# data[].attributes.body
REID, JOHN. "Getting Started in Drones." Model Airplane News, Jan. 2017, p. 44. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=119127398.

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Foster, Tom. "10 Ways Drones Are Changing Your World." Consumer Reports, vol. 82, no. 1, Jan. 2017, p. 44. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=119353301.

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C. December 20, 2013
R. My topic is about this
A. Christopher Harres
P. General Public
Harress, Christopher. "14 Ways Drones Will Change The World." International Business Times. N.p., 05 Dec. 2015. Web. 14 Mar. 2017.

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Military drones, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have been heavily criticized in the media for their use in recent conflicts, but now there are an increasing number of reports about peaceful, commercial uses of drones. Today, the worldwide drone market is worth approximately $89 billion, and the pilotless aircraft are being deployed for a whole range of new uses. In fact, the market for drones would be much bigger if commercial drones weren't illegal in the United States, although the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is expected to change the rules in 2015 to allow drones to be integrated into U.S. airspace.

Here are 14 commercial uses for drones.

1. Search and Rescue: As early as 2006, the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department began experimenting with a drone called SkySeer, a search-and-rescue drone that can be programmed to scan areas inch-by-inch, making it more resilient and thorough than humans. Recently, the Orange County Sheriff's Department bought a drone, and it's awaiting the FDA's permission to use it.

2. Farming: Surveillance drones could be equipped to spray pesticides and analyze a farmer's land from above, which could give farmers valuable information on how to boost their harvests.

3. Privacy and Safety: The Burning Man festival in Nevada sees a large number of amateur UAVs. Many people look at the festival as a good example of how to balance public drone use with privacy and safety concerns.

4. Herding sheep and cattle: Quadcopters could replace dogs as herders, as farmers in England are already turning to drones to monitor their livestock. These drones aid farmers with big farms in finding sick, distressed, injured or escaped animals. Their use could be expanded to large farms in Australia, some as large as Israel, where cattle number in the hundreds of thousands.

5. Forest Fires: A real-time monitoring system in France has been developed by Fly-n-Sense and is being used in the countryside to monitor fire outbreaks and the spread of flames. Lightweight unmanned aircraft are also being designed to help tackle the biggest and most fierce fires.

6. Endangered animals: A recent $70,000 grant to the OI Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya has meant that it can monitor the last four remaining northern white rhinos and help protect them from illegal poachers.

7. Mapping: The X8, a drone developed by 3D Robotics, can map out vast areas of l and using high-resolution videos and photographs. The versatile drone can reach places that humans and large aircraft would not normally be able to go.

8. Delivering Aid: U.S.-based Matternet has developed a fleet of drones capable of delivering life-saving items to rural and underdeveloped areas. The project is looking to expand with help from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

9. Archaeology: Since vandalism at archeological sites like Machu Picchu is a severe problem, archeologists and officials are turning to drones to deter contractors and builders, who have routinely destroyed historical sites around the globe. These drones will also be used to make three-dimensional maps of sites instead of relying on flat maps.

10. Messages and Mail: While initially appearing as a gimmick drone, these Japanese-produced messenger drones have LED lights on the tip of their rotor-blades that display pre-programmed messages when they rotate. These drones could be used to pass messages in dangerous environments. A French-made postal drone called Parrott is also being tested to deliver mail and newspapers.

11. Guides: MIT has developed a guide to help students navigate the maze-like campus. Skycall was developed by an MIT research group called Senseable City Lab.

12. Art: Picture this: a remote controlled stuffed cat. The piece known as Orville was created by Dutch artist Bert Jansen. The art was first displayed in Amsterdam, and Jansen has gone on to create other stuffed-animal drones.

13. Theft: Deutsche Telekom AG (FWB:DTE), a German telecommunications provider, was so fed up with thieves stealing its copper that it hired a company to use a drone to tag the cables with artificial DNA, miniature labels and special paint, making the stolen copper unsalable.

14. Delivery: Amazon.com Inc.'s (NASDAQ:AMZN) drone plans appeared in the media recently, and tests for its delivery service appear to be ramping up. Domino's Pizza Inc. (NYSE:DPZ) has also come up with an incredible way to deliver your pizza.

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Military drones, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have been heavily criticized in the media for their use in recent conflicts, but now there are an increasing number of reports about peaceful, commercial uses of drones. Today, the worldwide drone market is worth approximately $89 billion, and the pilotless aircraft are being deployed for a whole range of new uses.

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C. February 7, 2012
R. My topic is about this
A. John Sifton
P. General Public
Sifton, John. "A Brief History of Drones." The Nation. The Nation, 29 June 2015. Web. 14 Mar. 2017.

