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Farah Aini Binti Ramly (1416340)
Izyan Nadiah Binti Said (1415210)

3 most cited journals: "Video Games Training Enhances Cognitive Control in Older Adults (2013)"
i) Nigbur, R., Ivanova, G. & Sturmer, B. Theta power as a marker for cognitive interference. Clin. Neurophysiol. 122, 2185–2194 (2011)
ii) Wolinsky, F. D., Vander Weg, M. W., Howren, M. B., Jones, M. & Dotson, M. M. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive training using a visual speed of processing intervention in middle aged and older adults. PLoS ONE 8, e61624 (2013)
iii)  Clapp, W. C., Rubens, M. T., Sabharwal, J. & Gazzaley, A. Deficit in switching between functional brain networks underlies the impact of multitasking on working memory in older adults. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 7212–7217 (2011)

Charity (zakah) decision making
- one related study that we should study related to cognition in charity (zakah) is the application of planning and decision maki to pay zakah.
- fundamental cognitive skill that forms part of our executive function.
- how people manage their money and property: for example, put aside the amount of money for zakah.
- it leads to manage money for other expense.
- to make sure we have enough money or property for others (needy).
- one cognitive study related to our task as a khalifah is PROBLEM SOLVING.
- find solution for issues arise in our society. For example, sexual related problems among the teenagers and business misconduct.

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Anida Chairunnisa 1412238
Novita Sari 1317112

3 most cited journals:

1. Yu, C., & Smith, L. B. (2012). Embodied attention and word learning by toodlers. Journal Cognition, 125(2), 244-262

2. Mathy, F., & Feldman, J. (2013). What's magic about magic numbers? Chunking and adata compression in short-term memory. Cognition, 122(3), 346-362

3. Mayo, J., et. al. (2013). Age of First Words Predicts Cognitive Ability and Adaptive Skills in Children with ASD. Journal Autism Development Disorder. 43, 253-264

Related study to solat

Attention

-Solat related to internal attention
-Consentration refers to investing mental effort in one or more task
-Solat needs concentration for what we are saying and we must be aware that we are speak to Allah
-Khusyuk

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Puteri Nur Natasya bt Rosli (1525480)
Aien Nadhierah
Raihan Fauzi

3 most cited journals:
-Stress increase cue-triggered "wanting" for sweet rewards in humans by Eva pool, tobias brosch, sylvain delplanque and david sander. (2015)

-Neil W. Kirk, Linda Fiala, Kenneth C. Scott-Brown & Vera Kempe (2014) No evidence for reduced Simon cost in elderly bilinguals and bidialectals, Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 26:6, 640-648.

- David W. Green & Jubin Abutalebi (2013) Language control in bilinguals: The adaptive control hypothesis, Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25:5, 515-530.

Related study to solat:
Attention
-learning cognitive can help increase the khusyu' in solah.
-attention will get distracted in noisy area, even in the mosque, people are asked to turn their phone into silent mode.
-recite not too loud during prayer to not disturb others.

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Group members: Siti Fatimah binti Talhah (1310134); Nur Fazlina Bt Zulhalim (1421846), Nur Aizurah bt Hussin (1422398)

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1323821

Three most cited journals:-
1) DeGutis, J., Wilmer, J., Mercado, R. J., & Cohan, S. (2013). Using regression to measure holistic face processing reveals a strong link with face recognition ability. Journal Cognition, 126(1), 87-100.
2) Yu, C. & Smith, L. B. (2012). Embodied attention and word learning by toddlers. Cognition, 125(2), 244-262.
3) Piantadosi, S. T., Tily, H., & Gibson, E. (2012). The communicative function of ambiguity in language. Cognition, 122(3), 280-291.

Related study to solat:
Attention
-How we try to be khusyu' in solat by giving our full attention into it and conscious of what we do and what we recite.
-Sometimes it can be automatic processing when we don't have our consciousness in our solat and the act of the rituals just occur automatically because of the order of the action happens habitually

Related to our task as khalifah:
Problem Solving
-Important in order to solve the problems of the ummah to achieve the best decision making

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1. Muhammad Qamarul Ikhwan Bin Mohd Hizam (1524161)

2. Khairuz Zaadi Bin Khairol Annuar (1529917)

3. Mohamad Syafeq Bin Zainal Amin (1527985)

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1419656 NURFATIHAH BINTI ZAKARIA

1414536 MASTIKA ATIKAH BINTI ATAN

task 2
One related study that we should study related to cognition in these religious practices.

