# data[].attributes.headline
1.2 the body in motion: The skill I have chosen to analyse is a push pass in field hockey. A push pass is used for longer distances at a fast pass, this is because it maintains the best control and has more accuracy for heading towards the direction you want to achieve. Field hockey is a team game with a field of 11 players making up the positions of left wing, right wing, two inners, 3 midfielders, 1 sweeper, 2 fullbacks and one goalie. In field hockey the aim is to score as many goals as possible by hitting the ball into the net. Team players can only touch the bull with the hockey stick excluding goalie who is allowed to defend the ball using any part of their body. I chose the push pass because it is easily annotated and is crucial for sharp, short and precise passes in hockey. Within my particular movment I have chosen to annotate my hip joint in the execution phase of the movement. Question 1:Complete the table below for each phase of the skill-preparation execution and follow through phases.Preparatory Phase: Joint Movment Agonist Antagonist Bones moved Elbow (right) FlexionBicepTricepRadius, ulna and humerusHip FlexionHipflexor Gluteals Femur and pelvis. Knee Flexion Hamstrings Quadriceps Tibia, fibula and femur. Execution Phase: JointMovmentAgonistAntagonistBones movedElbowMoving to Extension BicepTricepRadius, ulna and humerus HipMoving to ExtensionHipflexorGlutealsFemur and pelvisKneeMoving to extensionHamstringsQuadriceps Tibia, fibula and femur. Follow Through Phase: JointMovmentAgonistAntagonist Bones Moved Elbow ExtensionTricepBicepRadius, Ulna and Humerus HipExtensionGlutealsHip FlexorFemur and Pelvis Knee FlexionHamstrings Quadriceps Tibia, fibula and femur BIOMECHANICS:Explain in detail how the agonist and the antagonist muscles work together to control movement at the left hip joint in the execution phase of a push pass in hockey: The hip flexor and glute work together in antagonist pairs to control extension at the hip in the execution phase of a push pass in field hockey. When you are performing a push pass at the execution phase to gain maximum power you are extending the leg at the hip joint in an abduction movement. Since your hip flexors and gluteals are voluntary muscles your body has to tell them to move. This is all done by the brand sending electrical signals down the spine and too the muscles essentially “telling” them to move. Extension is the movement created by the hamstrings and gluteals in this particular (execution) stage of a push pass in hockey. Extension is the opening of a joint and in our case a ball and socket joint. A ball and socket joint allows for multidirectional movement and rotation. In our joint The head of the femur creates a ball type shape which fits snugly into the concave socket of the pelvic bone. As Well as this other main joints in the human body include a hinge joint. A hinge joint is where two or more bones meet where they can only move along one axis in order to flex or extend. There is condyloid, saddle and pivot joint. These joints fall into one of three main categories of joint being the synovial joint. A synovial joint is a joint that allows for different range in the movement. The other two categories are fibrous which is an immovable joint such as your skull and finally a cartilaginous joint which is a joint connected entirely by cartilage and allows little movement. Examples of this include in your spine, parts of your pelvis and some of your ribs. As Well as the joint opening in extension the two bones are moving further away from each other, increasing the angle between the two. In our case the femur is moving further away from the pelvic bone. As i push the ball further away from my body and drive it across the court the agonist muscle in my left hip becomes my hip flexor. A agonist muscle is a muscle that shortens and contracts to create movement. In opposition to this muscle my glutes act as an antagonist muscle which lengthens and relaxes. As Well as this it controls speed of movement and contracts slightly at the end to avoid over extension initially preventing injury. These two antagonistic pairs are voluntary muscles meaning the brain needs to tell them what to do. The brain does this by sending electrical signals down the spine via the central nervous system to stimulate muscle movement. My bones are then moved by tendons, a tendon attaches bones to muscles. This is allowed by the muscles contractions. When my muscle contracts it pulls on tendons which are a tough band of fibrous that connects the muscles to the bones and moves my bones. For my chosen joint muscle contractions will cause my femur to move.  This is important because of how large the bone is.  The particular muscle contraction I will be experiencing during this movement is an isometric contraction. In this contraction there are two types of contractions the first being an eccentric contraction, this is when the muscle generates force by lengthening the muscle a concentric contraction performs the opposite and shortens the muscles yet still produces force be doing just this.  Using the same skill anatomically analysed above explain how your knowledge of biomechanical principles helped to improve your performance of the skill.  In a push pass in hockey my skill and understanding of what is happening to my body when I perform the skill is increased. This is through my knowledge of biomechanical principles. In a push pass the aim is to steadily and quickly pass the ball across the field (so quite a long way) with aim and accuracy. I improved my skill through:My knowlege of force summation acquired my to understand what is happening with my body and how I need to display the right sequence of my muscles in order to reach full power and pass the ball as far as I can. From doing the project I understand that in the execution phase my body has to follow the four principles of force summation being I need to use as many body parts that relate to the movement as possibleThe smaller muscles closer to the object should be used lastAnd Muscle need to be used and accelerated with the correct timing.All the muscles used must go through their greatest range of motion to achieve maximum momentum.These four principles and the detail behind has helped me improve the performance of my skill because I now know I have to apply these 4 principles to my movement in order to reach “force summation”. In further detail when I was executing the ball through the execution phase I had to apply the 1st rule. This being that I needed to apply as many body parts that relate to the movement as possible. This included making full usage of my bicep and tricep, abdominals and quadriceps and hip flexor. I also need to apply rule number two and three. To achieve this I had to start the movement with my larger muscles first. This includes my glutes then my hip flexor. Then my hamstrings and quadriceps, abdominal and obliques, then my tricep and bicep and all the muscles all the way to my fingers and hands. As Well as just using all of these I need to use the larger muscles first and apply proper anatomical sequence. The larger muscles like my hamstrings and glutes, etc have to my first and my smaller muscles which are closer to the object move last. Finally I have to assure my muscle go through their greatest range of motion. 2. My knowlege of balance and stability has also acquired my to increase my understanding of how it works and apply it to my movement. I learnt that if I maintain balance and stability it allows me to put more force into my shot with accuracy and control which are three crucial elements in field hockey. In order to achieve this I have learnt that I have to have controlled my center of gravity, line of gravity and base of support.  I have learnt that my center of gravity is in the middle of my hips at the flexion in the knee and flexion in the hip in the execution phase. My line of gravity runs straight through this. I have to keep my body parts even on both sides to maintain balance. This is because the further you move one body part away from the line of gravity the more unstable you become. This unless you move another body part in the other direction to compensate. Finally I know have learnt that I need to have a wider base of support to maintain balance. This is why I now know to have my legs about shoulder width apart. I also know to keep closer to the ground because this also increase the probability of maintaining balance and stability. My knowledge of balance and stability and how to maintain it has helped me when playing hockey because I understand what I need to do in order to maintain balance. 3. Finally my understanding of levers has contributed to the improvement of the performance of my skill. This is due to the fact that I now know that since i have longer levers I am benefited to pass the ball with force and speed. This is because longer levers produce more force. I also have more force because I am tall and weigh a bit. All of these three things and general biomechanics has increased my understanding of what is happening to my body when playing hockey. Because of this it has helped me improve my skills of hockey and performance of a push pass when we play it in pe. Explain in detail how force summation is applied to the performance of your skill. How did you apply this to improve your performance in your chosen skill?Force summation is the combination of forces produced by different parts of the body . Its job is to achieve maximum power in anatomical sequence, which then can be applied to an object or the human body. It works in a sequence offering the larger muscles move first and then the smaller muscles which are closer to the object move last. The muscles used in the action just move in the greatest range in order to gain maximum power. In this particular case the object is the hockey ball . The aim of a push pass is to speedily pass the ball with accuracy in direction. This can be achieved by your body producing a large amount of force. Although you have to assure you dont apply too much force. This could mean your team players can't catch the ball due to the significant amount of speed the ball is displaying. In order to correctly demonstrate force summation your body needs the follow the principles of force summation.  These being that you need to use as many body parts that relate to the movement as possible, Body parts should move in a sequence with the bigger muscles (e.g lower body and trunk) leading the action. The smaller muscles closer to the object should be used last, muscles need to be used and accelerated with the correct timing and finally all the muscles used must go through their greatest range of motion to achieve maximum momentum. It is important when you perform the movement to use all the muscles relevant to your movement. Again in our case this is to assure speed. The more momentum and force you apply the faster we can make the ball travel. In the execution phase of a push pass in hockey the anatomical sequence of muscle performance is as follows. Your gluteals need to move and contract first. This is because they are a much larger muscle that is a fact further away from the object then the smaller muscles need to contract last as they take less time due to the shorter muscle fibres, Your hip flexors also move along with the gluteal in antagonistic pairs. Next comes the quadriceps and hamstrings, much like the gluteals and hame strings these muscles are the larger side of the scale so require movement to come first. Next is the abdominals, obliques and latissimus dorsi. Then as follows is tricep and bicep all the way down to your hands. This improved the performance of my school by allowing me to gain maximum power in my hockey push pass. It also allowed me to speedily push it across the field which is the aim in this particular type of shot: it needs to be quick, long and accurate and force situation of my different muscles has allowed me to do just that. In conclusion i applied force summation to improve the performance of my skill. It helped me learn how to correctly move my muscles to build up power and apply the appropriate amount of force to the pass. Depending of how far away one of my players is the power that is required will change. Explain in detail how balance and stability is applied to the performance of your skill. How did you apply this to improve your performance of your chosen skill? Whilst playing hockey i am constantly under the pressure of gravity and I need balance and stability to maintain my balance. When playing sport balance and stability is referred to as dynamic or vestibular. The ability to balance is generally the key to most sports including hockey.  Maintaining balance and stability whilst playing hockey or any other sport for that many has many additional benefits this being that it allows me to put for force and power into the movement while maintaining control and accuracy for the direction in which I am trying to get my ball. To achieve “balance and stability” you need to control our center of gravity, line of gravity and base of support. In a push pass in hockey I need to assure my center of gravity is controlled. A center of gravity is a point in a person's body where all parts of their body are equally balanced. In hockey my center of gravity lies in the middle of my body around my torso. In a push pass in hockey it is crucial that I try and get as low as possible, this is because the probability of maintaining a balanced position is increased if my center of gravity is lowered. As Well as your center of gravity your line of gravity is a line that passed directly through the centre of gravity in a vertical manner meaning that judging by my center of gravity it runs directly through the middle of my body. The further you move one body part away from the line of gravity, the greater the chance of losing balance, unless another body part moves to compensate for this. This is why when in position of the execution phase of a push pass in hockey the line of gravity runs directly through the middle of my body, I have one leg sticking forward and one sticking back in order to maintain a balanced position. And finally I need to assure I have a stable base of support. A base of support is an area area within the bodies contact with the ground which in hockey is both my left and right foot.  In order to have a substantial base of support It needs to be wide and broad. This will increase my chances of stability and balance. You can see in both my preparation, execution and follow through phase that my Base of support  is quite wide and gets wider and we follow through with the arrange of phases. In the execution phase I have a much wider base of support. This is because I am trying to make full use of my force in order to pass the ball fast and efficiently. The center of my base of support runs directly through my line of gravity in the execution phase, this again increase my chances of maintaining balance whilst playing field hockey. This knowledge has participated in the performan in my skill because i Have learnt the rules/ requirements of what it takes to maintain balance and stability. I now apply these rules to improve my skill and stay balance so I can apply more force. Explain in detail how levers are applied to the performance of your skill. How did you apply this to improve your performance in your chosen skill?In a push pass in hockey levers are a crucial element for both this shot and any other shot/pass. They participate in delivering power with less effort as possible and increasing accuracy which for my particular pass is crucial. They also partake in helping to move loads at greater speeds. Levers are a bar or some other rigid structure, hinged at one point, and to which forces are applied at two other points. The sustain force by going through a range of motion. Generally the amount of leverage a person has depends on the length of the body (lever) this may be a leg, or an arm fully depending on what movement and/or sport you are doing. Levers consist of a Pivot point [fulcrum] which is the point where the lever rotates and the muscles are loaded, a load which is the force applied by the lever system and effort. The force applied by the user of the lever system.  Those are the three types of levers found in the body. The most common being the third class. Although there are both 2nd and 1st class levers. These are depend on where the fulcrum, force and load is applied. In my particular chosen shot (being a push pass) long levers would be the most beneficial. This is due to the fact that the longer the lever is, which in my shot is my arm, the more speed generated at the end of the lever and therefore more force is applied. This is beneficial towards the push pass because in a push pass the aim is for it to be a very quick shot and by having long levers I can do just that. As Well as this I am very tall and probably carry more weight behind the lever than other peers in my class. Again this is very beneficial because it means I can apply more force to my levers and therefore pass the ball faster and with more generation.During the execution phase in hockey the lever present goes all the way along my arm to the end of my hockey stick. The pivot point in my arm (lever) is my ball and socket joint located in my shoulder. This is the point in which the lever rotates. The load in my case is the ball. This is because it is the force applied to the lever system and what I am trying to apply my force to in order to speedily move the hockey ball across the field. As for effort I am using almost every muscle in body to assure the ball is past speedily with direction. But for the preparatory phase where my elbow is moving towards extension my bicep and tricep and working together as antagonistic pairs to produce force and apply it my lever. This happens at the point where tendons attach muscles to bone. If i was trying to pass the ball over a shorter distance, possibly using a slap shot, or shooting into the goal short levers would would most likely be more beneficial. I may not be able to produce as much speed but I can produce the movement quicker. This is because since they are shorter and move with less force they will get to the end result quicker. They are beneficial for moving body parts quickly and applying strength for movements such as pushing and pulling. My accuracy would also be increased if I were to have shorter levers compared to if I had longer levers. This is because longer lever produce more force and because of this don't have very good aim of direction. I can use this to knowledge to help me have a better understanding of my longer levers and how they help me produce more force when playing hockey. 

