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Declared separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.

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Engel v. Vitale (first amendment: religion)

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Engel v. Vitale (first amendment: religion)

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School-sponsored prayer in public schools is unconstitutional.

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Courts are required by law to provide counsel in criminal cases to represent defendants who are unable to afford to pay their own attorneys.

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Plessy v. Ferguson (Overruled by Brown v. Board)

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Plessy v. Ferguson (Overruled by Brown v. Board)

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The "separate but equal" provision of private services mandated by state government is constitutional under the Equal Protection Clause.
Court membership

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Affirms the legality of a woman's right to have an abortion

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No unreasonable searches and seizures. Any illegally obtained evidence is void.

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Jim Crow laws (overturned by fourteenth amendment)

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Jim Crow laws (overturned by fourteenth amendment)

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Enforced segregation. However were overruled by Brown v. board, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

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Dred Scott Case (superseded by fourteenth amendment)

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Dred Scott Case (superseded by fourteenth amendment)

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Stated African Americans could not be American citizens, therefore they had no standing court. They were considered property. The Property Clause stated if they ran, they must be returned.

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Examines whether or not a legislature had a constitutional reason for enacting a particular statute.

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The government cannot prohibit the exercising of one's religion

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If someone could not read or write, they could not vote. This targeted racial minorities because most could not get an education.

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Poll Tax (abolished by fourteenth amendment)

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Poll Tax (abolished by fourteenth amendment)

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Citizens in some states had to pay a fee to vote in a national election. This was abolished because popular sovereignty is a right.

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Equal Protection (fourteenth amendment; state)

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Equal Protection (fourteenth amendment; state)

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A state must protect all citizens equally; a state may not deny a citizen equal protection under the law.

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Exclusionary Rule (fourth amendment; Mapp v. Ohio)

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Exclusionary Rule (fourth amendment; Mapp v. Ohio)

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Any evidence obtained illegally will not be looked at/used and will be considered void.

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prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress.

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The state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person in civil and criminal proceedings: opportunity to give evidence (calling in a witness as well), right to know opposing evidence, and the right to an attorney.

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A person cannot be tried and punished twice for the same crime they committed once.

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Usually means a person could be a suspect of a crime simply because of their color (stereotypes). There is no definitive list. It is based off of groups of people that have typically been discriminated against in the past.

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When police have reason to obtain a warrant to search a person or property and for the arrest of a suspected criminal.

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5 given rights:
Freedom to believe in your own religion (Free Exercise (of Religion) clause: Government cannot prohibit/make any law regarding religion, nor can it establish any "Religion of America" and enforce the beliefs of that religion as laws (Say they made America a Christian Country)),

Freedom of speech and Symbolic speech (actions that purposely and discernibly convey a *Usually political* message), but doesn't cover Slander or Libel speech (False statements of "fact" that harm someones reputation. Slander is by speech/orally said, libel is written defamation.)

Freedom of press,

Freedom of assembly (peaceful protests)

And Freedom of petition (make a complaint to the government).

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Seditious Speech (Illegal due to first amendment)

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Seditious Speech (Illegal due to first amendment)

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Speech advocating take over of the government or harm of a government leader.

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Slander/Libel (Illegal due to first amendment)

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Slander/Libel (Illegal due to first amendment)

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False statements of "fact" that harm someones reputation. Slander is by speech/orally said, libel is written defamation.

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Symbolic speech (Protected by First Amendment)

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Symbolic speech (Protected by First Amendment)

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Actions that purposely and discernibly convey a *Usually political* message

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The freedom to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed, as it is necessary to keep the state free.

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Citizens cannot be forced to house and feed soldier in a time of war, the government must have consent from the home owner/citizen, and are prohibited to ask a citizen to house and feed soldiers in a time of peace.

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No searches or seizures will be conducted without probable cause, or a warrant to do so.

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Right to remain silent.
Right to due process of trial/jury.
Restricts double jeopardy.

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The Sixth Amendment guarantees a citizen a speedy trial, a fair jury, an attorney if the accused person wants one, and the chance to confront the witnesses who is accusing the defendant of a crime, meaning he or she can see who is making accusations.

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No lawsuits under twenty dollars.

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No cruel and unusual punishments (No Death Penalty, or excessive fines)

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Protects Implied Rights

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Rights not delegated to the Federal Government are given/reserved for the states. This

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A resident of one state cannot be sued by that of another, nor by a foreigner to the U.S. (You must be in the same state as the other person to sue them).

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Outlines The election of the President and the Vice President. Stated are things such as: The President and the Vice President must be elected together.

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Slavery is prohibited and Congress has the right to enforce it's abolition.

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If a person is born on U.S. soil, they are a U.S. Citizen. No slavery, no discrimination (therefore no poll taxes because everyone has the right to vote no matter their financial situation, and no literacy tests because education shouldn't prohibit popular sovereignty). Because of this, the Dred Scott case was overturned.  Also, the 14th amendment instituted the rational basis test