1. The person who are fasting will pay their attention on fasting with doing the good deeds and feel calm. For example, zikir, do tahajjud, tarawikh in ramadan, read Quran, do sunah and prohibit the bad things.

2. From neuropsychological test, that Ramadan fasting affects cognitive function but not homogenously. Ramadan had positive influence on performance in the domains of psychomotor function/processing
speed and attention. Its marked decrease in values of diastolic blood pressure during Ramadan
as compared to values obtained from healthy individuals before Ramadan. Since glucose is an essential substrate
of central nervous system, cognitive activity is related to glucose metabolism.

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1516871 Awatif Fawwaz Bin Roselan
1422103 syed muhammad faiz syed faisal

3 most cited journal

1. Roberts, N., Nicholas, A., Repetti, L. (2016). Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Emergency Department Referrals for Suicidal First Nation Children and Adolescents from Northern Ontario: Preliminary Report. Int J Sch Cog Psychol 3:180. doi:10.4172/2469-9837.1000180

Points in the abstract:

Aim: to enforce and develop culturally sensitive identification and prevention strategies due to the increasing of suicidal behavior rates throughout policy, clinical and social levels.

Method:  series of First Nation children and adolescents were assessed by a hospital based child and adolescent urgent psychiatric consult clinic over a 3 month period in 2016 whom met criteria for Depression and Anxiety for suicide related behaviours.

Result: lack of adequate supervision leads to higher risk for behavior related to suicide, especially among young women.

Points in the method section:

naturistic descriptive

Child and adolescent urgent consult clinic uses, direct interviews and Telemedicine network, to conduct assessment with 48 hours of referral. Data is gathered on all referrals to the clinic for demographic information including, living arrangements and clinical variables

Result is presented in percentage rather than detailed statistical analysis due to lack of sample size

2. Daunic, A. P. (2015). Developing Social-emotional Vocabulary to support Self-regulation for Young Children at Risk for Emotional and Behavioral Problems. Int J Sch Cog Psychol 2:143. doi:10.4172/2469-9837.1000143

Points in the abstract:

Aim: to examine the effects of a social-emotional learning intervention using interactive storybook reading, on the vocabulary growth of kindergarten and first grade students at risk for emotional and behavioral difficulties.

Method: SELF: Social-Emotional Learning Foundations used to promote students' overall social-emotional development.  pretest-posttest control group design was used to compare outcomes for 23 kindergarten students and 32 first grade students in the SELF group to 16 kindergarten students and 20 first grade students in a business as usual (BAU) control condition on three specific aspects of vocabulary knowledge.

Result: Results indicated that students at both grade levels who received the intervention had significantly higher overall scores than students in the BAU control group.

Points in the method section:

study was conducted in north central Florida in two Title 1 elementary schools with racially diverse student populations. Нe treatment group included six kindergarten and nine first-grade teachers, and the control group (a business as usual [BAU] condition) included four kindergarten and five first-grade teachers

SELF lessons focus on five essential social emotional learning competencies: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship management, and responsible decision making

Teachers in this study taught SELF lessons 2 to 3 times a week for approximately 20 minutes per lesson, which books chosen for SELF consist of high-quality, authentic children’s literature with a  specific selection criteria. The study engage with emotional state of the children, and consist of  pre and post testing.

3. Wanless, S. B., Scharphorn, L., Chiu, Y. JI., Chen, F. M., Chen, J. L. (2015). Taiwanese Preschool and Elementary Teacher’s Beliefs about Discipline, Students, and Teaching Practices . Int J Sch Cog Psychol 2:134. doi:10.4172/2469-9837.1000134

Points in the abstract:

Aim: to investigate Taiwanese teachers’ beliefs about discipline, students, and teaching practices in preschool and elementary school.

Result: beliefs emphasized the importance of controlling behaviors, caring about students, and role modeling, yet teachers’ background and classroom characteristics did not relate to beliefs

Points in the method section:

Participants included both preschool and elementary school teachers whom taught children ranging in age from two- to six-years-old, with an average of 13 years of experience

The measure of teacher beliefs developed by Rimm-Kaufman et al was used to capture three relevant aspects of a teachers’ belief system. The Teacher Belief Qsort (TBQ) was used to assess teachers’ priorities and beliefs regarding discipline, students, and teaching practices.