# data[].attributes.subject
1.2 the body in motion: The skill I have chosen to analyse is a push pass in field hockey. A push pass is used for longer distances at a fast pass, this is because it maintains the best control and has more accuracy for heading towards the direction you want to achieve. Field hockey is a team game with a field of 11 players making up the positions of left wing, right wing, two inners, 3 midfielders, 1 sweeper, 2 fullbacks and one goalie. In field hockey the aim is to score as many goals as possible by hitting the ball into the net. Team players can only touch the bull with the hockey stick excluding goalie who is allowed to defend the ball using any part of their body. I chose the push pass because it is easily annotated and is crucial for sharp, short and precise passes in hockey. Within my particular movment I have chosen to annotate my hip joint in the execution phase of the movement. Question 1:Complete the table below for each phase of the skill-preparation execution and follow through phases.Preparatory Phase: Joint Movment Agonist Antagonist Bones moved Elbow (right) FlexionBicepTricepRadius, ulna and humerusHip FlexionHipflexor Gluteals Femur and pelvis. Knee Flexion Hamstrings Quadriceps Tibia, fibula and femur. Execution Phase: JointMovmentAgonistAntagonistBones movedElbowMoving to Extension BicepTricepRadius, ulna and humerus HipMoving to ExtensionHipflexorGlutealsFemur and pelvisKneeMoving to extensionHamstringsQuadriceps Tibia, fibula and femur. Follow Through Phase: JointMovmentAgonistAntagonist Bones Moved Elbow ExtensionTricepBicepRadius, Ulna and Humerus HipExtensionGlutealsHip FlexorFemur and Pelvis Knee FlexionHamstrings Quadriceps Tibia, fibula and femur BIOMECHANICS:Explain in detail how the agonist and the antagonist muscles work together to control movement at the left hip joint in the execution phase of a push pass in hockey: The hip flexor and glute work together in antagonist pairs to control extension at the hip in the execution phase of a push pass in field hockey. When you are performing a push pass at the execution phase to gain maximum power you are extending the leg at the hip joint in an abduction movement. Since your hip flexors and gluteals are voluntary muscles your body has to tell them to move. This is all done by the brand sending electrical signals down the spine and too the muscles essentially “telling” them to move. Extension is the movement created by the hamstrings and gluteals in this particular (execution) stage of a push pass in hockey. Extension is the opening of a joint and in our case a ball and socket joint. A ball and socket joint allows for multidirectional movement and rotation. In our joint The head of the femur creates a ball type shape which fits snugly into the concave socket of the pelvic bone. As Well as this other main joints in the human body include a hinge joint. A hinge joint is where two or more bones meet where they can only move along one axis in order to flex or extend. There is condyloid, saddle and pivot joint. These joints fall into one of three main categories of joint being the synovial joint. A synovial joint is a joint that allows for different range in the movement. The other two categories are fibrous which is an immovable joint such as your skull and finally a cartilaginous joint which is a joint connected entirely by cartilage and allows little movement. Examples of this include in your spine, parts of your pelvis and some of your ribs. As Well as the joint opening in extension the two bones are moving further away from each other, increasing the angle between the two. In our case the femur is moving further away from the pelvic bone. As i push the ball further away from my body and drive it across the court the agonist muscle in my left hip becomes my hip flexor. A agonist muscle is a muscle that shortens and contracts to create movement. In opposition to this muscle my glutes act as an antagonist muscle which lengthens and relaxes. As Well as this it controls speed of movement and contracts slightly at the end to avoid over extension initially preventing injury. These two antagonistic pairs are voluntary muscles meaning the brain needs to tell them what to do. The brain does this by sending electrical signals down the spine via the central nervous system to stimulate muscle movement. My bones are then moved by tendons, a tendon attaches bones to muscles. This is allowed by the muscles contractions. When my muscle contracts it pulls on tendons which are a tough band of fibrous that connects the muscles to the bones and moves my bones. For my chosen joint muscle contractions will cause my femur to move.  This is important because of how large the bone is.  The particular muscle contraction I will be experiencing during this movement is an isometric contraction. In this contraction there are two types of contractions the first being an eccentric contraction, this is when the muscle generates force by lengthening the muscle a concentric contraction performs the opposite and shortens the muscles yet still produces force be doing just this.  Using the same skill anatomically analysed above explain how your knowledge of biomechanical principles helped to improve your performance of the skill.  In a push pass in hockey my skill and understanding of what is happening to my body when I perform the skill is increased. This is through my knowledge of biomechanical principles. In a push pass the aim is to steadily and quickly pass the ball across the field (so quite a long way) with aim and accuracy. I improved my skill through:My knowlege of force summation acquired my to understand what is happening with my body and how I need to display the right sequence of my muscles in order to reach full power and pass the ball as far as I can. From doing the project I understand that in the execution phase my body has to follow the four principles of force summation being I need to use as many body parts that relate to the movement as possibleThe smaller muscles closer to the object should be used lastAnd Muscle need to be used and accelerated with the correct timing.All the muscles used must go through their greatest range of motion to achieve maximum momentum.These four principles and the detail behind has helped me improve the performance of my skill because I now know I have to apply these 4 principles to my movement in order to reach “force summation”. In further detail when I was executing the ball through the execution phase I had to apply the 1st rule. This being that I needed to apply as many body parts that relate to the movement as possible. This included making full usage of my bicep and tricep, abdominals and quadriceps and hip flexor. I also need to apply rule number two and three. To achieve this I had to start the movement with my larger muscles first. This includes my glutes then my hip flexor. Then my hamstrings and quadriceps, abdominal and obliques, then my tricep and bicep and all the muscles all the way to my fingers and hands. As Well as just using all of these I need to use the larger muscles first and apply proper anatomical sequence. The larger muscles like my hamstrings and glutes, etc have to my first and my smaller muscles which are closer to the object move last. Finally I have to assure my muscle go through their greatest range of motion. 2. My knowlege of balance and stability has also acquired my to increase my understanding of how it works and apply it to my movement. I learnt that if I maintain balance and stability it allows me to put more force into my shot with accuracy and control which are three crucial elements in field hockey. In order to achieve this I have learnt that I have to have controlled my center of gravity, line of gravity and base of support.  I have learnt that my center of gravity is in the middle of my hips at the flexion in the knee and flexion in the hip in the execution phase. My line of gravity runs straight through this. I have to keep my body parts even on both sides to maintain balance. This is because the further you move one body part away from the line of gravity the more unstable you become. This unless you move another body part in the other direction to compensate. Finally I know have learnt that I need to have a wider base of support to maintain balance. This is why I now know to have my legs about shoulder width apart. I also know to keep closer to the ground because this also increase the probability of maintaining balance and stability. My knowledge of balance and stability and how to maintain it has helped me when playing hockey because I understand what I need to do in order to maintain balance. 