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Truman Doctrine (1947) & Containment Policy

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Truman Doctrine (1947) & Containment Policy

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President Harry Truman presented the doctrine on March 12, 1947. The doctrines goals was to counter Soviet expansion however it did lead the U.S. to several conflicts. The Containment Policy left a lasting impact on the U.S. military after the expansion of the military industrial complex which increased weapon development and defense budget. The Truman Doctrine and containment policy inherently shaped U.S. foreign relations which lead to economic policies, security structures, and military interventions which still affect the U.S. today.

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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was established by 12 countries that included the U.S., Canada, and Western Europe Nations on April 4, 1949. NATO acted as a discouragement averse to soviet expansion which lead to a long standing U.S. military presence abroad. After the Cold War NATO expanded. The NATO left lasting impacts including Global military presence, defense spending, U.S. and Europe relations, and an impact on Russia relations.

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North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950 the goal was to unify the country under communism. Seoul changing hands caused the war to see serious shifts in control. Although no official peace treaty was signed the war ended with the Korean Armistice Agreement on July 27, 1953. The Korean War left a lasting impact on America and the World by strengthening the U.S. Military, setting the stage for Vietnam, shaping U.S. and China relations, outgoing North South tensions, but it is also a forgotten war in U.S. History.

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Due to suspicious communists targeting Hollywood, government officials, and academics the U.S. launched aggressive investigations. The face of anti-communist hysteria became Senator Joseph McCarthy however the broadcasted Army-McCarthy hearings exposed his reckless tactics which led to his downfall and censure by the Senate. This did leave an Impact on Civil Liberties and Government policy in universities and government jobs loyalty oaths became common. It left lasting impacts on American one being fear of political dissent as well as expansion of government surveillance, impact on Free Speech and Civil rights, and influence on Modern Political Rhetoric.

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Cubas leader Fidel Castro searched for Soviet protection against the U.S. after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961. A naval "quarantine" of Cuba was ordered by president John F Kennedy on October 22, 1962 to prevent further soviet weapons from arriving. Khrushchev agreed to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba on October 28 1962 but in exchange for the U.S. to promise not to invade Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis left an impact on U.S. and Soviet relations it led to the creation of Moscow Washington Hotline a hotline in which Leaders were allowed to communicate directly to avoid future crisis. There was a shift in the U.S. foreign policy which was an impact left on America after the crisis as well as the Cold War Divide strengthening, influence on future crisis, political impact on JFK but also public fear of nuclear. war.

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The world's first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1 which was launched by the Soviet Union on October 4 1957. In 1958 the U.S. accelerated its space program as a response to Sputnik. Due to Sputnik the U.S. Feared that the Soviet Union could then use rockets to launch nuclear weapons at them. From 1961 to 1962 the U.S. and Soviet Union competed in space milestones with Yuri Gagarin being the first Human in space and John Glenn being the first American to orbit Earth. Advancements in Technology was one the lasting impacts left on American and the world after Sputnik as well as STEM education boom, military and space exploration, U.S and Russia cooperation, and inspiration for future space travels.

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Vietnam divide at the 17th parallel after the first Indochina War so they sought independence from French Colonial Rule. Congress passed the Golf of Tonkin Resolution after the Golf of Tonkin incident in 1964 this allowed President Lyndon B. Johnson with no formal deceleration of war to escalate U.S. Military involvement. One of the shocking turning points was Tet Offensive in 1968 which was a major Vietnamese attack which led to public opinion to turn against the war. The Distrust in the Government, The War Powers Act of 1973, Veterans Struggles, Anti-war Movements Influence and U.S. Foreign Policy Shifts were lasting impacts left after the war.

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Civil Defense & Nuclear Fear (1950s–1980s)

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Civil Defense & Nuclear Fear (1950s–1980s)

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Children were taught to hide under their desks in case of a nuclear attack this was the "Duck and Cover" drill promoted by the U.S. Government. Fallout shelters were encouraged to be built in homes and communities by the government with stocked food, water, and emergency supplies. The FCDA was created through pamphlets, films, and drills to educate citizens on nuclear survival. Fallout shelters, reinforced basements, and underground bunkers were designed into government buildings, schools, and hospitals. This continued nuclear fears, created emergency alert systems influenced pop culture, created modern day prepping, and increased U.S. foreign policy and defense spending which all left a lasting impact.

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Reagan's Military Buildup & SDI ("Star Wars") (1980s)

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Reagan's Military Buildup & SDI ("Star Wars") (1980s)

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The largest peacetime military buildup in U.S. history was launched by President Ronald Reagan to counter the Soviet Union to shoot down incoming Soviet nuclear missiles. SDI was created in 1983 which was a proposed space based missiles defense system which did cause the Soviet Union to see it as a major threat and lead them to fear that their nuclear deterrence would be undermined. The Soviet Unions financial struggles worsened because they could not keep up with the U.S. defense spending. This influenced Missile Defense today, endured U.S. military superiority, and inspired space based warfare concepts however it did lead to higher U.S. debt, and U.S. and Russian tensions.

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 Fall of the Berlin Wall & Soviet Collapse (1989–1991)

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 Fall of the Berlin Wall & Soviet Collapse (1989–1991)

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The Berlin Wall which was built in 1961 was a symbol of the Cold War and it also divided East and West Berlin. Communist governments in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary collapsed due to inspiration of the Berlin Wall fall. The Soviet Union officially dissolved on December 26, 1991 ending 74 years of communist rule.

The U.S. shifted its foreign policy focus from the Cold War to regional conflicts after it emerged as the world's sole superpower. Expansion of Democracy & Capitalism, U.S.-Russia Relations, rise of globalization, impact on the U.S. economy, and new security challenges were lasting impacts left.