issues on waste)

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Poor air quality, polluted rivers, garbage woes and dwindling forest cover were among the environmental problems that the government will try to resolve during the rehabilitation of Baguio City, according to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).

Environment Secretary Roy A. Cimatu said the agency has identified six areas of concern that need to be addressed in order to restore Baguio City's reputation as "mountain paradise." These are air quality, water quality of rivers, solid waste management, forest cover, traffic congestion, and proliferation of informal settlers and illegal structures.

"We are looking to improve these areas, which have deteriorated drastically during the past few decades," Cimatu said.

Cimatu also cited a study by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) indicating that the most critical urban carrying capacity indicators that need to be considered in the city are road length and area, solid waste collection, water supply, liquid waste treatment capacity, forest cover, and urban land for construction and development.

"We deem these factors as critical because the NEDA also estimates that the population in the country's summer capital will soar up to 530,990 by 2045," the DENR chief pointed out.

Urban carrying capacity is defined as the maximum level of human activities, population growth, land use and physical development that can be sustained by urban environment without causing its serious degradation and irreversible damage.

Cimatu said that drastic measures are necessary to tackle air pollution in Baguio City, which in 2014 topped the list of the World Health Organization (WHO) Study on Ambient Air Pollution with the most polluted air in the Philippines with Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM 2.5) at 49 micrograms per cubic meter.

"Baguio City's air quality is troubling because there are more than 2,000 deaths related to air pollution from 2015 to 2019," Cimatu said, citing data from the local government.

Cimatu said the DENR is also eyeing the rehabilitation of Balili and Bued rivers, which coliform levels are even worse than that of the Manila Bay.

He said the DENR is also looking forward to the conversion of the Irisan dumpsite into an 'Environmental-Friendly Eco-Park.'. The dumpsite was temporarily shut down last year following the visit of DENR Undersecretary for Solid Waste Management and Local Government Units Concerns Benny D. Antiporda, who found it to be operating as an open dumpsite, which is strictly prohibited under Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.

Last year, Cimatu ordered his field officials to saturate Baguio with pine trees and restore its reputation as the "City of Pines" after he noticed the "balding" mountain city.

He also ordered the conduct of an ecosystems research to extend the life of the Benguet pine tree species.

Cimatu also considered restricting construction along the city slopes to prevent landslides.###

Details

Published: 07 February 2020

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DENR identifies areas of concern in Baguio rehab

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Poor air quality, polluted rivers, garbage woes and dwindling forest cover were among the environmental problems that the government will try to resolve during the rehabilitation of Baguio City, according to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). Environment Secretary Roy A.

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Air-Quality Monitoring Stations - These are deliberately placed in residential, commercial, and industrial regions in order to detect any substantial changes in air quality that could be damaging to human health and the surrounding environment. Moreover, these can detect air pollutants, such as PM2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less) and PM10 (particulate matter with a diameter of fewer than 10 micrometers).

Smart Waste Bins - These bins have built-in sensors that are able to analyze the amount of garbage thus allowing users to be alerted when their bins are full. This data may be used to follow people's waste disposal behaviors and improve trash pickup schedules, thus resulting in lower consumption of fuel by garbage trucks.

Plasma Gasification - This is a relatively new technology wherein plasma burns garbage to high temperatures and turns it into consumable gases like hydrogen. Because this process generates hydrogen, it can be used as a long-term fuel source.

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Saliha Saadet Kalender

Abstract

Air pollution levels have been increasing in recent years. Air emissions have many adverse environmental effects such as global warming, ozone depletion, acidification, or eutrophication of natural ecosystems and biodiversity of freshwater bodies. On the other hand, long-term exposure to air pollution has serious impact on human health affecting the lungs and the respiratory system. The principal pollutants of air pollution are NO X, SO X, CO ₂, CO, HC, other organic and inorganic gases, as well as particulate matters. Air pollutants can be reduced by using a wide range of air pollution control devices in order to prevent their adverse effects of to the environment and human health. Many technological applications serve this purpose. Incinerators, gravitational settling chambers, electrostatic precipitators, cyclone separators, selective catalytic reduction systems, fabric filters, biofilters, and scrubbers are the main air pollution prevention technologies. The decision of the suitable control devices depends on the type of air pollutants and condition at the sources. If the amount of pollutants emitted to the atmosphere is decreased, the atmospheric concentrations of the pollutants will also decrease. As a result, exposure to air pollution declines and adverse effects of air pollution on the environment and human health are taken under control.