3. Finally my understanding of levers has contributed to the improvement of the performance of my skill. This is due to the fact that I now know that since i have longer levers I am benefited to pass the ball with force and speed. This is because longer levers produce more force. I also have more force because I am tall and weigh a bit. All of these three things and general biomechanics has increased my understanding of what is happening to my body when playing hockey. Because of this it has helped me improve my skills of hockey and performance of a push pass when we play it in pe. Explain in detail how force summation is applied to the performance of your skill. How did you apply this to improve your performance in your chosen skill?Force summation is the combination of forces produced by different parts of the body . Its job is to achieve maximum power in anatomical sequence, which then can be applied to an object or the human body. It works in a sequence offering the larger muscles move first and then the smaller muscles which are closer to the object move last. The muscles used in the action just move in the greatest range in order to gain maximum power. In this particular case the object is the hockey ball . The aim of a push pass is to speedily pass the ball with accuracy in direction. This can be achieved by your body producing a large amount of force. Although you have to assure you dont apply too much force. This could mean your team players can't catch the ball due to the significant amount of speed the ball is displaying. In order to correctly demonstrate force summation your body needs the follow the principles of force summation.  These being that you need to use as many body parts that relate to the movement as possible, Body parts should move in a sequence with the bigger muscles (e.g lower body and trunk) leading the action. The smaller muscles closer to the object should be used last, muscles need to be used and accelerated with the correct timing and finally all the muscles used must go through their greatest range of motion to achieve maximum momentum. It is important when you perform the movement to use all the muscles relevant to your movement. Again in our case this is to assure speed. The more momentum and force you apply the faster we can make the ball travel. In the execution phase of a push pass in hockey the anatomical sequence of muscle performance is as follows. Your gluteals need to move and contract first. This is because they are a much larger muscle that is a fact further away from the object then the smaller muscles need to contract last as they take less time due to the shorter muscle fibres, Your hip flexors also move along with the gluteal in antagonistic pairs. Next comes the quadriceps and hamstrings, much like the gluteals and hame strings these muscles are the larger side of the scale so require movement to come first. Next is the abdominals, obliques and latissimus dorsi. Then as follows is tricep and bicep all the way down to your hands. This improved the performance of my school by allowing me to gain maximum power in my hockey push pass. It also allowed me to speedily push it across the field which is the aim in this particular type of shot: it needs to be quick, long and accurate and force situation of my different muscles has allowed me to do just that. In conclusion i applied force summation to improve the performance of my skill. It helped me learn how to correctly move my muscles to build up power and apply the appropriate amount of force to the pass. Depending of how far away one of my players is the power that is required will change. Explain in detail how balance and stability is applied to the performance of your skill. How did you apply this to improve your performance of your chosen skill? Whilst playing hockey i am constantly under the pressure of gravity and I need balance and stability to maintain my balance. When playing sport balance and stability is referred to as dynamic or vestibular. The ability to balance is generally the key to most sports including hockey.  Maintaining balance and stability whilst playing hockey or any other sport for that many has many additional benefits this being that it allows me to put for force and power into the movement while maintaining control and accuracy for the direction in which I am trying to get my ball. To achieve “balance and stability” you need to control our center of gravity, line of gravity and base of support. In a push pass in hockey I need to assure my center of gravity is controlled. A center of gravity is a point in a person's body where all parts of their body are equally balanced. In hockey my center of gravity lies in the middle of my body around my torso. In a push pass in hockey it is crucial that I try and get as low as possible, this is because the probability of maintaining a balanced position is increased if my center of gravity is lowered. As Well as your center of gravity your line of gravity is a line that passed directly through the centre of gravity in a vertical manner meaning that judging by my center of gravity it runs directly through the middle of my body. The further you move one body part away from the line of gravity, the greater the chance of losing balance, unless another body part moves to compensate for this. This is why when in position of the execution phase of a push pass in hockey the line of gravity runs directly through the middle of my body, I have one leg sticking forward and one sticking back in order to maintain a balanced position. And finally I need to assure I have a stable base of support. A base of support is an area area within the bodies contact with the ground which in hockey is both my left and right foot.  In order to have a substantial base of support It needs to be wide and broad. This will increase my chances of stability and balance. You can see in both my preparation, execution and follow through phase that my Base of support  is quite wide and gets wider and we follow through with the arrange of phases. In the execution phase I have a much wider base of support. This is because I am trying to make full use of my force in order to pass the ball fast and efficiently. The center of my base of support runs directly through my line of gravity in the execution phase, this again increase my chances of maintaining balance whilst playing field hockey. This knowledge has participated in the performan in my skill because i Have learnt the rules/ requirements of what it takes to maintain balance and stability. I now apply these rules to improve my skill and stay balance so I can apply more force. Explain in detail how levers are applied to the performance of your skill. How did you apply this to improve your performance in your chosen skill?In a push pass in hockey levers are a crucial element for both this shot and any other shot/pass. They participate in delivering power with less effort as possible and increasing accuracy which for my particular pass is crucial. They also partake in helping to move loads at greater speeds. Levers are a bar or some other rigid structure, hinged at one point, and to which forces are applied at two other points. The sustain force by going through a range of motion. Generally the amount of leverage a person has depends on the length of the body (lever) this may be a leg, or an arm fully depending on what movement and/or sport you are doing. Levers consist of a Pivot point [fulcrum] which is the point where the lever rotates and the muscles are loaded, a load which is the force applied by the lever system and effort. The force applied by the user of the lever system.  Those are the three types of levers found in the body. The most common being the third class. Although there are both 2nd and 1st class levers. These are depend on where the fulcrum, force and load is applied. In my particular chosen shot (being a push pass) long levers would be the most beneficial. This is due to the fact that the longer the lever is, which in my shot is my arm, the more speed generated at the end of the lever and therefore more force is applied. This is beneficial towards the push pass because in a push pass the aim is for it to be a very quick shot and by having long levers I can do just that. As Well as this I am very tall and probably carry more weight behind the lever than other peers in my class. Again this is very beneficial because it means I can apply more force to my levers and therefore pass the ball faster and with more generation.During the execution phase in hockey the lever present goes all the way along my arm to the end of my hockey stick. The pivot point in my arm (lever) is my ball and socket joint located in my shoulder. This is the point in which the lever rotates. The load in my case is the ball. This is because it is the force applied to the lever system and what I am trying to apply my force to in order to speedily move the hockey ball across the field. As for effort I am using almost every muscle in body to assure the ball is past speedily with direction. But for the preparatory phase where my elbow is moving towards extension my bicep and tricep and working together as antagonistic pairs to produce force and apply it my lever. This happens at the point where tendons attach muscles to bone. If i was trying to pass the ball over a shorter distance, possibly using a slap shot, or shooting into the goal short levers would would most likely be more beneficial. I may not be able to produce as much speed but I can produce the movement quicker. This is because since they are shorter and move with less force they will get to the end result quicker. They are beneficial for moving body parts quickly and applying strength for movements such as pushing and pulling. My accuracy would also be increased if I were to have shorter levers compared to if I had longer levers. This is because longer lever produce more force and because of this don't have very good aim of direction. I can use this to knowledge to help me have a better understanding of my longer levers and how they help me produce more force when playing hockey. 

