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Continous Reinforcement- rewarding at any given behavior.
Repeated Reinforcement- rewarding after certain time limit
Variable Ratio - based on behavior, rewarding on any given time

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Learning to be depressed - Martin Seligman and Steve Maier

Purpose of this study was to demonstrate operant conditioning.

Procedure 1 - escape group - dogs were trapped in a box and they would get shocked and would only stop when they moved. No escape groups - when the dogs got shocked and when they hit the panel they would continuously get shocked. Stage 2 - all three groups were placed in a barrier and would get shocked and the only way to escape it was to find a way out.

Learned Helplessness- dogs who were unable to leave the original shocked box were less likely to escape the shuttle box. If you fail the first two or three times, you think you cannot do it anymore or vice versa. Study found the base of why many get depression and the origin of depression.

The bobo doll study - Bandura founded the social learning theory. the purpose was to study the behavior of a child after watching an adult model aggression towards a bobo doll. Wanted to find the definition of aggression. Was a monkey see monkey do experiment. Children that were exposed to the violent behavior had more violent interactions when shown the bobo doll.

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Sheldon is giving Penny positive reinforcement. She doesn't know what it is for. And his way is incorrect because it has no rhythm. It was right because she was reinforced with something she likes. It was a random but continuous method of reinforcing.
Shaping - when you work with someone to teach them what to do. Slowly changing the behavior to teach them to do the right thing.

Pavlov - Classical Conditioning - a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired with one another.

-the conditioned stimulus is paired withe unconditioned stimulus until the conditioned stimulus alone is sufficient to elicit the response.

-Since conditioned reflexes are not inborn, exactly how are they required.

Generalization - Associating something conditioned previously with something similar.

Discrimination -  The opposite of generalization

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Garcia :Taste Aversion - a learned response to eating spoiled or toxic food. This study is a form of classical conditioning. Garcia wanted to find out if rats would be quick to form an association between taste and illness.
Conditioned Stimulus - does not cause the response
Unconditioned Stimulus - produces a response, it naturally solicits a response.
Watson - Classical Conditioning - the association of a particular stimulus or behavior.
John watson did the orphan child. He took a 9 moth old orphan and wanted to see how he would react to different white objects such as a white rat. They associated the white rat to a loud hammering noise. Soon Albert was generalizing anything white and furry to fear. His fear remained for 30+ days. They did not recondition the child to not have fear.

Little Albert -
UCS (White Rat)----->Nothing
CS(Noise) + UCS (White animal)-----------> UCR (Fear/Distress)
CS (Fear) -----> CR (Rat)

Classical Conditioning Diagram
UCS ---> UCR
CS +    UCS---> UCR
CS              -----> CR
Spontaneous Recovery - when the fear comes back out of the blue
Acquisition - the process of pairing the UCS and the CS
Extinction - When the fear is no longer present

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I can understand Thorndike and Skinner research studies.

Thorndike Law of Effect - Operant condition: conditioning with consequences. He wanted to study animal behavior and in doing do he founded the reinforcement principle. Created the problem box which was with a cat to see if it would leave the box. The cat would operate a latch and that would be the only way it could leave. If an action brings a reward, that action becomes stamped in the mind.
The Law of Effect- Behavior changes because of consequences. A positive stimulus like a reward, it can change your behavior.
Latent Learning - not knowing you learned something at the moment.

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What is the behavior you would change of someone or of your own?
I would change my neighbor's behavior who is 5 years old. His behavior of crying when he doesn't get something he wants. To change his behavior, every time he wants something and starts crying for it, I will not give him attention. And when he doesn't cry when he wants something he will be rewarded.

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I can apply behavior modification
4 Methods of Learning
1. Trial and Error - "If at first you don't succeed..."
2. Operant Conditioning - behaviors have consequences
3. Classical Conditioning - associative learning
4. Observational Learning (Modeling) - "Monkey see, monkey do"