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1844- Ether: Interrupting the Standard of Anesthesia 

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1844- Ether: Interrupting the Standard of Anesthesia 

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Crawford Long, a physician in Jefferson Georgia, discovered an anesthetic to compete with nitrous oxide. Ether was traditionally used during ether frolics for a more recreational use. Long himself experienced the influence of ether once, during this time he injured himself and it did not hurt. This is when he thought that it would work to numb the body.

Dr. Long's work was important because with the knowledge he had, he then decided to excise a tumor from the neck of one of his friends. This was the first documented case of ether used in surgery.

Below is a picture of a bottle of ether that says it is used for anesthesia.
Source:
1.Thomas, R. K. (n.d.). Crawford W. Long's Discovery of Anesthetic Ether: Mesmerism, Delayed Publication, and the Historical Record [Abstract]. Retrieved April 5, 2021, from https://psyc.franklin.uga.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/LongEther16March2016.pdf
2.https://www.woodlibrarymuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/museum-items/Ether%202_sml.jpg

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Paracetamol was synthesized before its time. In 1878 Professor Harmon Northrop Morse, a chemist at Johns Hopkins University, invented paracetamol. This is the second type of aspirin to be invented by this time. But, paracetamol was so special because it did not cause cancer or damage the kidneys, which the other aspirin did.

Professor Morse's innovation was quite crucial to science at this time because years later in 1946, the New York City Department of Health recommended people take this medication. Paracetamol was know as the most effective remedy for the flu, and the most safe. It was most effective because paracetamol is known to make pain signals less intense. It is now used for overall pain management across the world.

Below is a headshot of Professor Morse.
Source:
1.Prof. Harmon Northrop Morse An Inventor Of Paracetamol.                 (2020, July 22). WritingBros. Retrieved April 5,  2021, from https://writingbros.com/essay-examples/prof-harmon-northrop-morse-an-inventor-of-paracetamol/
2.https://images.findagrave.com/photos250/photos/2016/268/127611538_1474819609.jpg

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This is the first time that the term heroin was used to describe this medication. The pharmaceutical company Bayer marketed heroin as a pain and cough suppressant. They also claimed that it was non-addictive. They marketed heroin all over the United States.

The invention of heroin is important because of the domino affect it, and other opioids, caused. Heroin being used helped us now to realize what medications are addictive and which are not. Now throughout the U.S. there are many citizens illegally using heroin and becoming addicted. Heroin being put onto the pharmaceutical market started the current crisis in the U.S. with opioids and addiction.

Below is a flyer that was advertising heroin as a cough suppressant.
Sources
1.Pickering, D. (2020, November 06). Heroin's backstory: From opium fields to an opioid epidemic. Retrieved April 04, 2021, from https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/heroin-addiction/heroin-facts-history/
2.https://pbs.twimg.com/media/D2EccS_UwAEssnP.jpg

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August Karl Gustav was a surgeon who studied using anesthesia in the spinal cord. He worked at the University of Kiel in Germany at this time.

In his study, he used a cocaine solution in the spinal column in one of his patients that needed an amputation, he was able to perform the surgery with this patient awake the whole time. He then began to experiment on more patients and have more success. One thing that was reoccurring was side effects of vomiting and severe headache.

These spinal blocks are important today because they have lead us to numbing techniques used in modern surgery today. Also, during this time, this technique was used on patients getting cesarian sections, which is now known as an epidural.

Below is a picture of August Gustav himself.
Source:
1.Erjavic, Nicole, "August Karl Gustav Bier (1861–1949)". Embryo Project Encyclopedia (2017-11-15). ISSN: 1940-5030 http://embryo.asu.edu/handle/10776/13012.
2.https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/August_Bier.jpg/220px-August_Bier.jpg

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1949-Lithium: A Treatment for Bipolar Disorder

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1949-Lithium: A Treatment for Bipolar Disorder

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In Australia a man by the name of John Cade discovered that lithium was an effective treatment for bipolar disorder.

He was in Bundoora Repatriation Hospital, which at the time treated veterans. He had some patients that have been mentally sick for a long time. He experimentally gave 10 of his patients lithium citrate and lithium carbonate, and he found that many of them responded really well.

His discovery was important for those with bipolar disorder, but also important to science as a whole because of his successful use of the scientific method. At this time many scientists were grateful for his work and mind.