The TBQ contains three subscales, each of which contains 20 statements or beliefs, then the teachers required to complete a questionnaire in which they reported their background and classroom characteristics through analytic strategy.

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1313312  WAN NUR MONAWARAH BT WAN AYUB

1516004  NUR AISYATUL AKMAL BT AYUB

1316930  YULIYANTI

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1313062
FAHIMATUL HAKIMAH BINTI MOHAMMED ZABIDI

Punit, S., Adam, H. J., Catmur, C., & Hahn, U. (2016). A pessimistic view of optimistic belief updating. Cognitive Psychology, 90, 71-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2016.05.004

Kenneth R. Paap, Zachary I., Greenberg (2013). There is no coherent evidence for bilingual advantage in executive processing. Cognitive Psychology, 66, 2, 232-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.12.002

Unsworth N., Fukuda K., Awh E., Vogel K.E. (2014). Working memory and fluid intelligence: Capacity, attention control, and secondary memory retrieval. Cognitive Psychology, 71, 1-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2014.01.003

Solah and Cognitive process

1. Attention:
To attain khusyu' in Solah, ones must give their full focus on what they recite in Solah.

2. Memory:
The need of recite certain verses while performing prayers need the memory to be able to retrieve.

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1419656 NURFATIHAH BINTI ZAKARIA

1414536 MASTIKAH ATIKAH BINTI ATAN

MARDHIAH BINTI MOHD YUNOS
G1618222

3 MOST CITED JOURNALS

Masismadi, N. A., Lee, M. J., Che Muhamed, A. M., Chia, M. Y., & Aziz, A. R. (2017). Ramadan Fasting and the Propensity for Learning: Is There a Cause for Concern?. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 1-9.

Cherif, A., Roelands, B., Meeusen, R., & Chamari, K. (2016). Effects of intermittent fasting, caloric restriction, and Ramadan intermittent fasting on cognitive performance at rest and during exercise in adults. Sports Medicine, 46(1), 35-47.

Why most dieters fail but some succeed: A goal conflict model of eating behavior.

Stroebe, Wolfgang; van Koningsbruggen, Guido M.; Papies, Esther K.; Aarts, Henk

Psychological Review, Vol 120(1), Jan 2013, 110-138.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030849

TASK 1
One related study that we should study related to cognition in these religious practices.

1. The person who are fasting will pay their attention on fasting with doing the good deeds and feel calm. For example, zikir, do tahajjud, tarawikh in ramadan, read Quran, do sunah and prohibit the bad things.

2. From neuropsychological test, that Ramadan fasting affects cognitive function but not homogenously. Ramadan had positive influence on performance in the domains of psychomotor function/processing
speed and attention. Its marked decrease in values of diastolic blood pressure during Ramadan
as compared to values obtained from healthy individuals before Ramadan. Since glucose is an essential substrate
of central nervous system, cognitive activity is related to glucose metabolism.

TASK 2: CHOOSE 1 RITUAL
(FASTING)

One cognitive study related to our task as a khalifah.

As a khalifah we need to control our emotion during fasting likes be patient, control our desire and etc.

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1510720 UMMU NAZRA BINTI NADZAM

1514944 NURUL AFIQAH BINTI ROSNI @ MOHAMAD FIRDAUS

Task 1: 3 Most Cited Journal
1)
Rescorla, R. A., & Wagner, A. R. (1972). A theory of
Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness
of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In A.
H. Black & W. F. Prokasy (Eds.), Classical conditioning:
II. Current research and theory (pp. 64–99).
New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
2)
Bott, L., Hoffman, A. B., & Murphy, G. L. (2007).
Blocking in category learning. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: General, 136, 685–699. doi:10.1037/0096-
3445.136.4.685
3)
Hoffman, A. B., Harris, H. D., & Murphy, G. L. (2008).
Prior knowledge enhances the category dimensionality
effect. Memory & Cognition, 36, 256–270.
doi:10.3758/MC.36.2.256

Task 2 : Choose 1 ritual

Fasting (Sawm)

Sawm and how it influence student’s productivity.
- To study how the act of sawm influenced the productivity of students especially in terms of their studies and attention given in class.

