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How many children survived the holocaust?

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How many children survived the holocaust?

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During the holocaust there was a good amount of children there. Some of them had survived by either escaping or they ended up dyeing. the children would end up dyeing from being gassed, exhaustion, or disease. there were about 1.5 million Jewish children that were killed by the SS and there accomplices. there were also thousands of Jewish children that survived.

paraphrase  #3

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put only source cards in that column. All other note cards (all other cards labeled "quote", "summary", "paraphrase") go under topic categories! Santiago - fix

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Katie Altenberg, Jacqueline Mendels Birn

Summary #4

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I don't know what you want me to fix?1.
1. in research tab look at format
2. copy and move notecards from under their respective sources, but keep the notecards also where you have them

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Children during the Holocaust
Source card #1

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Children were especially vulnerable in the era of the Holocaust.

The Nazis advocated killing children of "unwanted" or "dangerous" groups either as part of the "racial struggle" or as a measure of preventative security. The Germans and their collaborators killed children for these ideological reasons and in retaliation for real or alleged partisan attacks.

Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about 1.5 million Jewish children and tens of thousands of Romani (Gypsy) children, 5,000-7,000 German children with physical and mental disabilities living in institutions, as well as many Polish children and children residing in the German-occupied Soviet Union. Jewish and non-Jewish adolescents (13-18 years old) had a greater chance of survival, as they could be used for forced labor.

The fates of Jewish and non-Jewish children can be categorized in the following ways:

children killed when they arrived in killing centers

children killed immediately after birth or in institutions

children born in ghettos and camps who survived because prisoners hid them

children, usually over age 12, who were used as forced laborers and as subjects of medical experiments

children killed during reprisal operations

children killed in mass shootings conducted by the Einsatzgruppen and other forces in the German-occupied Soviet Union

In the Ghettos

In ghetto settings, Jewish children died from starvation, disease, and a lack of adequate clothing and shelter. The German authorities were indifferent to the high death rates. They considered most of the younger ghetto children to be unproductive and hence "useless eaters." Because children were generally too young to be used for forced labor, German authorities often selected them, the elderly, ill, and disabled, for the first deportations to killing centers, or as the first victims led to mass graves to be shot.

These trucks bode no good, I mean especially for the little girl.
-Brigitte Friedmann Altman

Only later did I find out that my mother had gone out of the ghetto, sold a diamond and pearl ring to get me an orange. That was the last birthday gift from my parents.
-Gerda Weissmann Klein

In the Killing Centers

Camp authorities sent the vast majority of young Jewish children directly to the gas chambers upon arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau and other killing centers. SS and police forces in German-occupied Poland and the German-occupied Soviet Union shot thousands of children at the edge of mass graves along with their parents.

Sometimes the selection of children to fill the first transports to the killing centers or to provide the first victims of shooting operations resulted from the agonizing and controversial decisions of Jewish council ( Judenrat) chairmen. The decision by the Judenrat in Lodz in September 1942 to deport children to the Chelmno killing center was an example of the tragic choices made by adults when faced with German demands. Janusz Korczak, director of an orphanage in the Warsaw ghetto, however, refused to abandon the children under his care when they were selected for deportation. He accompanied them on the transport to the Treblinka killing center and into the gas chambers, sharing their fate.

Non-Jewish Children

Non-Jewish children from certain targeted groups were not spared. Examples include

Romani (Gypsy) children killed in Auschwitz

5,000-7,000 German children, the vast majority of them non-Jews, killed as victims of the Euthanasia Program

Children murdered in reprisals, as in the destruction of the Czech town of Lidice; and

Children shot as civilians in the German-occupied Soviet Union together with their parents.

In Concentration and Transit Camps

The German authorities also incarcerated a number of children in concentration camps and transit camps. SS physicians and medical researchers used a number of children, including twins, in concentration camps and killing centers like Auschwitz for medical experiments which often resulted in the deaths of the children. Concentration camp authorities deployed adolescents, particularly Jewish adolescents, at forced labor in the concentration camps, where many died because of conditions.

The German authorities held other children under appalling conditions in transit camps and concentration camps. They also interned non-Jewish orphaned children whose parents the German military and police units had killed in so-called anti-partisan operations. Some of these orphans were held temporarily in the Lublin/Majdanek concentration camp and other detention camps.

In Occupied Poland and the Occupied Soviet Union

In their "search to retrieve 'Aryan blood'" in German-occupied areas, SS race experts ordered hundreds of children in occupied Poland to be kidnapped and transferred to the Reich. The children were to be adopted by racially suitable German families. Although the basis for these decisions was allegedly "race-scientific," often blond hair, blue eyes, or fair skin was sufficient to merit the "opportunity" to be "Germanized."