Included is a photo from this time period of a poster for lithium water. On top of bipolar disorder, lithium was known to treat gout and other diseases.
Source:
1.Shorter, E. (2009, June). The history of lithium therapy. Retrieved April 03, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3712976/
2.https://psycheducation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/lithiasprings2.jpg

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2021- The FDA approves 15 New Medications

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2021- The FDA approves 15 New Medications

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All of the medications mentioned in this museum do not completely correlate with each other, so this contemporary entry emphasizes the fact that medicine has advanced so much throughout the years. All of these 19th century medications have influenced medications used today.

Innovation is evident throughout the years because of the uses of the medications that have been approved this year. Some of the diseases include HIV, lung cancer, multiple sclerosis, and muscular dystrophy to name a few. This just comes to show how medicine can be used for so many advanced diseases and disorders.

Below linked is a press release for the medication that was approved to treat HIV.
Source:
1.Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. (2021, April 5). Novel drug approvals for 2021. Retrieved April 06, 2021, from https://www.fda.gov/drugs/new-drugs-fda-cders-new-molecular-entities-and-new-therapeutic-biological-products/novel-drug-approvals-2021
2.https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-extended-release-injectable-drug-regimen-adults-living-hiv

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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Cabenuva (cabotegravir and rilpivirine, injectable formulation) as a complete regimen for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in adults to replace a current antiretroviral regimen in those who are virologically suppressed on a stable antiretroviral regimen with no history of treatment failure and with no known or suspected resistance to either cabotegravir or rilpivirine. This is the first FDA-approved injectable, complete regimen for HIV-infected adults that is administered once a month.

The FDA also approved Vocabria (cabotegravir, tablet formulation), which should be taken in combination with oral rilpivirine (Edurant) for one month prior to starting treatment with Cabenuva to ensure the medications are well-tolerated before switching to the extended-release injectable formulation.

"Currently, the standard of care for patients with HIV includes patients taking daily pills to adequately manage their condition. This approval will allow some patients the option of receiving once-monthly injections in lieu of a daily oral treatment regimen," said John Farley, M.D., M.P.H., director of the Office of Infectious Diseases in the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. "Having this treatment available for some patients provides an alternative for managing this chronic condition."

The safety and efficacy of Cabenuva were established through two randomized, open-label, controlled clinical trials in 1,182 HIV-infected adults who were virologically suppressed (HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies/milliliter) before initiation of treatment with Cabenuva. Patients in both trials continued to show virologic suppression at the conclusion of each study, and no clinically relevant change from baseline in CD4+ cell counts was observed.

The most common adverse reactions with Cabenuva were injection site reactions, fever (pyrexia), fatigue, headache, musculoskeletal pain, nausea, sleep disorders, dizziness and rash. Cabenuva should not be used if there is a known previous hypersensitivity reaction to cabotegravir or rilpivirine, or in patients who are not virally suppressed (HIV-1 RNA greater than 50 copies/milliliter).

Cabenuva and Vocabria were granted Fast Track and Priority Review designation by the FDA.

The FDA granted the approval of Cabenuva and Vocabria to ViiV Healthcare.

The FDA, an agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, protects the public health by assuring the safety, effectiveness, and security of human and veterinary drugs, vaccines and other biological products for human use, and medical devices. The agency also is responsible for the safety and security of our nation's food supply, cosmetics, dietary supplements, products that give off electronic radiation, and for regulating tobacco products.

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FDA Approves First Extended-Release, Injectable Drug Regimen for Adults Living with HIV

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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Cabenuva (cabotegravir and rilpivirine, injectable formulation) as a complete regimen for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in adults to replace a current antiretroviral regimen in those who are virologically suppressed on a stable antiretroviral regimen with no history of treatment failure and with no known or suspected resistance to either cabotegravir or rilpivirine.

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Hippocrates lived from 460 B.C. to 370 B.C. He lived in Greece at this time and was a physician.

Hippocrates would be the best docent because he is known as the "father of medicine". I think that during the time that he did research is comparable, still to this day. He discovered so many treatments for diseases and pioneered scientific findings.

His purpose in medicine encompasses what this museums main idea is. The idea of change and the past influencing the present.

Below is a photo of Hippocrates himself.
Source:
1.A;, G. (2008, April 11). Useful known and Unknown views of the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates and his teacher Democritus. Retrieved April 06, 2021, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18392218/
2.https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hippocrates.jpg/220px-Hippocrates.jpg