Task 3: Cognitive study related to our task as khalifas

Exposure to Quran recitation and student’s anger control.
- Students are gathered in a room (lab settings) and they will be exposed to several verses of the Quran for a few minutes. They will need to involve themselves in the experiment 5 times a week, for one month.
- They will then be tested with a situation that will aggravate their anger. The reaction of the students towards such situation will be recorded.

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1421916 Anis Syazwani Dzulkarnain
1514508 Nurul Wahida Aimi  Binti Zamri

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1512870 Nurakmal Shahida bt Mohamad Rafi
1527120 Noor Farah Alyaa bt Noor Azmi

3 Most cited journals :

1) Shehu, S. (2015). A Study of the Islamic Perspective of Cognitive Development and Its Implications in Education in the Muslim World. Revelation and Science, Vol. 05, No. 01 (1436H/2015) 1-9.

2) Luhrmann, T. M., Nusbaum, H., & Thisted, S. (2013). “Lord, Teach Us to Pray”: Prayer Practice Affects
Cognitive Processing. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 13 (2013) 159–177.

3) Saniotis, A. (2015). Understanding Mind/Body Medicine from Muslim
Religious Practices of Salat and Dhikr. J Relig Health, DOI 10.1007/s10943-014-9992-2.

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1419664 Nora Zakiah Mohd Shukor
1514874 Nadia Ervinna

Task 1 : 3 most cited journal (within 5 years).

Coventry, K. R., Griffiths, D., & Hamilton, C. J. (2014). Spatial demonstratives and perceptual space: Describing and remembering object location. Cognitive Psychology, 69, 46-70.

Servant, M., Montagnini, A., & Burle, B. (2014). Conflict tasks and the diffusion framework: Insight in model constraints based on psychological laws. Cognitive Psychology, 72, 162-195.Buckley, M. G., Smith, A. D., & Haselgrove, M. (2016).

Thinking outside of the box: Transfer of shape-based reorientation across the boundary of an arena. Cognitive Psychology, 87, 53-87.

Task 2 : Choose 1 ritual.
-  One related study that we should study related to cognition in these religious practices.
-  One cognitive study related to our task as a khalifah.

Ritual : Fasting (sawm).

Fasting Boosts Neuronal Autophagy :
Autophagy or “self-eating,” is the process by which cells recycle waste material, downregulate wasteful processes, and repair themselves. Brain health is highly dependent on neuronal autophagy.

Fasting Increases Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) :
BDNF is a protein that interacts with neurons in the hippocampus, cortex, and basal forebrain (the parts of the brain that regulate memory, learning, and higher cognitive function). It helps existing neurons survive while spurring the growth of new neurons (neurogenesis) and the development of synapses (lines of communication between neurons). Low levels of BDNF are linked to Alzheimer’s, and supplementary BDNF prevents neuronal death, memory loss, and cognitive impairment in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease.

During Ramadan fasting, athletes performance in cognitive functions requiring sustained rapid responses was better in the morning, declining in the late afternoon, whereas performance in non-speed dependent accuracy measures was more resilient. Findings suggest that during Ramadan, skill-based or training requiring high levels of psychomotor, learning or memory ability should be performed in the morning.

As a khalifah, we were commanded by Allah swt to perfom solat. In order to perfom solat we will need to use our memory; sensory memory, short term memory as well as long term memory..
Eg Sensory memory ; the current takbirratul ihram is in what rakaat?If 'was-was', it will lead to desicion making (perfom sujud sahwi).
Eg short term memory; what we do before and after ruku' in second rakaat?
Eg long term memory; Each of the citation in the solat.. *if we do not realize our fi'lun and qaulun in our solat, it will affect our quality/khusyuk in solat.

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1516871 Awatif Fawwaz Bin Roselan
1422103 syed muhammad faiz syed faisal

Fasting

Definition: refrain from eating and drinking and the things that can break the fast from dawn to sunset with intentions.

1. Explore the cognitive processes of fasting:

Attention: the person who fasting is required to put the attention towards whorshipping Allah (zikr, reciting al-quran, implementing recommended actions).

Mental effort: the person who performing the act must put an effort to remember the requirements of fasting.

Perception: self-reflection towards oneself to analyze of which behavior that should be removed while fasting, compare of one’s condition with others who might not have the same privilege in life.

