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The Mughals: https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml

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The Mauryan Empire (324-185 BCE), based in the Gangetic plains of India and with its capital city at Pataliputra (modern Patna), was one of many small political dynasties of the early historic period whose development included the original growth of urban centers, coinage, writing, and eventually, Buddhism. Under the leadership of Ashoka, the Mauryan Dynasty expanded to include most of the Indian subcontinent, the first empire to do so.

Described in some texts as a model of efficient economic management, Maurya's wealth was established in land and sea trade with China and Sumatra to the east, Ceylon to the south, and Persia and the Mediterranean to the west. International trade networks in goods such as silks, textiles, brocades, rugs, perfumes, precious stones, ivory, and gold were exchanged within India on roads tied into the Silk Road, and also through a thriving merchant navy.

King List/Chronology

There are several sources of information about the Mauryan dynasty, both in India and in the Greek and Roman records of their Mediterranean trading partners. These records agree on the names and reigns of five leaders between 324 and 185 BCE.

Chandragupta Maurya 324-300 BCE

Bindusara 300-272 BCE

Asoka 272-233 BCE

Dasaratha 232-224

Brihadratha (assassinated in 185 BCE)

The origins of the Mauryan dynasty are somewhat mysterious, leading scholars to suggest that the dynastic founder was likely of a non-royal background. Chandragupta Maurya established the dynasty in the last quarter of the 4th century BCE (circa 324-321 BCE) after Alexander the Great had left Punjab and the northwestern parts of the continent (circa 325 BCE).

Alexander himself was only in India between 327-325 BCE, after which he returned to Babylon, leaving several governors in his place. Chandragupta ousted the leader of the small Nanda Dynasty polity ruling the Ganges Valley at the time, whose leader Dhana Nanda was known as Agrammes/Xandrems in Greek classical texts. Then, by 316 BCE, he also had removed most of the Greek governors, expanding the Mauryan realm to the northwest frontier of the continent.

Alexander's General Seleucus

In 301 BCE, Chandragupta battled Seleucus, Alexander's successor and the Greek governor who controlled the eastern sector of Alexander's territories. A treaty was signed to resolve the dispute, and the Mauryans received Arachosia (Kandahar, Afghanistan), Paraopanisade (Kabul), and Gedrosia (Baluchistan). Seleucus received 500 war elephants in exchange.

In 300 BCE, Chandragupta's son Bindusara inherited the kingdom. He is mentioned in Greek accounts as Allitrokhates/Amitrokhates, which likely refers to his epithet "amitraghata" or "slayer of foes". Although Bindusara did not add to the empire's real estate, he did maintain friendly and solid trade relationships with the west.

Asoka, Beloved of the Gods

The most famous and successful of the Mauryan emperors was Bindusara's son Asoka, also spelled Ashoka, and known as Devanampiya Piyadasi ("the beloved of the gods and of beautiful looks"). He inherited the Mauryan kingdom in 272 BCE. Asoka was considered a brilliant commander who crushed several small revolts and began an expansion project. In a series of terrible battles, he expanded the empire to include most of the Indian subcontinent, although how much control he maintained after the conquering is debated in scholarly circles.

In 261 BCE, Asoka conquered Kalinga (present day Odisha), in an act of terrible violence. In an inscription known as the 13th Major Rock Edict (see full translation), Asoka had carved:

Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, conquered the Kalingas eight years after his coronation. One hundred and fifty thousand were deported, one hundred thousand were killed and many more died (from other causes). After the Kalingas had been conquered, Beloved-of-the-Gods came to feel a strong inclination towards the Dhamma, a love for the Dhamma and for instruction in Dhamma. Now Beloved-of-the-Gods feels deep remorse for having conquered the Kalingas.

At its height under Asoka, the Mauryan empire included land from Afghanistan in the north to Karnataka in the south, from Kathiawad in the west to northern Bangladesh in the east.

Inscriptions

Much of what we know of the Mauryans comes from Mediterranean sources: although the Indian sources never mention Alexander the Great, the Greeks and Romans certainly knew of Asoka and wrote of the Mauryan empire. The Romans such as Pliny and Tiberius were particularly unhappy with the huge drain on resources required to pay for Roman imports from and through India. In addition, Asoka left written records, in the form of inscriptions on native bedrock or on movable pillars. They are the earliest inscriptions in South Asia.

These inscriptions are found in more than 30 places. Most of them were written in a type of Magadhi, which may have been Ashoka's official court language. Others were written in Greek, Aramaic, Kharosthi, and a version of Sanskrit, depending on their location. They include Major Rock Edicts at sites located on the bordering regions of his realm, Pillar Edicts in the Indo-Gangetic valley, and Minor Rock Edicts distributed all over the realm. The subjects of the inscriptions were not region-specific but instead consist of repetitive copies of texts attributed to Asoka.