# data[].attributes.body
A pivot point (fulcrum),

A weight to be moved (resistance),

A source of energy (effort) or force.

# data[].attributes.headline
CONSIDERING THE CLASSROOM COVER PHOTO IS OF A FOOTBALL NET DOES THIS SUGGEST WE GET TO PLAY THIS GAME 

# data[].attributes.subject
CONSIDERING THE CLASSROOM COVER PHOTO IS OF A FOOTBALL NET DOES THIS SUGGEST WE GET TO PLAY THIS GAME 

# data[].attributes.headline
Centre of Gravity (COG)Line of Gravity (LOG)Base of Support (BOS)

# data[].attributes.subject
Centre of Gravity (COG)Line of Gravity (LOG)Base of Support (BOS)

# data[].attributes.body
The agonist and antagonist work together to control the movement

# data[].attributes.body
Forces summation:
Correct timing and sequence, Using as many relevant muscles as possible
maximum range of motion

Adenosine Tri-phosphate and creatine phosphate

Anaerobic = without oxygen (lasts for 1min

# data[].attributes.body
S

# data[].attributes.body
Centre of gravity
This is the point around at which all parts of the body are equally balanced.

Base of support
Area within the bodies contact with the ground.

Line Of Gravity

# data[].attributes.body
they are joints in the body

# data[].attributes.body
.ATP-CP system
.Lactic Acid system
.Anaerobic system
.Aerobic system

Antagonistic muscle action

How does it happen?

Skeletal muscles are voluntary, they need to be told to move. Your brain sends electric signals to your muscles to stimulate contractions.

Muscles work in pairs to create movement.

The agonist muscle shortens and contracts to create movement.

The antagonist muscle relaxes and lengths to allow the movement to happen. It also controls the speed of the movement at the end to protect the joint from injury.

When the agonist contracts it pulls on the tendon, which then pull on the bones and moves the bone. Tendons connect muscles to bones.

Biomechanics

https://drive.google.com/a/wakatipu.school.nz/file/d/0B7_JV8HJ2e0WR3hqY3FnMVlEM2c/view

What is force summation

It is the combination of forces produced by different

parts of the human body.

It’s purpose is to achieve maximum force/acceleration

and apply it to an object or the human body.

Principle 1

Use as many body parts that relate to the movement

as possible.

Principle 2

Body parts should move in a sequence with the bigger

muscles (e.g lower body and trunk) leading the action, because they have larger muscle fibers and take longer to contract. E.g Quad, hammys, glutes, hip flexor, abs, lats, pecs, traps, delts, bicep and tricep.

The smaller muscles closer to the object should be used

Last because they have smaller muscle fibers and take less time to contract.

Principle 3

Muscle need to be used and accelerated with the correct Timing.