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Most Popular

The government's evasion was helped by the fact that Zhawar Kili, the site of the strike, was an infamous mujahedeen complex built with CIA and Saudi support by Jalaluddin Haqqani, the mujahedeen scion allied with the Taliban, then and now. In the 1980s CIA officers and journalists used to visit the base. It was the site of two major battles against Soviet forces in the mid-'80s. President Bill Clinton ordered a strike on the area with Tomahawk cruise missiles in 1998 after the two Africa embassy bombings, and the US military pummeled it with airstrikes beginning in late 2001. For a time the military thought that bin Laden and his Al Qaeda forces might have fled to Zhawar Kili after the battle of Tora Bora (a puzzling hypothesis because the area had already been hit by withering fire and was more exposed than Tora Bora). In January 2002 the military sent several search and demolition units there to gather leftover material with potential intelligence value and to blow up the caves.

By February 2002 the place had been deserted by militants for months. Several journalists headed to Zhawar Kili after the strike and spoke with local leaders and the families of the dead, who confirmed the identities of the men killed: Daraz Khan, the tall man, about 31, from the village of Lalazha, and two others, Jehangir Khan, about 28, and Mir Ahmed, about 30, from the village of Patalan. The New York Times' s John Burns was among those who spoke with the families, saw the men's graves and confirmed their extreme poverty. The men had climbed to the mountainous area to forage for leftover metal from the US airstrikes, bits of shrapnel and bomb tail fins-scavengers could fetch about 50 cents per camel load. Although Daraz Khan was admittedly tall by Afghan standards-5 feet 11 inches-he was six inches shorter than bin Laden.

Reading about the strike later, I felt a slight connection with Daraz Khan. I am also 5 feet 11, and at around the same period I spent time foraging for bomb fragments in remote locations in Afghanistan. As a researcher for Human Rights Watch, working on an assessment of the US air war in the winter and spring of 2002, I had visited locations like Zhawar Kili. With colleagues I had climbed into craters, poked at the twisted tail fins of bombs, and interviewed witnesses and families of the dead. And I was the tallest among my colleagues. Perhaps I could have been mistaken for bin Laden too.

* * *

Air warfare has been with us for a hundred years, since the Italian invasion of Libya in 1911, and the development of drones was in the works from the start. The reason is simple: even with all the advantages offered by air power, humans still needed to strap themselves into the devices and fly them. There were limits to the risks that could be taken. Whatever an airplane was used for, it ultimately had to return to base with its pilot. Not surprisingly, from the start of the development of airplanes for use in war, engineers labored to circumvent this limitation.

During World War I, the Navy hired Elmer Ambrose Sperry, the inventor of the gyroscope, to develop a fleet of "air torpedoes," unmanned Curtis biplanes designed to be launched by catapult and fly over enemy positions. A secret program was run out of a small outfield in central Long Island, New York. A New York Times report from 1926, when the secret was revealed, said that the planes were "automatically guided with a high degree of precision" and after a predetermined distance were supposed to suddenly turn and fly vertically downward, carrying enough TNT to "blow a small town inside out." The program ran out of steam because the war ended in 1918. In reality, according to a Navy history, the planes rarely worked: they typically crashed after takeoff or flew away over the ocean, never to be seen again.

In World War II a different approach was taken: the Navy launched a new program, called Operation Anvil, to target deep German bunkers using refitted B-24 bombers filled to double capacity with explosives and guided by remote control devices to crash at selected targets in Germany and Nazi-controlled France. Remote control technology was still limited-involving crude radio-controlled devices linked to motors-so actual pilots were used for takeoff: they were supposed to guide the plane to a cruising altitude and then parachute to safety in England, after which a "mothership" would guide the plane to its target. In practice, the program was a disaster. Many planes crashed, or worse. John F. Kennedy's older brother, Joseph, was one of the program's first pilots: he was killed in August 1944 when a drone-to-be that he was piloting exploded prematurely over Suffolk, England.

And here lies a small irony in history. The target of that particular mission of Kennedy's was a Nazi site where scientists were working on technology in the same vein, the remote delivery of explosives: the world's first military rocket program. Indeed, German engineers had switched to rocketry, given the difficulties in building full-scale pilotless airplanes. They worked extensively on rockets during the war, and after the war US and Russian governments carried on their work. (In the late 1940s and '50s, hundreds of former German rocket engineers and other Nazi scientists were brought to the United States and granted citizenship in exchange for their help on rocket engineering efforts-some despite clear ties to Holocaust-related atrocities. Stanley Kubrick's character Dr. Strangelove was a caricature of an expatriate Nazi scientist.)

The development of drones stagnated for decades because there was little need for them, thanks to developments in rocketry. By the late 1950s, the US military had developed, in addition to many rockets, a slew of slower but more guidable "cruise missiles"-which, in their own way, were like little airplanes. Cruise missiles maintain airplanelike "lift" on stubby little wings, unlike ballistic missiles, which move through a long curve of flight comprising a launch and rise followed by a guided fall.