Resistance and Rescue

I was very lucky, and now and then I would bring a slice of bread, I would bring a carrot, or a potato, or an egg, and these were very, very great achievements. My mother made me promise that I wouldn't do it anymore, but I disobeyed.
-Charlene Schiff

In spite of their acute vulnerability, some children discovered ways to survive. Because of their small size, children could smuggle needed food, medicines, and supplies from the outside into ghettos in German-occupied eastern Europe. Children in youth movements later participated in underground resistance activities. Many children escaped with parents or other relatives-and sometimes on their own-to family camps run by Jewish partisans.

Kindertransport (Children's Transport) was the informal name of a rescue effort between 1938 and 1940 which brought thousands of refugee Jewish children (without their parents) to safety in Great Britain from Nazi Germany and German-occupied territories.

Some non-Jews hid Jewish children and, as in the case of Anne Frank, entire families as well. In France, almost the entire Protestant population of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, as well as many Catholic priests, nuns, and lay Catholics, hid Jewish children in the town from 1942 to 1944. In Italy and Belgium, many children survived in hiding.

After the War

After the surrender of Nazi Germany, ending World War II, refugees and displaced persons searched throughout Europe for missing children. Thousands of orphaned children and juveniles found themselves in displaced persons (DP) camps. Many surviving Jewish children fled eastern Europe with or without their families as part of the mass exodus ( Brihah) to the western zones of occupied Germany, en route to the Yishuv (the Jewish settlement in Palestine). Through Youth Aliyah (Youth Immigration), thousands migrated to the Yishuv, and then to the state of Israel after its establishment in 1948.

Last Edited: Aug 10, 2021

Author(s): United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC

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Children were especially vulnerable to Nazi persecution. Learn more about the fates of Jewish and non-Jewish children.

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How many children survived the holocaust?
During the holocaust there was a good amount of children there. on some of them had survived by either escaping or they ended up dyeing. the children would end up dyeing from being gassed, exhaustion, or disease. there were about 1.5 million Jewish children that were killed by the SS and there accomplices. there were also thousands of Jewish children that survived.

paraphrase  #3

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Children - The Holocaust

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The SS and their accomplices murdered approximately 1.5 million Jewish children, thousands of Roma (Gypsy) children, German children who had mental or physical disabilities and Polish children.

The fate of Jewish and non-Jewish children fell into the following categories:

(i) killed immediately upon arrival at the death camps - toddlers to 12 years old;
(ii) killed immediately after birth - babies in camps, particularly in Ravensbrück (the women's camp) and in the women's camp within Auschwitz-Birkenau;
(iii) selected for forced labour or for medical experiments - adolescents aged 12 to 18;
(iv) hidden by prisoners in concentration camps or by non-Jews in Nazi-occupied territories;
(v) escapees from ghettos who joined partisan groups in the forests of eastern Poland or became members of Polish or Jewish underground organisations; and
(vi) massacred in reprisals such as at Lidice in Czechoslovakia and Oradour-sur-Glane in France.

In spite of the constant Aktions (seizing of Jews for forced labour or deportation) that established an ongoing pattern of murder and devastation in German-established ghettos, children displayed a remarkable ability to adapt. They read, attended underground schools, had music lessons and participated in cultural events - recitals, puppet shows and plays, often performing in their own productions. Every effort was made by their parents to maintain a semblance of their pre-war lives.

However, children were the most vulnerable, the most likely to perish from hunger, disease, poverty and inadequate shelter. They perished by the hundreds of thousands even before deportations to the gas chambers began in 1942. The German authorities were indifferent to their plight as they regarded them as unproductive and therefore "useless eaters". Children under 12 were too young to be assigned to forced labour and hence they were the first group to be selected, along with the sick, the frail and the elderly for the gas chambers. Jewish councils ( Judenräte) at times selected children as the first group for transportation. The head of the Judenrat in Lodz, Chaim Rumkowski, was faced with such "choiceless choices". Janusz Korczak (pen name of Henryk Goldszmit), director of the orphanage in the Warsaw Ghetto, refused to be separated from the children in his care, however, and when they were selected for deportation he insisted on staying with them on the transport to the Treblinka extermination camp and into the gas chambers, sharing their fate.

On arrival at the death camps, the majority of children (usually under the age of 12) were sent directly to the gas chambers. Although Jewish adolescents (aged 13-18) were often not gassed immediately, but selected for forced labour, their long-term survival was rare, as most died from exhaustion and disease.

Non-Jewish children from particular groups were also targeted. Roma (Gypsy) children were murdered at Auschwitz II; thousands of German children were killed in euthanasia operations; and at times, as in Lidice and Oradour-sur-Glane, children were murdered in reprisals. Children who were imprisoned in concentration camps were used by SS physicians and medical researchers in medical experiments that often resulted in deformities and death. Twins in particular were chosen for such experiments.

In the SS initiative to "reclaim Aryan blood", hundreds of children in occupied Poland and in the occupied areas of the former Soviet Union were kidnapped and sent to Germany to be adopted by "racially-superior" German families. The Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing squads) shot thousands of children in front of mass graves in German-occupied Poland and in the occupied territories of the former Soviet Union.

Despite these measures, many children found ways to survive. In the ghettos they were extensively involved in smuggling operations, even though this was punishable by death. The lives of many people were either prolonged or saved due to the bravery of ghetto children. Many children, especially, teenagers, were active in underground resistance initiatives. Some helped to distribute underground publications, others served as couriers transmitting illegal documents and maintaining communication channels between ghettos. While the leaders of the Jewish underground combat units tended to be young adults, the rank and file was often made up of adolescents. At times, children were smuggled out of ghettos by female couriers of the underground youth movements and hidden on the Polish side by non-Jews. Many escaped with parents or relatives to the forests and joined Jewish partisan units or family camps.

Between 1938 and 1940, the Kindertransport (Children's Transport) rescue missions brought about 10,000 refugee Jewish children to Great Britain from Nazi Germany and German-occupied territories. Anne Frank and many other Jewish children were hidden by non-Jews or in monasteries by Catholic priests and nuns. From 1942 to1944, almost the entire Protestant population of the French village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon provided refuge for Jewish children.

In the aftermath of World War II, survivors and displaced persons (DPs) searched Europe for missing children and family members. Thousands of orphaned children found themselves in displaced persons' camps. Eventually, some made their way to Jewish communities in then-Palestine and many more migrated to Israel after its establishment in 1948.
Recommended Reading
Dwork, D. (1991). Children With A Star. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Eisenberg, A. (1982). The Lost Generation: Children and the Holocaust. New York: Pilgrim.
Fast, V. K. (2011). Children's Exodus: A Short History of the Kindertransport. London: I. B. Tauris.
Heberer, P. (2000). Children During the Holocaust: Documenting Life and Destruction. Maryland: Alta Mira Press.
Lukas, R. C. (2001). Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children 1939-1945. New York: Hippocrene Books.
Marks, J. (1993). The Hidden Children: The Survivors of the Holocaust. New York: Fawcett.
Nieuwsma, M. J. (1998). Kinderlager: An Oral History of Young Holocaust Survivors. New York: Holiday House.
Pettit, J. (1995). A Time to Fight Back: True Stories of Children's Resistance During World War II. London: Macmillan.
Slonim, E. (2014). Gazing At The Stars: Memories of a Child Survivor. Victoria: Black Inc.
Sonnert, G. & Holton, G. (2006). What Happened to the Children Who Fled Nazi Persecution? Palgrave: Macmillan.
Zahra, T. (2011). The Lost Children: Reconstructing Europe's Families After WWII. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Ziemian, J. (2005). The Cigarette Sellers of Three Crosses Square. Middlesex: Vallentine Mitchell.

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The SS and their accomplices murdered approximately 1.5 million Jewish children, thousands of Roma (Gypsy) children, German children who had mental or physical disabilities and Polish children.

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Facts about the Holocaust
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see format

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The dreadful history of children in concentration camps
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Children and family have been central to the institution of the concentration camp from its beginnings 120 years ago. Wikipedia has now added the notorious American border detention centres to its list of concentration camps, and the # FamiliesBelongTogether Twitter hashtag has brought up frequent comparisons.

The merits of the comparison between detention centres and concentration camps have been debated elsewhere, but can we learn anything from this dreadful history of children behind barbed wire, even as the Trump administration finally moved to end the practice?

The British constructed camps during the 1899-1902 South African War in order to divide families. They hoped that Boer men who were fighting British forces would give up once they discovered that their wives and children were held in camps.

Similar to the Trump administration's apparent hope that the breakup of families would deter unwanted migration, the British sought to deter Boer fighters. British parliamentarians critical of the policy labelled these "concentration camps," alluding to the Spanish policy of the "reconcentration" of civilians during the Spanish-American War (1898).

Conditions in the British-run camps were horrific, particularly for children, with mortality rates upwards of 25 per cent. An epidemic of measles accounted for roughly 40 per cent of childhood deaths in these camps, and other diseases such as typhus and dysentery were also devastating.

Families broken up in former Soviet Union

The Soviet Union's system of camps that reached their peak during Joseph Stalin's rule from the 1930s to the 1950s also reveals the destruction of families. While mass arrests broke up the family, and children of "enemies of the people" were separated from their parents, there were also many children in the Gulag itself.

Prison camps developed an infrastructure that, on the surface, supported pregnancy and childbirth. There were maternity wards in some camp clinics, as well as nurseries, and pregnant women and nursing mothers officially received increased rations.

In practice, the system was regularly a nightmare. Children born in the camps were separated from their mothers, who only managed to see them at set times for nursing.

Hava Volovich, whose own daughter died in the camps, remembers that hundreds of camp children died each year, meaning that there were " plenty of empty beds in the infants' shelter even though the birth rate in the camps was relatively high."

At the age of two, many of the surviving children were sent either to orphanages or to relatives - a forced redistribution of children away from their parents, who, as Gulag prisoners, were at best stigmatized, and at worst seen as a major threat to Soviet society.

The Gulag also held camps for young offenders, where teenagers worked as forced labourers and faced horrific living conditions.

Nazis crushed families

Nazi policy included both large-scale deportations and large-scale importations of population groups, with major implications for families.

The Nazis removed citizenship from German Jews then, during the Second World War, sent most Jews, from Germany and elsewhere, to camps outside the borders of pre-war Germany. Yet, as the war progressed, Germany brought in huge numbers of forced labourers from all over Europe (U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions' claim that German-run camps were designed to keep Jews in, rather than out, is unfounded).

Nazi family policy was a pivotal part of the concentration camp. Once the death camps were operational, the Nazis crushed the family unit among undesirable populations, focusing on Jews.

The selection process at Auschwitz could result in the temporary survival of one or both parents, if they were physically fit (or just lucky), but children were usually sent directly to their deaths.

Jewish writer Elie Wiesel lost his mother and sister right away, and only survived selection because he lied about his age, claiming he was 18 and not 15, his actual age.

The unimaginable cruelty of many practices -the smashing of babies' heads against walls, the medical experimentation, particularly on twins -reveals an extreme dehumanization.

Even at the show camp of Terezin, which included a family camp, only 150 of the roughly 15,000 children sent there survived.

High mortality rates

What do these historical cases have in common? All involved the separation, either immediate or eventual, of children from one or both parents, and all involved horrific conditions and extremely high mortality rates for the children.

In all cases, the dehumanization of the unwanted population was a key starting point. As historian Aidan Forth writes of the South African case, Gen. Herbert Kitchener referred to the Boers as "savages with only a thin white veneer," and British officials often described the Afrikaners as "dirty, careless, [and lazy.]"

Former Gulag prisoners frequently reported that guards and officials referred to them as animals or as "scum." As one former prisoner wrote, quoting a camp boss: "A person? ... There aren't any here! Here are enemies of the people, traitors of the motherland, bandits, crooks. The dregs of humanity, scum, riff raff, that's who is here!"

The dehumanization of the Nazi camps is well known, as Nazi propaganda frequently likened the Jews to vermin or to an infectious disease, making Trump's tweet about asylum seekers particularly chilling:

Another commonality can be found in the experiences of the victims.

Read more: Why long-term separation from parents harms kids

In all cases, children separated from parents could not have known if they would ever see their parents again, or under what circumstances. The children of the camps had to rely, for the most part, on other children, for any support or security. Often, the separation was permanent.

These comparisons only take us so far, however. Some commentators have looked not at European powers, but to a long North American history - including slavery and residential schools - of separating non-white children from their parents.

If there is any optimism to be found in the historical examples of children in concentration camps, perhaps the history of public reactions can provide some hope.

In South Africa, reports by Emily Hobhouse and then the Fawcett Commission, particularly on starving children, galvanized public pressure to force the British government to improve conditions at the camps.

Outcry helped end practice

In contrast, in Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia, there could be neither public nor parliamentary discussion of inhumane internment conditions.

Bu today, some U.S. reporters and lawmakers have visited the American detention centres, and non-governmental organizations such as Amnesty International and even the Methodist Church, as well as many elected officials, maligned the policy.

The public discussion, and the public outcry against the separation of children from their parents that eventually caused U.S. President Donald Trump to cave and end the policy, perhaps makes the American case more similar to that of South Africa than either the Nazi or Soviet camps.

This similarity, however, depends on the actions now of the Trump administration, which for several weeks before its reversal included denial, deflecting blame and even justification.