Principle 4

All the muscles used must go through their greatest

range of motion to achieve maximum momentum.

Sequencing

Why do bigger muscles lead the movement?

Bigger muscles take longer to contract than smaller

muscles because they have bigger and longer muscle

fibres, so lead the movement.

Timing

Timing of the movement is important so as to sequence

and summate the forces for maximum impact.

Timing of moving the muscles too early or too late will

decrease the total amount of force able to be produced

by the body.

Stability and Balance

It is important that all of these actions are

performed over a stable base.

This allows maximum force/acceleration to be

applied to the object.

Otherwise smaller stabilising muscles are used

to try and re-balance the body.

Third class levers: load sits, load is at the end and ball/object.

Long levers hockey swimming basketball fast bowling

Short levers halfback weightlifting spin bowling

Long levers

The longer the lever the greater the speed generated at the end of the lever and therefore the more force applied because you have more time to gain speed which = greatest range of motion. E.g fast bowler cricket.

Short levers

Short levers can move with less force but will get to the end result quicker. This is beneficial for moving body parts quickly and applying strength for pushing, pulling and lifting object. E.g Halfback rugby.

Balance and stability

C.O.G - Centre of gravity is the point at which all things are equal. This does move during sport.

B.O.S-  Base of support are All points in contact with the ground

L.O.G-  Line of gravity. Imaginary line that runs through your C.O.G

Principles of balance & stability

1. Lowering C.O.G increases B&S. Flexion at the knees lowers C.O.G.

2. Widening B.O.S, increases B&S. Abduction at hips, widens B.O.S.

3. Your L.O.G must fall through the middle of your B.O.S to be at your most stable. This means your C.O.G must be over the middle of your B.O.S.

4. When one body part moves away from the C.O.G, another body part must move to compensate to maintain B&S.

Energy Systems

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Y5ZtwnWxQQinrOImMxhhMo7DOoXknVPUM58zPh3oXMY/edit#slide=id.p6

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1QXADhK6tXCWJvqmIZ5B12ra8o-1Y4fULXKnyDJcsaZM/edit

Homework^^^^ and intranet vidoes

Energy

We need energy for activities

Intensity

How hard we work

Duration

How long we work for

Energy Systems

ATP - Chemical compound

= energy

Full name Adenosine triphosphate

The body uses three interconnected energy systems to provide the power for human movement.

The use of each energy system is dependent on the duration and intensity of the activity being performed.

High intensity activity is more reliant on anaerobic (energy produced without oxygen) energy, where as low intensity activity can rely on aerobic (energy produced with oxygen) energy systems.

Anaerobic- Does not use oxygen

Aerobic- uses oxygen to help create ATP

Energy

Energy is required for all kinds of bodily processes.

Our muscles are powered by one and only one compound ATP.

However the body stores only a small quantity within the muscles and it’s enough to power just a few seconds of all-out exercise.  So the body must replace ATP on an ongoing basis.

If ATP stores are replaced with oxygen it is then called aerobic.

Without oxygen is anaerobic.

Three energy systems

ATP – CP

Anaerobic

Aerobic

A number of different factors determine which energy system is chosen

ATP-CP

ATP: complex chemical compound formed with the energy released from food and stored in all cells, particularly muscles.

CP: Chemical bound stored in muscles, helps with the manufacture of ATP.

Adenosine tri-phosphate – creatine phosphate.

During the first 5 seconds of exercise regardless of intensity the ATP-CP is relied on almost exclusively.

ATP stores only last a few seconds.

CP starts to replace ATP until the CP stores are depleted which lasts approximately 5 – 8 seconds.

Combined together the ATP – CP can sustain all-out exercise for 1-10 seconds.

If activity continues beyond this point the body must rely on another energy system to produce ATP.

It is used for activities that require 100% intensity.

Anaerobic Lactic Acid

Once the CP stores are depleted your body starts to use the lactic acid system.

This is generally used in exercises that require 85% or higher intensity.

Is an incomplete breakdown of glucose which builds and causes the muscles to tire quickly. (Glycogen is glucose stored in the body e.g carbohydrates sugar protein)

This results in fatigue.

1 glycogen molecule = 2 ATP

Mainly used in high intensity stop start sports: Rugby, netball, hockey

Lactic Acid

The lactic acid system starts to increase rapidly after the initial 10 seconds of exercise and lasts for up to 2 minutes when there is a growing reliance on the aerobic energy system.

This system uses carbohydrates only for its energy source.

The aerobic system utilises proteins, fats and carbohydrates to replace ATP.

Aerobic System

This system produces ATP in large amounts and is the prime energy source during endurance activities. (food - carbs fats)

After about two minutes the aerobic energy system is the main source of energy.

1 glycogen = 38 ATP

Oxygen

The aerobic system uses oxygen to burn carbohydrate during long duration medium intensity activity (60-85%).

Oxygen helps to remove the build-up of lactic acid in the muscles.

This system produces carbon dioxide as a by-product. (Co2 + H2O)

1. Examples from the sport (hockey)

2. Identify changes (Choose 3 main changes to talk about eg lungs heart and one other)

3. When how why did it affect you

The Heart

Arteries- carry oxygenated blood- bright red in colour.

Veins- carry deoxygenated blood- dark red in colour.

Red blood cells carry O2

Iron helps to produce red blood cells

4 chambers in the heart

Atrium- right and left (top chambers)

Ventricles- right and left (bottom chambers)

Sweat

H2O leaving bloodstream, the viscosity of blood becomes thicker, harder for heat to pump, and therefore we tire more easily, Important to replace fluids to positively impact physical performance and decision making.

Blood distribution

Deoxygenated

Blood travels back to the heart via capillaries at the surface of the skin. This is so air can cool down the blood in order to lower body temp towards homeostasis or ‘normal’. As a result we get a red face/limbs.

Oxygenated

blood moves away from internal organs the demand increase from working muscles. The oxygenated blood is used to help break down the glycogen stored in the muscles to produce ATP so that we can continue to have energy to exercise/perform physical activity.

Muscles fatigued

Muscles will experience a buildup of lactic acid over the period of exercise/activity. Lactic Acid is a byproduct of creating ATP in the Anaerobic energy systems. Lactic Acid occurs from an incomplete breakdown of glycogen in the muscles due to an absence O2. The effect lactic acid has on performance is it decreases the intensity we can work at. Often results in feeling like muscles are heavy and we feel fatigued.

This can also occur after producing ATP in the aerobic system as we complete many muscle contraction over time as well as using the anaerobic system throughout the game/event. Muscles will feel stiff and sore at the end/next day.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/173oJkGJ--slEdjhhPUBxK-6tOeiFPd1Y7TTSIjOXNu0/edit

Long Term changes

Minimum 6 weeks to see and feel changes.

Aerobic system development 12 weeks.

Anaerobic systems 6-8 weeks

In order to develop fitness you must train 3 times (frequency) a week for a minimum for 20 mins in your training heart rate zone. E.g 135-156

Long term changes that occur in the heart

The left ventricle gets more blood around a minute when the size of it is increased.

> Increase in stroke volume: The amount of blood that can be pumped around the body at rest & during exercise increases. This is because the size of the left ventricle expands as a result of regular aerobic exercise. This benefits the body as more oxygenated blood gets transported to the working muscles an any given time to help break down glycogen/carbohydrates to produce ATP. This means the body can exercise/play sport for longer without being fatigued.

> Lower resting heart rate: As the size of the left ventricle has increased more blood gets transported around the body with less beats minute. The amount of blood pumped around the body per minute is known as cardiac output, This does not change at rest. The resting heart rate will lower as a result of improved aerobic/cardiovascular fitness. Your heart rate during physical activity/sport will also be lower due to an increase in stroke volume, which delays the onset of fatigue/tiredness. If should feel ‘easier over time’.