In the eastern Ganges, especially near the India-Nepal border that was the heartland of the Mauryan Empire, and the reported birthplace of the Buddha, highly polished monolithic sandstone cylinders are carved with Asoka's scripts. These are relatively rare-only a dozen are known to survive-but some are more than 13 meters (43 feet) tall.

Unlike most Persian inscriptions, Asoka's are not focused on the aggrandizement of the leader, but rather convey royal activities in support of the then-nascent religion of Buddhism, the religion that Asoka embraced after the disasters at Kalinga.

Buddhism and the Mauryan Empire

Prior to Asoka's conversion, he, like his father and grandfather, was a follower of the Upanishads and philosophical Hinduism, but after experiencing the horrors of Kalinga, Asoka began to support the then fairly esoteric ritual religion of Buddhism, adhering to his own personal dhamma (dharma). Although Asoka himself called it a conversion, some scholars argue that Buddhism at this time was a reform movement within the Hindu religion.

Asoka's idea of Buddhism included absolute allegiance to the king as well as a cessation of violence and hunting. Asoka's subjects were to minimize sin, do meritorious deeds, be kind, liberal, truthful, pure, and grateful. They were to avoid fierceness, cruelty, anger, jealousy, and pride. "Do seemly behavior to your parents and teachers," he cajoled from his inscriptions, and "be kind to your slaves and servants." "Avoid sectarian differences and promote the essence of all religious ideas." (as paraphrased in Chakravarti)

In addition to the inscriptions, Asoka convened the Third Buddhist Council and sponsored the construction of some 84,000 brick and stone stupas honoring the Buddha. He built the Mauryan Maya Devi Temple on the foundations of an earlier Buddhist temple and sent his son and daughter to Sri Lanka to spread the doctrine of dhamma.

But Was it a State?

Scholars are strongly divided as to how much control Asoka had over the regions he conquered. Often the limits of the Mauryan empire are determined by the locations of his inscriptions.

Known political centers of the Mauryan Empire include the capital city of Pataliputra (Patna in Bihar state), and four other regional centers at Tosali (Dhauli, Odisha), Takshasila (Taxila, in Pakistan), Ujjayini (Ujjain, in Madhya Pradesh) and Suvanergiri (Andhra Pradesh). Each of these was ruled by princes of the royal blood. Other regions were said to be maintained by other, non-royal people, including Manemadesa in Madhya Pradesh, and Kathiawad in western India.

But Asoka also wrote of known but unconquered regions in south India (Cholas, Pandyas, Satyputras, Keralaputras) and Sri Lanka (Tambapamni). The most telling evidence for some scholars is the rapid disintegration of the empire after Ashoka's death.

Collapse of the Mauryan Dynasty

After 40 years in power, Ashoka died in the invasion by Bactrian Greeks at the end of the 3rd c BCE. Most of the empire disintegrated at that time. His son Dasaratha ruled next, but only briefly, and according to the Sanskrit Puranic texts, there were a number of short-term leaders. The last Maurya ruler, Brihadratha, was killed by his commander-in-chief, who founded a new dynasty, less than 50 years after Ashoka's death.

Primary Historical Sources

Megasthenes, who as the Seleucid envoy to Patna wrote a description of Maurya, the original of which is lost but several pieces are excerpted by the Greeks historians Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, and Arrian

The Arthasastra of Kautilya, which is a compilation treatise on Indian statecraft. One of the authors was Chanakya, or Kautilya, who served as chief minister in Chandragupta's court

Asoka's inscriptions on rock surfaces and pillars

Name: Mauryan Empire

Dates: 324-185 BCE

Location: Gangetic plains of India. At its largest, the empire stretched from Afghanistan in the north to Karnataka in the south, and from Kathiawad in the west to northern Bangladesh in the east.

Capital: Pataliputra (modern Patna)

Estimated population: 181 million

Key locations: Tosali (Dhauli, Odisha), Takshasila (Taxila, in Pakistan), Ujjayini (Ujjain, in Madhya Pradesh) and Suvanergiri (Andhra Pradesh)

Notable leaders: Established by Chandragupta Maurya, Asoka (Ashoka, Devanampiya Piyadasi)

Economy: Land and sea trade based

Legacy: First dynasty to rule over most of India. Helped popularize and expand Buddhism as a major world religion.

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The Mauryan empire existed in India between 324-185 BCE and its rulers were members of the first dynasty to rule most of the Indian subcontinent.