2. Related study:

In Ramadhan, the act of fasting is wajib to be performed by the muslims. The reasons of commandment of fasting can be divided into several aspects: 1)As to comply with command from Allah 2) to improve the spiritual state through fulfilling the recommended actions and abstaining from what is prohibited. 3) self-reflection (muhasabah)

Aim: to examine the impact of fasting on human attention and problem solving skills.

Target participant: university students.

Design: between subject design. The samples are split into two different group to answer 1 set of mathematical question which consist of 20 questions to be solved in 10minutes. 1st group is instructed to fast on the day of the test while the other group is given a set of lunch right before the test.

The group with higher score is said to have a better attention and problem solving skills.

*the questions based on the syllabus that they previously learned, participants are from the same level of study and course. The physiological state and the acquired knowledge of participants might serve as a confounding variables in the study, but could be overcome through random selection and pre-test of the mathematical questions before the study is conducted.

3. Cognitive study related to the task as khalifah:

Metacognition: the selection of strategies from processing information such as the selection of the study strategies to prepare for exams.

As khalifah, we should know the right way on dealing with our daily problems, because different problem requires different approach. Knowing the strategies on how to become a good khalifah is needed for fulfilling the command of Allah as to conduct one’s self accordingly with the shariah, and on how to contribute for the betterment of ummah.

This can be justified from one of the hadith that mentioned the story of muaz ibn jabal for exercise his own reasoning (ijtihad) to solve the matter which cant be found either in quran or sunnah. Hence, the selection of the strategies is needed for conduct oneself as a khalifah.

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1422986 Siti Nur Suhana Mohd Rosli
1422920 Sumaiyah Che Zahari
1424630 Khairunnisa Mohamad Khairi

Most cited journal:

III, H. L., & Pyc, M. A. (2012). Inexpensive techniques to improve education: Applying cognitive psychology to enchance educational practice. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition.

Molouki, S., & Bartels, D. M. (2017). Personal change and the continuity of the self. Cognitive Psychology.

Suarez-Pellicioni, M., Nunez-Pena, M. I., & Colome, A. (2015). Math anxiety: A review of its cognitive consequences, psyhophysiological correlates, and brain bases. Cognitive Affect Behavior Neuroscience.

One islamic ritual and cognitive process:

SOLAT

Attention
1) Bottleneck Theory
- Select information when some information processing stage become overloaded.
Example: During solat in crowded places and noisy.

Concentration
- Investing mental effort in one or more task.
Example: focus in solat and trying to read surah with the meaning.
To do that, mental effort are needed- the amount of mental capacity required to perform a task.

2) Deutsch-Norman Memory
- Often refer as late-selection models. Words that are heard are recognized but quickly forgotten unless it is important.
Example: In solat, where places are very crowded, many things can be heard. So, selection are made to make sure still focus in solat.
::

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1414576 Nur Shamira Bt Abd Wahab
1322724 Nur Diyanah Bt Syariff Tan
Most cited journal

-          Unsworth, N., Fukuda, K., Awh, E., & Vogel, E. K. (2014). Working memory and fluid intelligence: Capacity, attention control, and secondary memory retrieval. Cognitive Psychology,71, 1-26. doi:- http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2014.01.003

-          Mayr, U., Kuhns, D., & Hubbard, J. (2014). Long-term memory and the control of attentional control. Cognitive Psychology,72, 1-26. doi:- http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2014.02.001

-          Reingold, E. M., Reichle, E. D., Glaholt, M. G., & Sheridan, H. (2012). Direct lexical control of eye movements in reading: Evidence from a survival analysis of fixation durations. Cognitive Psychology,65, 177-206. doi:- http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.03.001

Choose one ritual. Explore cognitive processes.

SOLAT

Pattern Recognition

-primarily expose to the stimulus

-Muslim expose to the term of Solat since childhood – we recognize what is Solat, how to do it, what time of Solat.

-Kids identify the solat when they looking at the parent or older people

Attention

-Giving careful attention to every little details in surah that we cite- accuracy on Quranic verse

Memory

STM-storing information in brief period of time(when start to learn Solat) before the information transfer to LTM by doing rehearsal processes

LTM- retrieve processes the information the way of performing Solat

-Memorizing process occur when we want to memorize the surah that we want to cite in Solat

One cognitive study related to our task as khalifah

Decision making

-          Selecting strategies to spread dakwah efficiently.

-          Associative and rule based reasoning in choosing the right behavior(amar ma'aruf nahi munkar)