Keywords

Air pollution Emissions Air pollutants Air pollution control Control technologies Prevention of air pollutants

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References

1. Bell R, Buckinham F. An overview of technologies for the reduction of oxides of nitrogen from combustion furnaces. MPR Associates Inc., USA. http://www.mpr.com/article/energy-white-paper-an-overview-of-technologies-for-reduction-of-oxides-of-nitrogen-from-combustion-furnaces

2. Khan FI, Ghoshal AK (2000) Removal of volatile organic compounds from polluted air. J Loss Prev Process Ind 13:527-545

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Saliha Saadet Kalender Air pollution levels have been increasing in recent years. Air emissions have many adverse environmental effects such as global warming, ozone depletion, acidification, or eutrophication of natural ecosystems and biodiversity of freshwater bodies. On the other hand, long-term exposure to air pollution has serious impact on human health affecting the lungs and the respiratory system.

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Air Pollution Solutions: 6 Pieces of Technology That Are Clearing Our Skies

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Air Pollution Solutions: 6 Pieces of Technology That Are Clearing Our Skies

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The development of new technology is one of the most promising frontiers for improving air quality. From catalytic converters to low-emitting consumer products, we've developed methods for preventing air pollution both indoors and outdoors.

In honor of these technological advancements, we are going to discuss six innovations that are actively preventing air pollutants from harming our atmosphere and our health. We've previously discussed regulatory and market-based solutions to air pollution, and both of these methods had their own respective pluses and minuses. Because new innovations don't usually have the same kind of cost vs. benefit relationship as these other methods, instead of going through technology as an overarching solution, we are going to discuss these innovations individually.

Multi-Pollutant Monitoring Devices

One of the topics we always love discussing is air quality monitoring; in this case, multi-pollutant air quality monitoring.

While this piece of technology does not directly reduce emissions or remove air pollution from our skies, it nevertheless is a crucial part of the air pollution control system. Pollution sources like factories, powerplants, and others emit more than one pollutant; on the flip side, some pollution control technologies control more than one pollutant. Multi-pollutant monitoring enables regulatory bodies to ensure compliance with emission limits for many different pollutants and reduces the cost and time burden associated with ambient pollution monitoring.

Catalytic Converters

Vehicular exhaust is one of the most significant sources of air pollution globally. In response to increasingly strict environmental regulations beginning in the 1970s, gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles were equipped with catalytic converters, a device that catalyzes a redox reaction that transforms dangerous air pollutants into less-harmful pollutants.

Gasoline-powered vehicles today generally come with a three-way converter, or an oxidation-reduction catalytic converter. These devices work by exposing exhaust to a catalyst, a substance that lowers the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction, thus enabling a reaction to convert carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide to nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide and atmospheric nitrogen are both far less harmful than carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, despite CO2 being a GHG, so catalytic converters are great tools for reducing the environmental and health impacts of vehicular exhaust.

Catalytic converters do have some downsides. For one, these devices can restrict the flow of exhaust, reducing fuel efficiency and vehicle performance. Catalytic converters also have a warm-up period, during which the vehicle emits an unrestricted amount of air pollution. The creation of these converters also comes with some harms; many converters require platinum or palladium, rare metals that create pollution during the refining process.

Scrubbers

Scrubbers are a type of pollution control device that removes air pollutants like sulfur dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen chloride from industrial exhaust.

There are two main types of scrubbers that we will discuss: wet scrubbers and dry scrubbers. Wet scrubbers use a liquid (usually water) to absorb particles or gases from a stream of air, and can vary in energy level. A common low energy wet scrubber is a spray tower, which works by passing the exhaust through an open vessel with sprayers to distribute the liquid. As the exhaust flows through the device, the liquid picks up floating particles or absorbs the target gas. Dry scrubbers work similarly, but instead of spraying a liquid, these devices spray dry reagents into the flue stream, neutralizing gases before they can enter the atmosphere.

Scrubbers are a hugely beneficial tool for pollution control, as they prevent damaging air pollutants from harming communities near industrial centers like powerplants and water treatment facilities. Additionally, these devices do not disrupt the production process, allowing economic and industrial activity to continue without a commensurate rise in air pollution.

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) Substitutes

The Montreal Protocol, signed in 1987, gradually phased out the production and use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs), both of which deplete the ozone layer. CFCs and HCFCs were commonly used as solvents, propellants, and refrigerants, so we needed to create alternatives that fulfilled the same purpose but with much lower ozone-depleting potential (ODP).

