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"The Hand That Will Rule the World" by Ralph Chaplin June 30, 1917.

During the Industrial revolution new labor movements gained popularity such as the knights of labor , American Federation of Labor, etc. Fought for better workers rights.

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"In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.' - Booker T Washington in his Atlantic Compromise Address 1895. The document shows Booker T washington's struggle to progress the South in racial equality. The seperation of the finger represents the races being segregated from each other and the hand represents the common goal the races could have with each other. For example, Washington's argument can be applied to the factory workplace where blacks and white workers may be physically different and segregated outside of the factory, but they ultimately strive for the same work goal.

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Multi million dollar corporations used their resources and advantages that they legally could gain including child labor to benifit for there own companies and profit more for a cheaper price. They paid these children low amounts of money in order to get cheap labor. These companies sold lots of products and made lots of money which made the economy boom.

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Excerpt from the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887: "All charges made for any service rendered or to be rendered in the transportation of passengers or property as aforesaid, or in connection therewith, or for the receiving, delivering, storage, or handling of such property, shall be reasonable and just; and every unjust and unreasonable charge for such service is prohibited and declared to be unlawful." The Interstate Commerce Act was created in 1887. It stopped railroads from forming pool and charging high rates. This was a positive political act because it helped stop discriminatory freight rates, and created the Interstate Commerce Commission that oversaw the railroad industry to prevent unfair rates. It can be seen as a negative act because many of the cases it dealt with were appealed, but it was created with positive intentions.

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Economic Positive:
Image from magazine from March, 1912
Women in the Industrial Era got for the first time consistent paying jobs.

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This image shows the rise of different political parties and unions. This document reflects a Republican view because the Republicans did not want governments to put public projects in the hands of people, like Railroads, because they would not make money off of them. "A Party of Patches" in Judge Magazine, an anti-democratic magazine, on June 6, 1981.

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Economic positive: This image of A.T. Stewart's sewing room demonstrates the mass production of consumer goods, which made them more affordable and more accessible to a wider number of people, including the middle and worknig class. It also shows the increasing economic independence of women, who for the first time were able to work en masse in factories doing unskilled work. Both the working class and women benefited greatly from industrialization in these ways.

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Excerpt from the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887: "If any such common carrier shall neglect or refuse to file or publish its schedules or tariffs of rates, fares, and charges as provided in this section, or any part of the same, such common carrier shall, in addition to other penalties herein prescribed, be subject to a writ of mandamus, to be issued by any circuit court of the United States in the judicial district wherein the principal office of said common carrier is situated or wherein such offense may be committed."
This act helped regulate the railroads and other large corporations to protect the people from unjust rates. Although it was not entirely successful, the Act was a step in the right direction. This document is clear because it states that any corporation found guilty of violating the Act will be prosecuted and penalized by the courts.

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Social Negative: Children work in a Pennsylvania mine, screening coal (1894). Corporations used child labor because they could get away with paying children a fraction of the cost of adult males, and it was an abundant work force. However, the terrible and dangerous conditions led to calls for reform and anti-child labor laws. This document is clear because it clearly shows children laboring in a dirty and dangerous environment.

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In the early 1900's Henry Ford and other company's began  to implement Mass Production and Assembly lines. These were both ways factories could expedite their process, allowing for an increase in production. This led to factories making larger profit and therefore aiding to the strength of the economy. This photo is from Henry Ford's assembly line in 1913, showing how one person did one small job instead of creating the entire car by themselves.

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Due to the rising need for cheap and quick labor, skilled workers began to fall out of favor as more and more companies decided to use assembly lines.  This document shows a negative effect of industrialization on skilled workers. The purpose of the document may be unclear because it could be argued that the owners of the companies achieved cheap labor. Ford, 1913

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Economic negative:

Prior to industrialization in America, skilled workers were autonomous concerning hours and were paid based on how much they chose to work. However, as corporations grew in power skilled workers lost their previous autonomy and became contracted workers who were largely controlled by the large corporations. THis cartoon serves to show

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Social positive

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Huge corporations started to build trusts, small groups of people who could move multiple companies worth of stock as a single entity. This caused people to become overpowered. This cartoon shows a powerful elephant representing trusts in 1903-1904. At the bottom, the cartoon describes how the Elephant is powerful, but will soon be toppled as a result of the Anti-Trust Act.

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Excerpt from Chief Justice Waite delivering the opinion of the court, Munn v. Illinois (1877): "The question to be determined in this case is whether the general assembly of Illinois can, under the limitations upon the legislative power of the States imposed by the Constitution of the United States, fix by law the maximum of charges for the storage of grain in warehouses at Chicago and other places in the State having not less than one hundred thousand inhabitants in which grain is stored in bulk, and in which the grain of different owners is mixed together, or in which grain is stored in such a manner that the identity of different lots or parcels cannot be accurately preserved."

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The Sherman Anti-trust act was a political negative. It was intended to break up trusts but ended up being used against labor unions that were thought of as ¨restraints on trade¨. The message of this doc is clear and moderate, as it clearly states Monopolistic Trusts, but requires knowledge of what the anti-trust act is to fully understand. This was in 1890.