Long term changes to the lungs

Muscles around the lungs get stronger.

VO2 max increases > maximum volume of oxygen (per breath)

As we get ‘fitter’ the muscles around the lungs get stronger, so the lungs can expand and contract with more force. The number of breaths we take per minute should decrease as our cardiovascular fitness improves because our lungs expand more to inhale more oxygen per breath. This is beneficial to us when we play sport as the body can bring in more oxygen and get it to the working muscles in order to help breakdown the glycogen/carbohydrates to produce more ATP. This means when playing sport we should be able to play at a higher intensity for longer before we feel tired. Our body is working more efficiently.

Frequency- At least three sessions a week.

Duration- 20 minutes in training heart rate zone ie 25-30 mins.

Intensity- 60-80% intensity to develop aerobic zone.

Overload- Ways to make training more difficult as your body adapts. Eg intensity, distance and frequency.

Activities running, biking, swimming, rowing. Cardio development

Eg I could run three times a week for 30 minutes at an intensity of 65% I would apply overload by…..

Anaerobic Sprints, interval training, hill sprints, spin class, fartlek training.

2-3 times a week

48 hours btw sessions to fully recover.

Increase speed

Speed of muscles contractions. The body then can tolerate the build of lactic acid over time before having to slow down and lower intensity.

Power = speed+strength

Antagonistic muscle action

How does it happen?

Skeletal muscles are voluntary, they need to be told to move. Your brain sends electric signals to your muscles to stimulate contractions.

Muscles work in pairs to create movement.

The agonist muscle shortens and contracts to create movement.

The antagonist muscle relaxes and lengths to allow the movement to happen. It also controls the speed of the movement at the end to protect the joint from injury.

When the agonist contracts it pulls on the tendon, which then pull on the bones and moves the bone. Tendons connect muscles to bones.

Biomechanics

https://drive.google.com/a/wakatipu.school.nz/file/d/0B7_JV8HJ2e0WR3hqY3FnMVlEM2c/view

What is force summation

It is the combination of forces produced by different

parts of the human body.

It’s purpose is to achieve maximum force/acceleration

and apply it to an object or the human body.

Principle 1

Use as many body parts that relate to the movement

as possible.

Principle 2

Body parts should move in a sequence with the bigger

muscles (e.g lower body and trunk) leading the action, because they have larger muscle fibers and take longer to contract. E.g Quad, hammys, glutes, hip flexor, abs, lats, pecs, traps, delts, bicep and tricep.

The smaller muscles closer to the object should be used

Last because they have smaller muscle fibers and take less time to contract.

Principle 3

Muscle need to be used and accelerated with the correct Timing.

Principle 4

All the muscles used must go through their greatest

range of motion to achieve maximum momentum.

Sequencing

Why do bigger muscles lead the movement?

Bigger muscles take longer to contract than smaller

muscles because they have bigger and longer muscle

fibres, so lead the movement.

Timing

Timing of the movement is important so as to sequence

and summate the forces for maximum impact.

Timing of moving the muscles too early or too late will

decrease the total amount of force able to be produced

by the body.

Stability and Balance

It is important that all of these actions are

performed over a stable base.

This allows maximum force/acceleration to be

applied to the object.

Otherwise smaller stabilising muscles are used

to try and re-balance the body.

Third class levers: load sits, load is at the end and ball/object.

Long levers hockey swimming basketball fast bowling

Short levers halfback weightlifting spin bowling

Long levers

The longer the lever the greater the speed generated at the end of the lever and therefore the more force applied because you have more time to gain speed which = greatest range of motion. E.g fast bowler cricket.

Short levers

Short levers can move with less force but will get to the end result quicker. This is beneficial for moving body parts quickly and applying strength for pushing, pulling and lifting object. E.g Halfback rugby.

Balance and stability

C.O.G - Centre of gravity is the point at which all things are equal. This does move during sport.

B.O.S-  Base of support are All points in contact with the ground

L.O.G-  Line of gravity. Imaginary line that runs through your C.O.G

Principles of balance & stability

1. Lowering C.O.G increases B&S. Flexion at the knees lowers C.O.G.

2. Widening B.O.S, increases B&S. Abduction at hips, widens B.O.S.

3. Your L.O.G must fall through the middle of your B.O.S to be at your most stable. This means your C.O.G must be over the middle of your B.O.S.

4. When one body part moves away from the C.O.G, another body part must move to compensate to maintain B&S.

Energy Systems

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Y5ZtwnWxQQinrOImMxhhMo7DOoXknVPUM58zPh3oXMY/edit#slide=id.p6

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1QXADhK6tXCWJvqmIZ5B12ra8o-1Y4fULXKnyDJcsaZM/edit

Homework^^^^ and intranet vidoes

Energy

We need energy for activities

Intensity

How hard we work

Duration

How long we work for

Energy Systems

ATP - Chemical compound

= energy

Full name Adenosine triphosphate

The body uses three interconnected energy systems to provide the power for human movement.

The use of each energy system is dependent on the duration and intensity of the activity being performed.

High intensity activity is more reliant on anaerobic (energy produced without oxygen) energy, where as low intensity activity can rely on aerobic (energy produced with oxygen) energy systems.

Anaerobic- Does not use oxygen

Aerobic- uses oxygen to help create ATP

Energy

Energy is required for all kinds of bodily processes.

Our muscles are powered by one and only one compound ATP.

However the body stores only a small quantity within the muscles and it’s enough to power just a few seconds of all-out exercise.  So the body must replace ATP on an ongoing basis.

If ATP stores are replaced with oxygen it is then called aerobic.

Without oxygen is anaerobic.

Three energy systems

ATP – CP

Anaerobic

Aerobic

A number of different factors determine which energy system is chosen

ATP-CP

ATP: complex chemical compound formed with the energy released from food and stored in all cells, particularly muscles.

CP: Chemical bound stored in muscles, helps with the manufacture of ATP.

Adenosine tri-phosphate – creatine phosphate.

During the first 5 seconds of exercise regardless of intensity the ATP-CP is relied on almost exclusively.

ATP stores only last a few seconds.

CP starts to replace ATP until the CP stores are depleted which lasts approximately 5 – 8 seconds.

Combined together the ATP – CP can sustain all-out exercise for 1-10 seconds.

If activity continues beyond this point the body must rely on another energy system to produce ATP.

It is used for activities that require 100% intensity.

Anaerobic Lactic Acid

Once the CP stores are depleted your body starts to use the lactic acid system.

This is generally used in exercises that require 85% or higher intensity.

Is an incomplete breakdown of glucose which builds and causes the muscles to tire quickly. (Glycogen is glucose stored in the body e.g carbohydrates sugar protein)

This results in fatigue.

1 glycogen molecule = 2 ATP

Mainly used in high intensity stop start sports: Rugby, netball, hockey

Lactic Acid

The lactic acid system starts to increase rapidly after the initial 10 seconds of exercise and lasts for up to 2 minutes when there is a growing reliance on the aerobic energy system.

This system uses carbohydrates only for its energy source.

The aerobic system utilises proteins, fats and carbohydrates to replace ATP.

Aerobic System

This system produces ATP in large amounts and is the prime energy source during endurance activities. (food - carbs fats)

After about two minutes the aerobic energy system is the main source of energy.

1 glycogen = 38 ATP

Oxygen

The aerobic system uses oxygen to burn carbohydrate during long duration medium intensity activity (60-85%).

Oxygen helps to remove the build-up of lactic acid in the muscles.

