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1620

the first settlers in New England

they founded the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts

they sailed across the Atlantic ---> Mayflower

they left England because they didn’t like the way, the Catholics lived

first they were in “Leiden“ in the Netherlands and then went off to America

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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had their own cultures and languages just like in Europe

there existed between 140 and 160 different American Indian tribes

the Native Americans turned wild plants (potatoes, corn, pumpkin...) into farm crops for human consumption

natural herbs have been used the same as in Europe to that time

they lived in wigwams, hogans, igloos, tepees and longhouses

today, there are approximately 2.9 million Native Americans left

The Europeans lumped the natives by calling them "indian"

Their lands got compromised by europeans and the natives suffered from the reservation life

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On July 4, 1776, 13 British Colonies in North America proclaimed their secession from Great Britain in the Declaration of Independence of the United States

in/with it, they made use of their right to form their own sovereign federation of states

The text, written for the most part by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the second continental congress, represents the founding charter of the United States

one of the most powerful documents of the philosophy of demogracy

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The American Revolutionary War / War of Independence

April 19, 1775 - September 3, 1783

George Washington led the American army to victory during the Revolutionary War

Cause of the war

British government attempted to raise revenue by texing the colonies -> started heated protest among many colonists, who resented the lack of representation in parliament

Colonial resistance led to violence in 1770

Fought over the issue of U.S. independence from the British Empire

Initiated by delegates from 13 American colonies of British America and Congress against Great Britain

Engagements took place in:

North America

The Caribbean Sea

Seas surrounding England (NorthSea, Irish Sea, English Sea)

What countries fought on the side of the colonies

Until early in 1778, the War was a civil war

in 1778, France joined the colonies and it became an international war -> French navy played key role

Netherlands provided financial support (was conflicted in own War with Britain)

Result: U.S. and Allied victory

Treaty in Paris

British recognition of U.S. independence

End of the first British Empire

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Spirit of the first European settlers on the new American continent to explore new areas of Northern America

1804: the Lewis and Clark expedition reached the mandan villages

The pioneers intend was to claim new land and settle down with their families

the pioneer spirit encouraged families to settle the Wild West

they fought for the land with the Mexicans, bought it or stole it from the Native Americans

lasted the entire century until the 1890's

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also called “War between the States”
-> 1861-1865
-> was between the United States and 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of   America
->short: a war between the south and the north
-> main causes:

slavery (south relied on it / north believed it was wrong  and evil)

states rights (how much power should the state have)

expansions of north and south

->end: after a lot of bloody fights the war ended and the northern side won (because they were more than the south)

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1950s - 1960s: an anti-racist & social movement for equal rights and treament of African American

it was a non-violent protest; strategies like boycotts, sit-ins and protest marches were used

advocated for social, legal, political & cultural change --> to end racial sergregation and prohibit discrimination

5 civil rights: right to vote, right to a fair trial, right to government services, right to a public education, right to use public facilities

civil rights movement was successful because of the ability to prostest without the use of violence

famous activist: Martin Luther King

famouse protest: The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom - includes Martin Luther Kings speech "I have a dream..."

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major American stock market crash in 1929

mostly associated with 24.10.1929

signaled beginning of Great Depression

October 24, "Black Thursday": the market lost 11% of its value at the opening bell on very heavy trading

Several leading Wall Street bankers met to find a solution to the panic and chaos on the trading floor

Whitney placed a bid to purchase 25,000 shares of U.S. Steel at $205 per share

tactic was similar to one that had ended the Panic of 1907

October 28, "Black Monday": more investors get out of the market

October 29, "Black Tuesday": hit Wall Street as investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange (massive losses)

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---> worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world and lasted from 1929 to 1939

After the 20s, in which the US economy expanded rapidly, the stock market crashed in 1929 (Wall Street Crash)

Fundamental structural weakness in American economic system ---> banks operated without guarantees to their customers; few regulations placed on banks ---> lent loans to those recklessly speculating in stocks ---> climate of panic when times got tough

consumers confidence vanished in the wake of the stock market crash

the downturn in spending and investing led factories and other businesses to slow down production and begin firing workers

As for those who were still employed wages fell drastically ---> the buying power decreased

Many Americans were forced to buy on credit and fell into debt

Situation only grew worse the following three years (farmers couldn’t afford to harvest their crops while people elsewhere starved)

By 1930, 4 million Americans looking for work couldn’t find any; by 1931 the number had risen to 6 million

American industrial production had dropped by half

Investors lost confidence in their banks and demanded their cash which led to bank runs that resulted in thousands of banks closing down

in 1932, 15 million people were unemployed (more than 20% of the population)

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The American Dream is an important part of American culture

It can have an individual meaning for each person, but the basic idea is a better life, which is based on equal opportunities and opportunities for everyone

Regardless of social status, everyone should be able to achieve their goals through their own efforts and work

There are also different ways of looking at the American Dream:

From a materialistic point of view, he describes that everyone can achieve prosperity and wealth ---> "From rags to riches"

But in fact to reach a higher social status, it is more about where and in which family you were born than equality.

Democratically speaking, it includes the pursuit of equal rights and freedom for everyone.

The basis for this was laid in the Declaration of Independence in 1776:

The Declaration of Independence states, among other things, that all people are equal (1.) and that all American citizens have the right to life, freedom and the pursuit of happiness (2.).

 (1)   "all men are created equal"

(2)   "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness"