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North African tribe

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The last autonomous Islamic state in Islamic Spain

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- The founder of the Nasrid dynasty, who started the construction of the Alhambra Palace over the site of an old fort strategically situated atop the city of Granada.
- Muhammad I had even
cooperated in Fernando III’s conquests in exchange for guarantees to preserve Granada as the one pillar left in the crumbling building of Spanish Islam.
- Muhammad I’s negotiations had led to the surrender in 1246 of the city of Jaén to Castile in exchange for a 20-year truce

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A peninsula in the southwest corner of Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia. It is principally divided between Spain and Portugal.comprising most of their territory, as well as a small area of Southern France, Andorra and the British overseas territory of Gibraltar.

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Compulsory converts to Christianity who practiced Islam as crypto-Muslims in marginalized communities under the scrutiny of the Inquisition

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Malak El-Farra - G00087712
Hassan Abdallah- B00079912
Ali Al-saqqaf - B00090297
Fatima Alraesi - G00083746
Mohammed Abdulaal - B00089523

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known as Boabdil (a Spanish interpretation of the name Abu Abdullah), was the twenty-second and last Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada in al-Andalus.

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Muslim subjects of newly created Christian states who continued the practice of Islam under various levels of restrictions and protections granted by their new Christian monarchs

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The kingdom of Castile defeated the kingdom of Grenada, the last autonomous Islamic state, in 1492

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North African tribe that aided The southern section of Iberia which was divided into numerous independent Muslim kingdoms which were often fighting against one another because they were an Islamic Berber dynasty that established an empire in Morocco and eventually took it over a wide region of Northwest Africa including modern Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, and part of Algeria

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Granada is a city in southern Spain’s Andalusia region, in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains. The long-time capital of Moorish Andalusia.

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Without real political or military power, Muhammad V of Granada (1354-1391) maintained a long period of relative peace by
means of evolving diplomatic maneuvers in support of the most
advantageous Christian candidate

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A large autonomous region of hills, rivers and farmland bordering Spain’s southern coast. It was under Moorish rule from the 8th-15th centuries, a legacy that shows in its architecture. The territory is divided into eight provinces: Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga and Seville, including such landmarks as the Alcázar castle in Seville, the capital city, as well as Córdoba’s Mezquita Mosque-Cathedral and Granada’s Alhambra palace.

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The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition, commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition, was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. Was used to Tribunal under the election of the Spanish monarchy, for upholding religious orthodoxy in their realm.

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The rebellion of the Alpujarras of 1568–71, sometimes called the War of the Alpujarras or the Morisco Revolt, was the second such revolt against the Castilian Crown in the mountainous Alpujarra region.
The Alpujarras revolt became a convenient pretext used immediately by the Catholic monarchs to revoke the initial terms of the Capitulations of Granada with new restrictive dispensations that very soon would alter the lives of Mudejar subjects in all other regions and eventually served to eliminate Islam from the Iberian peninsula.

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The last Muslim dynasty in the Iberian Peninsula, ruling the Emirate of Granada from 1230 until 1492. The Nasrid dynasty rose to power after the defeat of the Almohad Caliphate in 1212 at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa.

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“Mudejar” stems from the Arabic triconsonantal root d-j-n, which at

the basic semantic level denotes to remain, to stay, to get used to something, to be become habituated or accustomed.

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Malak El-Farra - G00087712
Hassan Abdallah - B00079912
Ali Al-saqqaf - B00090297
Fatima Alraesi - G00083746
Mohammed Abdulaal -b00089523

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Valencia had become, under Almoravid and Almohad rule, an important Muslim capital

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Yusuf I and his son Muhammad V
were responsible for the construction of the magnificent Alhambra Palace.

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The eastern portion of Islamic Spain, which once
comprised most of the Mediterranean coastal lands, the Balearic Islands,
and several neighboring interior regions, had by the close of the twelfth century been pushed south of Tortosa after Alfonso I took Zaragoza in 1118 and created the kingdom of Aragon.

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Its thriving economy and cultural Islamic life, had made it an ideal destination for many Spanish Muslims who needed to relocate as one land after another fell to Christian control

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It became a welcoming region for North African Muslim migrants and
merchants, who encountered no problems of adaptation in a city whose large population had maintained Arabic as the main language of interaction in daily life

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Its flourishing economy, based on innovative agricultural practices and its profitable strategic position, also made it an attractive objective in the plans of expansion of Jaime I the Conqueror, new king of Aragon.