This system produces carbon dioxide as a by-product. (Co2 + H2O)

1. Examples from the sport (hockey)

2. Identify changes (Choose 3 main changes to talk about eg lungs heart and one other)

3. When how why did it affect you

The Heart

Arteries- carry oxygenated blood- bright red in colour.

Veins- carry deoxygenated blood- dark red in colour.

Red blood cells carry O2

Iron helps to produce red blood cells

4 chambers in the heart

Atrium- right and left (top chambers)

Ventricles- right and left (bottom chambers)

Sweat

H2O leaving bloodstream, the viscosity of blood becomes thicker, harder for heat to pump, and therefore we tire more easily, Important to replace fluids to positively impact physical performance and decision making.

Blood distribution

Deoxygenated

Blood travels back to the heart via capillaries at the surface of the skin. This is so air can cool down the blood in order to lower body temp towards homeostasis or ‘normal’. As a result we get a red face/limbs.

Oxygenated

blood moves away from internal organs the demand increase from working muscles. The oxygenated blood is used to help break down the glycogen stored in the muscles to produce ATP so that we can continue to have energy to exercise/perform physical activity.

Muscles fatigued

Muscles will experience a buildup of lactic acid over the period of exercise/activity. Lactic Acid is a byproduct of creating ATP in the Anaerobic energy systems. Lactic Acid occurs from an incomplete breakdown of glycogen in the muscles due to an absence O2. The effect lactic acid has on performance is it decreases the intensity we can work at. Often results in feeling like muscles are heavy and we feel fatigued.

This can also occur after producing ATP in the aerobic system as we complete many muscle contraction over time as well as using the anaerobic system throughout the game/event. Muscles will feel stiff and sore at the end/next day.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/173oJkGJ--slEdjhhPUBxK-6tOeiFPd1Y7TTSIjOXNu0/edit

Long Term changes

Minimum 6 weeks to see and feel changes.

Aerobic system development 12 weeks.

Anaerobic systems 6-8 weeks

In order to develop fitness you must train 3 times (frequency) a week for a minimum for 20 mins in your training heart rate zone. E.g 135-156

Long term changes that occur in the heart

The left ventricle gets more blood around a minute when the size of it is increased.

> Increase in stroke volume: The amount of blood that can be pumped around the body at rest & during exercise increases. This is because the size of the left ventricle expands as a result of regular aerobic exercise. This benefits the body as more oxygenated blood gets transported to the working muscles an any given time to help break down glycogen/carbohydrates to produce ATP. This means the body can exercise/play sport for longer without being fatigued.

> Lower resting heart rate: As the size of the left ventricle has increased more blood gets transported around the body with less beats minute. The amount of blood pumped around the body per minute is known as cardiac output, This does not change at rest. The resting heart rate will lower as a result of improved aerobic/cardiovascular fitness. Your heart rate during physical activity/sport will also be lower due to an increase in stroke volume, which delays the onset of fatigue/tiredness. If should feel ‘easier over time’.

Long term changes to the lungs

Muscles around the lungs get stronger.

VO2 max increases > maximum volume of oxygen (per breath)

As we get ‘fitter’ the muscles around the lungs get stronger, so the lungs can expand and contract with more force. The number of breaths we take per minute should decrease as our cardiovascular fitness improves because our lungs expand more to inhale more oxygen per breath. This is beneficial to us when we play sport as the body can bring in more oxygen and get it to the working muscles in order to help breakdown the glycogen/carbohydrates to produce more ATP. This means when playing sport we should be able to play at a higher intensity for longer before we feel tired. Our body is working more efficiently.

Frequency- At least three sessions a week.

Duration- 20 minutes in training heart rate zone ie 25-30 mins.

Intensity- 60-80% intensity to develop aerobic zone.

Overload- Ways to make training more difficult as your body adapts. Eg intensity, distance and frequency.

Activities running, biking, swimming, rowing. Cardio development

Eg I could run three times a week for 30 minutes at an intensity of 65% I would apply overload by…..

Anaerobic Sprints, interval training, hill sprints, spin class, fartlek training.

2-3 times a week

48 hours btw sessions to fully recover.

Increase speed

Speed of muscles contractions. The body then can tolerate the build of lactic acid over time before having to slow down and lower intensity.

Power = speed+strength

Antagonistic muscle action

How does it happen?

Skeletal muscles are voluntary, they need to be told to move. Your brain sends electric signals to your muscles to stimulate contractions.

Muscles work in pairs to create movement.

The agonist muscle shortens and contracts to create movement.

The antagonist muscle relaxes and lengths to allow the movement to happen. It also controls the speed of the movement at the end to protect the joint from injury.

When the agonist contracts it pulls on the tendon, which then pull on the bones and moves the bone. Tendons connect muscles to bones.

Biomechanics

https://drive.google.com/a/wakatipu.school.nz/file/d/0B7_JV8HJ2e0WR3hqY3FnMVlEM2c/view

What is force summation

It is the combination of forces produced by different

parts of the human body.

It’s purpose is to achieve maximum force/acceleration

and apply it to an object or the human body.

Principle 1

Use as many body parts that relate to the movement

as possible.

Principle 2

Body parts should move in a sequence with the bigger

muscles (e.g lower body and trunk) leading the action, because they have larger muscle fibers and take longer to contract. E.g Quad, hammys, glutes, hip flexor, abs, lats, pecs, traps, delts, bicep and tricep.

The smaller muscles closer to the object should be used

Last because they have smaller muscle fibers and take less time to contract.

Principle 3

Muscle need to be used and accelerated with the correct Timing.

Principle 4

All the muscles used must go through their greatest

range of motion to achieve maximum momentum.

Sequencing

Why do bigger muscles lead the movement?

Bigger muscles take longer to contract than smaller

muscles because they have bigger and longer muscle

fibres, so lead the movement.

Timing

Timing of the movement is important so as to sequence

and summate the forces for maximum impact.

Timing of moving the muscles too early or too late will

decrease the total amount of force able to be produced

by the body.

Stability and Balance

It is important that all of these actions are

performed over a stable base.

This allows maximum force/acceleration to be

applied to the object.

Otherwise smaller stabilising muscles are used

to try and re-balance the body.

Third class levers: load sits, load is at the end and ball/object.

Long levers hockey swimming basketball fast bowling

Short levers halfback weightlifting spin bowling

Long levers

The longer the lever the greater the speed generated at the end of the lever and therefore the more force applied because you have more time to gain speed which = greatest range of motion. E.g fast bowler cricket.

Short levers

Short levers can move with less force but will get to the end result quicker. This is beneficial for moving body parts quickly and applying strength for pushing, pulling and lifting object. E.g Halfback rugby.

Balance and stability

C.O.G - Centre of gravity is the point at which all things are equal. This does move during sport.

B.O.S-  Base of support are All points in contact with the ground

L.O.G-  Line of gravity. Imaginary line that runs through your C.O.G

Principles of balance & stability

1. Lowering C.O.G increases B&S. Flexion at the knees lowers C.O.G.

2. Widening B.O.S, increases B&S. Abduction at hips, widens B.O.S.

3. Your L.O.G must fall through the middle of your B.O.S to be at your most stable. This means your C.O.G must be over the middle of your B.O.S.

4. When one body part moves away from the C.O.G, another body part must move to compensate to maintain B&S.

Energy Systems

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Y5ZtwnWxQQinrOImMxhhMo7DOoXknVPUM58zPh3oXMY/edit#slide=id.p6

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1QXADhK6tXCWJvqmIZ5B12ra8o-1Y4fULXKnyDJcsaZM/edit

Homework^^^^ and intranet vidoes

Energy

We need energy for activities

Intensity

How hard we work

Duration

How long we work for

Energy Systems

ATP - Chemical compound

= energy

Full name Adenosine triphosphate

The body uses three interconnected energy systems to provide the power for human movement.