But with reports of children being torn away from their mothers' arms while breastfeeding, the more notorious concentration camps of the 20th century must serve as a stark reminder that the act of dehumanization is a slippery slope towards violence and further atrocities.

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The dreadful history of children in concentration camps

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The more notorious concentration camps of the 20th century must serve as a stark reminder of the depravity of tearing children away from their parents and putting them in camps.

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What happened to the children in the Holocaust?

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What happened to the children in the Holocaust?

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"The Nazis didn't single out children specifically because they were children, but because of their alleged membership in dangerous racial, biological, or political groups."
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 What did the children in the Holocaust have to do?

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 What did the children in the Holocaust have to do?

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When the children were sent to the concentration camps they would sometimes make them dig their own graves.

Summary#1

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How did the children feel during the Holocaust?

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How did the children feel during the Holocaust?

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I think the children would have been scared, sad, and heartbroken.

Summary #3

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work at the concentration camps was hard and tiring. the kids would work for long time periods and would be exhausted. when you arrived at the camps if you were a toddler to a 12 year old you were killed immediately. If you were a adolescent 12 to 18 year old, you were selected for forced labor or for medical experiments.

Paraphrase #1

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what did the children have to do at the camps?

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what did the children have to do at the camps?

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at the concentration camps the children would have to spend a lot of time working. the children would have to either be used as a medical experiment or they would be forced into labor and would have to work. when they would first be at the death camps most of the children usually the ones under 12 were sent directly to the gas chambers. Although Jewish adolescents that were the ages from 13-18 were often not gassed right away but they were forced into labor. most of the children wouldn't end up making it and most of them died from exhaustion and disease.

Paraphrase #2

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"Children were especially vulnerable in the era of the Holocaust."

Quote #1

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"children, usually over age 12, who were used as forced laborers and as subjects of medical experiments"

Quote #3

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"Jacqueline father exchanged anything of value for food, Including the family's radio and Jacqueline's doll clothes."

Quote #4

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during the holocaust the SS would manly go for certain people. the SS would more so go for Jews that were taken to the ghettos then to the concentration camps. I don't completely understand why the SS went for he Jews more but they did.

paraphrase #4

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While at the concentration camps they were expected to do what they were told. If the children weren't gassed then they would have to do labor work and couldn't stop till they were told to. The children did a lot of different jobs, some of them were working on

Summary #5

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How many children survived the holocaust?

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How many children survived the holocaust?

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During the holocaust there was a good amount of children there. on some of them had survived by either escaping or they ended up dyeing. the children would end up dyeing from being gassed, exhaustion, or disease. there were about 1.5 million Jewish children that were killed by the SS and there accomplices. there were also thousands of Jewish children that survived.

paraphrase  #3

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How many children survived the holocaust?

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How many children survived the holocaust?

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During the holocaust there was a good amount of children there. on some of them had survived by either escaping or they ended up dyeing. the children would end up dyeing from being gassed, exhaustion, or disease. there were about 1.5 million Jewish children that were killed by the SS and there accomplices. there were also thousands of Jewish children that survived.

paraphrase  #3

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20 plus 4 source cards

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topic outline UPLOAD FROM YOUR DESKTOP-categories/research)

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topic outline UPLOAD FROM YOUR DESKTOP-categories/research)

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ROUGH DRAFT 3-5 PAGES, ON CHILDREN OF THE HOLOCAUST - UPLOAD TO RESEARCH PAPER COLUMN

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ROUGH DRAFT 3-5 PAGES, ON CHILDREN OF THE HOLOCAUST - UPLOAD TO RESEARCH PAPER COLUMN

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UPLOAD TOPIC OUTLINE ON CHILDREN OF THE HOLOCAUST 

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UPLOAD TOPIC OUTLINE ON CHILDREN OF THE HOLOCAUST 

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She wrote a movie about her family's life story severing in the France during the Nazi occupation. She is married to her American husband Richard and they had two kids. Jacqueline lived from 4-23-1935 to10-20-2019

Summary# 2

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l. Introduction to the children in the holocaust
A.  The amount of children
B.  where they are all located
1. Medical and Jobs
2. Important details
ll. What they had to do at the camps
A. health while working as child labor
B. rules they had to follow
1. expectations they were expected to have
lll. Reasoning for child labor
A. how many illnesses
B. the death rate
1. what was the cause of their deaths
2. the killing process
Llll. Survivors of the holocaust
A. how many children survived
B. what were their stories on what happened to them
1.  what was their daily life
2. what were their feelings throughout the holocaust
Final paragraph