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- The historian, poet, philosopher, physician, and several times vizier of the court of Muhammad V
- the last important scholar and scientist in the history of al-Andalus

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The Nasrid dynasty, although plagued by numerous and violent internal feuds, ruled with competent diplomatic leaders until the early fifteenth century and developed its thriving economy in a Muslim society graced with rich artistic and intellectual life

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They were forced to live in segregated suburbs away from Christian communities , often outside of the city

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The penalty to pay for a crime against a Muslim was much lower than in the case of a Christian victim

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The Mudejars were often coerced to the preaching of Christian clerics and to share in various Christian obligations

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They were forced to pay burdensome taxes to both the king and the individual nobles whom they worked for

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In the fifteenth century, several factors had also contributed to Granada’s decline

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-  The Christian kingdoms of the peninsula finally managed to solve their mutual and internal conflicts and were free to focus on the Muslim kingdom
-  the 1469 marriage of Isabel of Castile and Fernando of Aragon  with the subsequent union of their kingdoms
-  Granada itself, with the end of Marinid hegemony in North Africa, had lost its single source of military support.
-  the tribute paid to Castile had risen to three times beyond the sum paid by Christian territories, which resulted in widespread internal discontent among its Muslim inhabitants. As a consequence, numerous rival factions contended over opposing ways to deal with Castile until king Mulay-Hasan decided in 1481 to stop paying the city’s tribute to Castile. Castile responded by taking the city of Antequera and followed with an attack on Granada proper in 1482.

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After the imprisonment and brutal punishment of numerous Muslims, their leaders were forced to hand over more than 5,000 religious Arabic texts, which were publicly destroyed in a bonfire at the Plaza de Bibarrambla.

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Mudéjar was originally the term used for Moors or Muslims of Al-Andalus who remained in Iberia after the Christian Reconquista but were not initially forcibly converted to Christianity or exiled. The word Mudéjar references several historical interpretations and cultural borrowings

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The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Arab history as the Battle of Al-Uqab (Arabic: معركة العقاب‎), took place on 16 July 1212 and was an important turning point in the Reconquista and in the medieval history of Spain.[7] The Christian forces of King Alfonso VIII of Castile were joined by the armies of his rivals,

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In 1195, Alfonso VIII of Castile was defeated by the Almohads in the Disaster of Alarcos. After this victory the Almohads took several important cities: Trujillo, Plasencia, Talavera, Cuenca, and Uclés. Then, in 1211, Muhammad al-Nasir crossed the Strait of Gibraltar with a powerful army, invaded Christian territory, and captured Salvatierra Castle, the stronghold of the knights of the Order of Calatrava. The threat to the Hispanic Christian kingdoms was so great that Pope Innocent III called Christian knights to a crusade.

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Philip II was King of Spain, King of Portugal, King of Naples and Sicily, and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland. He was also Duke of Milan. From 1555 he was also lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands.

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was a personage of high society in Christian Granada after the conquest and one of the leaders of the Moorish community in the old kingdom. It is known above all for its Memorial in defense of the Moorish identity signs.

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(also known by his arabic name Bani Umayya) was an Andalusian leader who commanded the Morisco Revolt against Philip II of Spain in the Alpujarras region, near Granada.

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was an illegitimate son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. He became a military leader in the service of his half-brother, King Philip II of Spain, and is best known for his role as the admiral of the Holy Alliance fleet at the Battle of Lepanto.

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Philip II’s new Royal Decree of 1567 curtailed their freedoms further with a clear intention to wipe out the last traces of crypto-Islamic practices.

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1572 after the war in Granada.17 Some of those ‘granadinos’, such as the group who joined the large and thriving Islamic community of the town of Hornachos, which was entirely inhabited by Moriscos, eventually arranged an exceptional mass departure to North Africa

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Philip II, now king of the entire Iberian Peninsula, initiated new discussions about the “Morisco problem” in 1581

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Malak El-Farra - G00087712
Hassan Abdallah- B00079912
Ali Al-saqqaf - B00090297
Fatima Alraesi - G00083746
Mohammed Abdulaal -b00089523

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the number of Inquisitorial trials against the Morisco population, which had reached its highest points in Granada after the 1568 revolt with 82.1% of cases against them, spiraled throughout the peninsula during the last two decades of the sixteenth century.

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Malak El-Farra - G00087712
Hassan Abdallah- B00079912
Ali Al-saqqaf - B00090297
Fatima Alraesi - G00083746
Mohammed Abdulaal -b00089523

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Philip III was King of Spain. He was also, as Philip II, King of Portugal, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia and Duke of Milan from 1598 until his death in 1621.

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was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625.

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The political crime of lesae maiestatis, or treason, was finally chosen by the Spanish crown as the legal justification behind the upcoming edict of expulsion. Due to their refusal to renounce Muslim rituals were presented as a dangerous and unacceptable behavior

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It is calculated that more than 120,000 Moriscos (one-third of the population) departed from Valencian harbors, leaving behind about 3,000 children.