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The Aryans: https://india.mrdonn.org/aryan.html

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The Aryans composed poems and hymns that formed the foundations of Hinduism

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Exported goods such as cotton and spices

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The Mauryans united many parts of India during that time.

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They exported goods such as cotton and spices as part of their flourishing trade

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The Mughals created a centralised government that brought together many smaller kingdoms. :D

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Created a caste system that divided the society into classes.

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Herded animals initially but later grew crops when they settled as farmers

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They are known for their cultural and architectural achievements.

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The Guptas exported goods such as cotton and spices as part of their flourishing trade.

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They maintained law and order which enabled their people to live peaceful daily lives.

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The caste system and the Hindu religion.

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They spread moral teachings by writing edicts on rocks and pillars

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Introduced the caste system that divided society into classes

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grew prosperous though trade and forming

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The Mauryans lasted from 322BCE to 185 BCE

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They created a centralised government that brought together many kingdoms.

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Created the government and brought people together

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The mughals created a centralised government

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The Mughals created a centralised government that brought many small kingdoms together. They continued with periods of great religious tolerance where people of different religions were able to work together. The Mughals are also known for their cultural and architectural achievements,such as the construction of the Taj Mahal.

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They united many parts of India during that period of time,and even spread moral teachings by writing edicts on rocks and pillars during the reign of king Ashoka.

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The Mughals continued with periods of great religious tolerance where people of different religions were able to work together. :)))

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The Mughals created a centralised government that brought together many smaller kingdoms.

They also continued with periods of great religious tolerance where people of different religions were able to work together.

Known for their cultural and architectural achievements such as the famous Taj Mahal!

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The aryans composed the Vedas. The Vedas is a collection of hymns,stories and rituals.’Veda’ means ‘knowledge’ in their language

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The Aryans lasted from 1800 BCE to 600 BCE

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The Mauryans grew prosperous through trade and farming. They also spread moral teachings by writing edicts on rocks and pillars during the reign of King Ashoka.

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They also brought ppl tgt

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They are know for their cultural and architectural achievements!

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They are know for their cultural and architectural achievements!

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Brought about a golden age of outstanding achievements in science, arts and many other fields.

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The Mauryans grew prosperous through trade and farming.

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The Mughals ruled from 1526 CE to 1857 CE

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Aryans composed the Vidas— a collection of hymns and stories.

DID YOU KNOW?

“Vida” means “knowledge” in Sanskrit

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The aryans introduced a caste system that divided society into classes

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They herded animals but later grew crops

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They existed from 1526 CE-1857 CE.

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The aryans hearted animals initially but grew crops later

They also settled as farmers in the Indus Valley and the Ganges river

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They brought about a golden age of outstanding achievements in science, the arts and many other fields.

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The Red Dot on Foreheads: Have you ever wondered why Indian women place a red dot on their foreheads, between their eyes? This goes back to Aryan days! In ancient times, a groom used to apply a spot of his blood on his bride's forehead, in recognition of wedlock! Today, married Indian women may choose to wear this mark. A married woman does not have to do this, but she can if she wants. However, if a woman is single, divorced or a widow, she can not wear this mark. It's a sign of marriage!

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Some Indian languages, such as Hindi and Bengali,are derived from an ancient language known as Sanskrit. Sanskrit was a language used by the aryans

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Composed poems and hymns that formed the foundation of hinduism

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The aryans herded animals initially but later on grew crops when they settled in as farmers

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they composed poems and hymns that formed the foundation of Hinduism

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Maurya's wealth was established in land and sea trade with China and Sumatra to the east, Ceylon to the south, and Persia and the Mediterranean to the west. International trade networks in goods such as silks, textiles, brocades, rugs,

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1. The Aryans herded animals initially but grew crops later on.

2. They settled as farmers in the Indus Valley and the Ganges River Valley.

3. They also composed hymns and poems that formed the foundations of Hinduism.

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The Vedas: Aryan beliefs and daily life are described in the four Vedas, a collection of poems and sacred hymns, composed in about 1500 BC.  Veda means knowledge. The Vedas are composed of the Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Atharva Vedas. This is why the period from roughly 1500 BC to 1000 BC is called the Vedic Period.  It is named after the Vedas. Around their campfires at night, the Aryan people told stories of the first god who created the world. This god's body parts turned into four different groups of people. Some historians believe this was the beginning of the caste system in India, or at least the idea of a caste system. During the Gupta Empire, these poems were finally written down, around 500 BCE. The Vedas were the law. The Vedas are the sacred text of Hinduism. (Today, about 80% of India's population are followers of Hinduism.)