Cruise missiles were, in a sense, proto-drones, miniature versions of what the military had attempted as far back as 1917. They could be dispatched and guided in flight; some had cameras; and, in some incarnations, could even change target midflight. But cruise missiles could not linger over a battlefield in the manner of a holding pattern, nor could they return to base. And their weapons delivery was blunt and inflexible; the delivery was the missile itself, its single warhead. So in the 1960s and '70s, Air Force engineers continued to tinker with unmanned aircraft-in particular for use in surveillance flights, which don't engage in complex flight maneuvers and require less sophisticated piloting. Only with major improvements in computing and electronic controlling systems in the 1980s and '90s were modern-day drones made possible. And it wasn't until the late '90s that the Air Force began working on the technical aspects of arming unmanned aircraft with missiles.

The CIA, which had been using the drones for surveillance, became involved with the military effort to arm them after September 11. Although the agency had been authorized to support military operations even before the attacks, the legal parameters governing its involvement in military or paramilitary operations were murky, then as now. There were questions about who was allowed to "pull the trigger" and in what settings. Outright assassinations were illegal under a presidential executive order in the wake of CIA scandals from the Nixon period, and the laws of armed conflict contained complicated provisions on the circumstances in which civilian personnel-CIA officers not in uniform-could use lethal force.

So government attorneys worried back in 2001. Ten years later, the CIA works side by side with the military, launching kinetic strikes from Pakistan to Somalia. Few concerns are raised anymore, except by a handful of academics and activists who worry that the CIA is less accountable than the military for its targetting (and, as we saw in Zhawar Kili, for its mistakes). Still, many people seem to be leery of drones in the abstract-whether they are used in armed conflict or in targeted killings.

* * *

What, in the final analysis, is troubling about the CIA's use of drones? Drones are only one weapon system among many, and the CIA's role, while disturbing, is not the primary cause for alarm. Certainly the legal identity of drone operators, CIA or military, matters little to the victims of a Hellfire strike. So what is it about the drone, really, that draws the attention of victims, insurgent propagandists, lawyers and journalists, more than other forms of kinetic violent force? Why do drones interest us, fascinate us or disturb us?

Perhaps one clue comes from the linguistics. The weapons' names suggest ruthless and inhumane characteristics. The first drone aircraft deployed by the CIA and Air Force after 2001 was the Predator, a rather coarse name even for a weapons system, suggestive that the enemy was not human but merely prey, that military operations were not combat subject to the laws of war but a hunt. (Some of the computer software used by the military and the CIA to calculate expected civilian casualties during airstrikes is known in government circles as Bug Splat.) The Predator's manufacturer, General Atomics, later developed the larger Reaper, a moniker implying that the United States was fate itself, cutting down enemies who were destined to die. That the drones' payloads were called Hellfire missiles, invoking the punishment of the afterlife, added to a sense of righteousness.

But the real issue is the context of how drones kill. The curious characteristic of drones-and the names reinforce this-is that they are used primarily to target individual humans, not places or military forces as such. Yet they simultaneously obscure the human role in perpetrating the violence. Unlike a missile strike, in which a physical or geographic target is chosen beforehand, drones linger, looking precisely for a target-a human target. And yet, at the same time, the perpetrator of the violence is not physically present. Observers are drawn toward thinking that it is the Predator that kills Anwar al-Awlaki, or its Hellfire missiles, not the CIA officers who order the weapons' engagement. On the one hand, we have the most intimate form of violence-the targeted killing of a specific person, which in some contexts is called assassination-while on the other hand, the least intimate of weapons.

This characteristic, the distance between targets and CIA executive officers at Langley, is the defining characteristic of drones. They are the zenith of the technological quest that runs back to the invention of slings and arrows thousands of years ago, efforts of the earliest perpetrators of violence to get away from their victims. That process, which brought catapults and later artillery, reached its first peak with the development of intercontinental nuclear missiles; but those are weapons of limited tactical use and have never been used. Drones allow all the alienation of long-range missions but with much more flexibility and capacity for everyday use. The net result is everyday violence with all the distance and alienation of ICBMs. This is disturbing perhaps because alienation is disturbing.

The work of animal behaviorists like Konrad Lorenz sheds some light on why. Lorenz-a onetime member of the Nazi party who later renounced his politics and won the Nobel Prize in the 1970s-spent much of his life studying violence in animals. His book On Aggression posited a theory whereby many animals, male and female, have a natural "drive" to be aggressive against opponents, including members of their own species.