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Excerpt from the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887: "If any such common carrier shall neglect or refuse to file or publish its schedules or tariffs of rates, fares, and charges as provided in this section, or any part of the same, such common carrier shall, in addition to other penalties herein prescribed, be subject to a writ of mandamus, to be issued by any circuit court of the United States in the judicial district wherein the principal office of said common carrier is situated or wherein such offense may be committed, and if such common carrier be a foreign corporation, in the judicial circuit wherein such common carrier accepts traffic and has an agent to perform such service, to compel compliance with the aforesaid provisions of this section; and such writ shall issue in the name of the people of the United States, at the relation of the Commissioners appointed under the provisions of this act; and failure to comply with its requirements shall be punishable as and for a contempt; and the said Commissioners, as complainants, may also apply, in any such circuit of the United States, for a writ of injunction against such common carrier, to restrain such common carrier from receiving or transporting property among the several States and Territories of the United States, or between the United States and adjacent foreign countries, or between ports of transshipment and of entry and the several States and Territories of the United States, as mentioned in the first section of this act, until such common carrier shall have complied with the aforesaid provisions of this section of this act."
This act helped regulate the railroads and other large corporations to protect the people from unjust rates. Although it was not entirely successful, the Act was a step in the right direction.

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This is a photo of women working hard labor for cheap pay.  This was a negative effect on women for there unequal pay for women compared to men and hard working conditions. Women had to work in hot and dangerous workplaces with no air condition or safety precautions.

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As industrial power within the US grew, so too did the industrial companies. Some of these companies were able to increase their spheres of influence by forcing competitors to merge into conglomerates (horizontal integration). Others were able to create trusts by buying stocks from combined firms, and thus managing them as a single group. Both these conglomerates and trusts had excess money that they applied to politics, and were able to control some aspects of government.
A political cartoon by J.Keppler, published in the Puck Magazine in 1889

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Children work in a Pennsylvania, screening coal. Corporations used child labor because they could get away with paying children a fraction of the cost of adult males, and it was an abundant work force. However, the terrible and dangerous conditions led to calls for reform and anti-child labor laws.

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A political cartoon by Joseph Keppler, published in the Puck Magazine in 1889; the cartoon shows the influence that powerful corporations had on the decisions of Congress. It depicts how the federal government went against the smaller companies and the working class, and made decisions that benefitted the large corporations.

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This political cartoon represents the Chinese exclusion act of 1882. This was a negative effect of industrialization because it excluded an entire race of people from migrating to America. This did not allow the Chinese to help the US economy in strengthening and creating new inventions.

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This political cartoon published in Puck magazine in 1883 depicts low wages for workers and harsh conditions. Wealthy business owners are portrayed in luxury, while underpaid workers support them. The message of this document is clearly explained since the cartoon depicts workers being exploited by their business owners, portrayed by the wealthy business owners sitting on top of people from the working class.

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This cartoon by M. Wuerker demonstrates the corporate domination of society during the industrial age. As big corporations like Standard Oil (1870) grew in power and wealth, their owners, like Rockefeller and Carnegie, benefited. This contributed to the growing gap between the upper middle class and working class. The working class often worked in factories with low pay and unsafe conditions, and, as this cartoon shows, were not given many rights. This led to many strikes by the working class, such as the Haymarket Sqaure massacre in 1886 in Chicago, where workers wanted an 8 hour workday, and the Pullman Strike in 1894 by railroad workers striking against wage cuts.

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The fat cat capitalists through gross economic growth are hurting the earth by means of pollution and destruction of natural resources. During the 19th century there was a manufacturing boom and oil industry expansion, inflating the currency hence the large figure of the elephant. The inflation of currency would therefore hurt the industrial class in bothe the united states and Europe.

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This photo represents the negative effects of railroads on the farmers. Railroad companies used discriminatory freight rates that heavy impacted the farmers ability to transfer good.

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Source: Frank Bellew, New York Daily Graphic, September 29, 1873—American Social History Project. By 1874, a million workers were unemployed, unemployment rates rising up to 25%. This was because of the depression of 1873. It also nearly destroyed the labor movement, as pre-depression wage gains were erased and union membership plummeted. The author depicts the man in the image as the only one with a job, that being an unskilled labor with low pay.

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This political cartoon by J. Keppler, printed in Puck Magazine, 1904, depicts the Standard Oil Corporation as a giant octopus that is grabbing  many things, including Washington, D.C., politicians, and smaller oil companies.  Standard Oil''s monstrous power is shown, reflecting its influence on Congress & the U.S. Supreme Court.  The artist depicts Standard Oil as a giant threat, but from the perspective of a monopolist (e.g. Rockefeller) controlling an entire industry was great!   On another positive note, (if monopolies are felt to be a negative effect of industrialization), one could mention that Standard Oil was deemed a monopoly in 1906 under the Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890 and broken up into 3 smaller companies. While clearly negative in intent, the complexity of the cartoon allows for different interpretations, depending on what one argues is a "positive" effect.

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This photo by Lewis Hine in 1910, shows a negative effect of industrialization because children are working in a textile mill in dangerous conditions, one with bare feet, standing on huge machines that could presumably cause serious injuries.  Industries had no regulations to follow to promote safety or well-being of workers.  However, from a corporate view, child labor was a positive aspect of industrialization  as corporations profited from lower wages paid to children and the energy and agility that they could often provide in the workplace.  Although negative in many ways, child labor was often a necessity for lower income families which relied on the wages of all family members to survive. Again, the positive or negative aspects here depend on one's perspective.