The use of each energy system is dependent on the duration and intensity of the activity being performed.

High intensity activity is more reliant on anaerobic (energy produced without oxygen) energy, where as low intensity activity can rely on aerobic (energy produced with oxygen) energy systems.

Anaerobic- Does not use oxygen

Aerobic- uses oxygen to help create ATP

Energy

Energy is required for all kinds of bodily processes.

Our muscles are powered by one and only one compound ATP.

However the body stores only a small quantity within the muscles and it’s enough to power just a few seconds of all-out exercise.  So the body must replace ATP on an ongoing basis.

If ATP stores are replaced with oxygen it is then called aerobic.

Without oxygen is anaerobic.

Three energy systems

ATP – CP

Anaerobic

Aerobic

A number of different factors determine which energy system is chosen

ATP-CP

ATP: complex chemical compound formed with the energy released from food and stored in all cells, particularly muscles.

CP: Chemical bound stored in muscles, helps with the manufacture of ATP.

Adenosine tri-phosphate – creatine phosphate.

During the first 5 seconds of exercise regardless of intensity the ATP-CP is relied on almost exclusively.

ATP stores only last a few seconds.

CP starts to replace ATP until the CP stores are depleted which lasts approximately 5 – 8 seconds.

Combined together the ATP – CP can sustain all-out exercise for 1-10 seconds.

If activity continues beyond this point the body must rely on another energy system to produce ATP.

It is used for activities that require 100% intensity.

Anaerobic Lactic Acid

Once the CP stores are depleted your body starts to use the lactic acid system.

This is generally used in exercises that require 85% or higher intensity.

Is an incomplete breakdown of glucose which builds and causes the muscles to tire quickly. (Glycogen is glucose stored in the body e.g carbohydrates sugar protein)

This results in fatigue.

1 glycogen molecule = 2 ATP

Mainly used in high intensity stop start sports: Rugby, netball, hockey

Lactic Acid

The lactic acid system starts to increase rapidly after the initial 10 seconds of exercise and lasts for up to 2 minutes when there is a growing reliance on the aerobic energy system.

This system uses carbohydrates only for its energy source.

The aerobic system utilises proteins, fats and carbohydrates to replace ATP.

Aerobic System

This system produces ATP in large amounts and is the prime energy source during endurance activities. (food - carbs fats)

After about two minutes the aerobic energy system is the main source of energy.

1 glycogen = 38 ATP

Oxygen

The aerobic system uses oxygen to burn carbohydrate during long duration medium intensity activity (60-85%).

Oxygen helps to remove the build-up of lactic acid in the muscles.

This system produces carbon dioxide as a by-product. (Co2 + H2O)

1. Examples from the sport (hockey)

2. Identify changes (Choose 3 main changes to talk about eg lungs heart and one other)

3. When how why did it affect you

The Heart

Arteries- carry oxygenated blood- bright red in colour.

Veins- carry deoxygenated blood- dark red in colour.

Red blood cells carry O2

Iron helps to produce red blood cells

4 chambers in the heart

Atrium- right and left (top chambers)

Ventricles- right and left (bottom chambers)

Sweat

H2O leaving bloodstream, the viscosity of blood becomes thicker, harder for heat to pump, and therefore we tire more easily, Important to replace fluids to positively impact physical performance and decision making.

Blood distribution

Deoxygenated

Blood travels back to the heart via capillaries at the surface of the skin. This is so air can cool down the blood in order to lower body temp towards homeostasis or ‘normal’. As a result we get a red face/limbs.

Oxygenated

blood moves away from internal organs the demand increase from working muscles. The oxygenated blood is used to help break down the glycogen stored in the muscles to produce ATP so that we can continue to have energy to exercise/perform physical activity.

Muscles fatigued

Muscles will experience a buildup of lactic acid over the period of exercise/activity. Lactic Acid is a byproduct of creating ATP in the Anaerobic energy systems. Lactic Acid occurs from an incomplete breakdown of glycogen in the muscles due to an absence O2. The effect lactic acid has on performance is it decreases the intensity we can work at. Often results in feeling like muscles are heavy and we feel fatigued.

This can also occur after producing ATP in the aerobic system as we complete many muscle contraction over time as well as using the anaerobic system throughout the game/event. Muscles will feel stiff and sore at the end/next day.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/173oJkGJ--slEdjhhPUBxK-6tOeiFPd1Y7TTSIjOXNu0/edit

Long Term changes

Minimum 6 weeks to see and feel changes.

Aerobic system development 12 weeks.

Anaerobic systems 6-8 weeks

In order to develop fitness you must train 3 times (frequency) a week for a minimum for 20 mins in your training heart rate zone. E.g 135-156

Long term changes that occur in the heart

The left ventricle gets more blood around a minute when the size of it is increased.

> Increase in stroke volume: The amount of blood that can be pumped around the body at rest & during exercise increases. This is because the size of the left ventricle expands as a result of regular aerobic exercise. This benefits the body as more oxygenated blood gets transported to the working muscles an any given time to help break down glycogen/carbohydrates to produce ATP. This means the body can exercise/play sport for longer without being fatigued.

> Lower resting heart rate: As the size of the left ventricle has increased more blood gets transported around the body with less beats minute. The amount of blood pumped around the body per minute is known as cardiac output, This does not change at rest. The resting heart rate will lower as a result of improved aerobic/cardiovascular fitness. Your heart rate during physical activity/sport will also be lower due to an increase in stroke volume, which delays the onset of fatigue/tiredness. If should feel ‘easier over time’.

Long term changes to the lungs

Muscles around the lungs get stronger.

VO2 max increases > maximum volume of oxygen (per breath)

As we get ‘fitter’ the muscles around the lungs get stronger, so the lungs can expand and contract with more force. The number of breaths we take per minute should decrease as our cardiovascular fitness improves because our lungs expand more to inhale more oxygen per breath. This is beneficial to us when we play sport as the body can bring in more oxygen and get it to the working muscles in order to help breakdown the glycogen/carbohydrates to produce more ATP. This means when playing sport we should be able to play at a higher intensity for longer before we feel tired. Our body is working more efficiently.

Frequency- At least three sessions a week.

Duration- 20 minutes in training heart rate zone ie 25-30 mins.

Intensity- 60-80% intensity to develop aerobic zone.

Overload- Ways to make training more difficult as your body adapts. Eg intensity, distance and frequency.

Activities running, biking, swimming, rowing. Cardio development

Eg I could run three times a week for 30 minutes at an intensity of 65% I would apply overload by…..

Anaerobic Sprints, interval training, hill sprints, spin class, fartlek training.

2-3 times a week

48 hours btw sessions to fully recover.

Increase speed

Speed of muscles contractions. The body then can tolerate the build of lactic acid over time before having to slow down and lower intensity.

Power = speed+strength

# data[].attributes.body
- How to correctly use a training program
- How to improve and progress on a set skill
- Skeletal system
- How to analyse a photo of a skill and elaborate muscles being used
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# data[].attributes.headline
force summation is when your body uses 4 different rules to create maximum power in a physical performance. the rules are are use as many muscles as you can, correct range of motion and perfect timing, bigger muscles to small ones.  

# data[].attributes.subject
force summation is when your body uses 4 different rules to create maximum power in a physical performance. the rules are are use as many muscles as you can, correct range of motion and perfect timing, bigger muscles to small ones.  

# data[].attributes.body
Force summation, Levers (first, second third class), Projectile motion, Balance and stability, agonist and antagonist, aduction and abduction, extension, flexion, synovial, 4 force summation rules, (initiate bigger muscles first then move into smaller muscles.)