The aggression drive, Lorenz posited, was often limited within species by a "submission" phenomenon, whereby potential victims turn off the aggressive drive in others by displaying signs of submission. In this way, most animal violence is checked before it occurs. Lorenz suggested that in humans, the submission safety valve was blunted by the technological creation of weapons, which emotionally "distanced" the killer from his victim. When a spear or sling is used to kill, victims lose the opportunity to engage in submission and trigger the aggression "off switch." The drone represents an extreme extension of that process. Drones crossed into a new frontier in military affairs: an area of entirely risk-free, remote and even potentially automated killing detached from human behavioral cues.

Military research seems to back this up. Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, a psychologist and former professor at West Point, has written extensively on the natural human aversion to killing. His 1995 book On Killing contains a collection of accounts from his research and from military history demonstrating soldiers' revulsion with killing-in particular, killing at close range. He tells the story of a Green Beret in Vietnam describing the killing of a young Vietnamese soldier: "I just opened up, fired the whole twenty rounds right at the kid, and he just laid there. I dropped my weapon and cried." The most telling accounts are with the "close" kills of hand-to-hand combat. Grossman tells of a Special Forces sergeant from the Vietnam War describing a close kill: "'When you get up close and personal,' he drawled with a cud of chewing tobacco in his cheek, 'where you can hear 'em scream and see 'em die,' and here he spit tobacco for emphasis, 'it's a bitch.'"

Obviously the primary advantage of the drone is that it insulates its operators from risk. Yet one can't help wondering whether aversion to the unpleasantness of violence is another factor making drones popular with the military and CIA. Drones make the nasty business of killing a little easier. Or do they?

There are reports of military drone operators suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, and studies showing that those who conduct strikes or watch videos of strikes suffer from "operational stress," which officials believe is the result of operators' long hours and extended viewing of video feeds showing the results of military operations after they have occurred-i.e., dead bodies. Still, these reports pale in comparison with those of PTSD among combat veterans. And there is no public information about stress among those ordering the strikes-the CIA strike operators or the decision-makers at Langley.

A little-noticed 2011 British Defense Ministry study of unmanned drones discusses some of these points: from concerns about drone operators' potential alienation from violence to the propaganda opportunities for enemies (noting that drones' use "enables the insurgent to cast himself in the role of underdog and the West as a cowardly bully-that is unwilling to risk his own troops, but is happy to kill remotely"). The paper also discusses concerns raised by military analyst Peter Singer, who has written on "robot warfare" and the risk that drones might acquire the capacity to engage enemies autonomously. The report envisions a scenario where a drone fires on a target "based solely on its own sensors, or shared information, and without recourse to higher, human authority."

The authors note that in warfare, the risks of the battlefield and the horror that comes from carrying out violence can act as controls on brutality. Citing the oft-quoted adage of Gen. Robert E. Lee, reportedly uttered after the battle of Fredericksburg, "It is well that war is so terrible, otherwise we would grow too fond of it," the authors then ask:

If we remove the risk of loss from the decision-makers' calculations when considering crisis management options, do we make the use of armed force more attractive? Will decision-makers resort to war as a policy option far sooner than previously?

The issue is not that armed drones are more terrible or deadly than other weapons systems. On the contrary, the violence of drones today is more selective than many forms of military violence, and human rights groups recognize that drones, in comparison with less precise weapons, have the potential to minimize civilian casualties during legitimate military strikes.

Nor is the issue the remote delivery of weapons: alienation from the effects of violence reached a high-water mark in World War I. What makes drones disturbing is an unusual combination of characteristics: the distance between killer and killed, the asymmetry, the prospect of automation and, most of all, the minimization of pilot risk and political risk. It is the merging of these characteristics that draws the attention of journalists, military analysts, human rights researchers and Al Qaeda propagandists, suggesting something disturbing about what human violence may become. The unique technology allows the mundane and regular violence of military force to be separated further from human emotion. Drones foreshadow the idea that brutality could become detached from humanity-and yield violence that is, as it were, unconscious.

In this sense, drones foretell a future that is very dark indeed.

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The government's evasion was helped by the fact that Zhawar Kili, the site of the strike, was an infamous mujahedeen complex built with CIA and Saudi support by Jalaluddin Haqqani, the mujahedeen scion allied with the Taliban, then and now. In the 1980s CIA officers and journalists used to visit the base.

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What are drones and how does it impact the world?

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What are drones and how does it impact the world?

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Drones can be used around the world in many dissenter ways some ways could be rescuing people for natural disasters or delivering a package. Drones can be many different sizes and they can have cameras or different things that they could use. Drones started a remote control helicopters.

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I wanna do this topic because they look like a cool new piece of technology.

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Drones can be used to help people in different countries if they get a tornado or is something happens. The Drones can go in short spaces and they don't use gas to that could be saved and they could replace human to maybe save life's for people in the army. - https://newsela.com/articles/drone-hurricane-matthew/id/23342/