Today, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are one of the main substitutes for CFCs and HCFCs. The names can be a bit confusing, but, long story short, HFCs don't have chlorine , which is the substance largely responsible for harming the ozone layer. The availability of HFCs and other substitutes is credited with the overwhelming success of the Montreal Protocol, as we were able to stop the production of CFCs and HCFCs without losing their respective functions.

However, HFCs are not harmless; while these substances don't hurt the ozone layer, they do contribute to climate change. HFCs live much longer in the atmosphere than CFCs and HCFCs, which means that their impacts on global climate change are likewise long-term. The atmosphere is a very complicated system that's constantly evolving, and the emissions that we produce need to likewise adapt. There are currently plans to expand the Montreal Protocol to include HFCs, as there are alternatives to these substances as well.

Low-Emitting Stoves and Heaters

Air pollution is not just an outdoor issue; each year 3.8 million people die prematurely due to indoor air pollution from inefficient cooking practices. Most of these deaths come from burning solid fuels or kerosene in enclosed spaces, allowing particulate matter levels to build up to hazardous levels.

Innovations in stove design and alternative fuels have made cooking much more efficient and cut the amount of particulate matter produced in households. Biomass stoves can now come equipped with secondary combustions, fans, or insulated combustion chambers, which burn off unused fuel and ventilate the remaining pollutants. Ultimately we want to move away from biomass stoves, but these are good stepping stones for low- and middle-income nations where electricity or natural gas are not in steady supply.

In addition to cooking, heating produces indoor air pollution. Solar water heaters and passive solar heating and cooling systems cut the necessity of solid fuel consumption, and improved ventilation designs, like stove hoods and chimneys, can help funnel out indoor air pollutants.

VOC-Free Consumer Products and Building Materials

Lastly, we are going to discuss another innovation that reduces indoor air pollution: low-emitting consumer products and building materials.

Many of the products we use every day, including paints, cleaners, adhesives, sealants, furniture, and flooring off-gas volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can build up without proper ventilation. Due to concerns surrounding the impacts of these emissions, more consumer products and building materials are being developed and certified as low-emitting or even VOC-free. Guidelines offered by the California Department of Public Health and ASTM can be used to determine if a product is low-emitting.

Because these innovations are crucial for controlling indoor air pollution, many building standards require or offer credit for utilizing low-emitting building materials and including low-emitting consumer products as part of an indoor air quality strategy.

Many of the technologies we discussed above are big-picture, community-wide solutions. What can we, as individuals, do to protect ourselves from air pollution? For more information, check out our air pollution guide below:

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Air Pollution Solutions: 6 Pieces of Technology That Are Clearing Our Skies

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The development of new technology is one of the most promising frontiers for improving air quality. From catalytic converters to low-emitting consumer products, we've developed methods for preventing air pollution both indoors and outdoors. In honor of these technological advancements, we are going to discuss six innovations that are actively preventing air pollutants from harming our atmosphere and our health.

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8 Innovative Smart Waste Management Technologies 

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8 Innovative Smart Waste Management Technologies 

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8 Innovative Smart Waste Management Technologies | BigRentz

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As populations grow, so does the need for efficient smart waste management solutions. Discover eight eco-friendly technologies currently driving innovation.

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About Baguio City | City Government of Baguio. (2021). Baguio.gov.ph. https://www.baguio.gov.ph/about-baguio-city

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‌Estoque, R. C., & Yuji Murayama. (2011). City Profile: Baguio. ResearchGate; Elsevier. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229094398_City_Profile_Baguio

Filipinas Heritage Library. (2017). A History of Pines Hotel and Baguio. Google Arts & Culture; Google Arts & Culture. https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/%E2%80%9Cwe-look-before-and-after-and-pine-for-what-is-not%E2%80%9D-filipinas-heritage-library/wRRh0dsu?hl=en

Miguel, M. (2020). DENR: Air quality monitoring is a top priority. Denr.gov.ph. https://www.denr.gov.ph/index.php/news-events/press-releases/1490-denr-air-quality-monitoring-is-a-top-priority

PhilAtlas. (2021). Baguio City Profile. Philatlas.com. https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/car/baguio.html

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2021). Birth, Marriage, and Death Statistics for 2021 (Preliminary, as of 30 September 2021). Psa.gov.ph. https://psa.gov.ph/vital-statistics/id/165223

Trade, industry propels Baguio economy | City Government of Baguio. (2021). Baguio.gov.ph. https://www.baguio.gov.ph/content/trade-industry-propels-baguio-economy

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Waste Advantage Magazine. (2020). 5 Futuristic Waste Management Technologies. Wasteadvantagemag.com. https://wasteadvantagemag.com/5-futuristic-waste-management-technologies/

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