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Aryans

The Aryans, Warrior Clans: Things changed in the Indus Valley when a new group arrived, called the Aryans. The Aryans came from Central Asia (modern day Russia). They entered the Indus Valley through the fabled Khyber pass, bringing their horses with them. The Aryans were nomads. They raised livestock, rode chariots, and loved to gamble. They had no sophisticated government. They grouped in clans, and were ruled by warrior chiefs called rajas. Their history is one of constant war amongst themselves, between the various clans. We have little archaeological evidence, but have something else we can use to learn about them. The Aryans created marvelous stories, stories they told or sang for centuries. Besides Sanskrit, their language, they brought horses and Hinduism with them into India.

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The Ramayana & the Mahabharata: Around 1000 BC, the Aryans started to create two marvelous epics. We know about daily life during this period from these famous epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. These epics are stories about Aryans life, wars, and accomplishments. School kids in India today know these stories very well. They're great stories! The Ramayana tells a story in which the (good) Aryan king Rama destroys the (evil) pre-Aryan king Ravana. The other epic, Mahabharata, talks of Aryan wars amongst themselves, where two clans, the Pandavas and the Kauravas

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The Mughals are known for their cultural and architectural achievements. One example of the architectural achievements is the Taj Mahal. (“-.-“) :D

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The Guptas lasted from 320 CE to 497 CE.

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Things changed in the Indus Valley when a new group arrived, called the Aryans. The Aryans came from Central Asia (modern day Russia). They entered the Indus Valley through the fabled Khyber pass, bringing their horses with them. The Aryans were nomads. They raised livestock, rode chariots, and loved to gamble. They had no sophisticated government. They grouped in clans, and were ruled by warrior chiefs called rajas. Their history is one of constant war amongst themselves, between the various clans. We have little archaeological evidence, but have something else we can use to learn about them. The Aryans created marvelous stories, stories they told or sang for centuries. Besides Sanskrit, their language, they brought horses and Hinduism with them into India

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The Mauryans were based in the Gangetic plains of India.

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They are important bringing almost the entire Indian subcontinent under one domain, drawing the subcontinent's regions together through enhanced overland and coastal trading networks. It was also known for its cultural influence and its architectural achievements

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The stories of Rama and Sita are famous throughout the world. Their epic tale is told in the Ramayana (also spelled Ramayan.) The Ramayan is a series of very short stories that together tell the tale of how Sita is kidnapped by Ravena and Rama goes to rescue her. They have many adventures and troubles along the way. In the end, Rama and Sita are reunited. There is much, much more to the tale then that, of course. And, along the way, there is a good dose of how people lived in ancient India.

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The Red Dot on Foreheads: Have you ever wondered why Indian women place a red dot on their foreheads, between their eyes? This goes back to Aryan days! In ancient times, a groom used to apply a spot of his blood on his bride's forehead, in recognition of wedlock! Today, married Indian women may choose to wear this mark. A married woman does not have to do this, but she can if she wants. However, if a woman is single, divorced or a widow, she can not wear this mark. It's a sign of marriage!

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The Mughal Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries.

It consolidated Islam in South Asia, and spread Muslim arts and culture as well as the faith.

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It consolidated Islam in South Asia, and spread Muslim (and particularly Persian) arts and culture as well as the faith.

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It consolidated Islam in South Asia, and spread Muslim (and particularly Persian) arts and culture as well as the faith.

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The Mughal empire invented a system of education that took account of pupils' needs and culture.It consolidated Islam in South Asia, and spread Muslim (and particularly Persian) arts and culture as well as the faith.

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Centralised government that brought together many smaller kingdoms.

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Centralised government that brought together many smaller kingdoms.

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The empire exported silk goods and textiles, spices, and exotic foods. There was a rich exchange of scientific knowledge and technology with Europe and West Asia. Ashoka also built roads, waterways, canals, hospitals, and rest houses.

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Maurya's wealth was established in land and sea trade with China and Sumatra to the east, Ceylon to the south, and Persia and the Mediterranean to the west. International trade networks in goods such as silks, textiles, brocades, rugs, perfumes, precious stones, ivory, and gold were exchanged within India on roads tied into the Silk Road, and also through a thriving merchant navy.

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Around 1000 BC, the Aryans started to create two marvelous epics. We know about daily life during this period from these famous epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. These epics are stories about Aryans life, wars, and accomplishments. The Ramayana tells a story in which the (good) Aryan king Rama destroys the (evil) pre-Aryan king Ravana. The other epic, Mahabharata, talks of Aryan wars amongst themselves, where two clans, the Pandavas and the Kauravas, battle it out, and the Pandavas emerge victorious. This is why the period from around 1000 BC to 500 BC is called the Epics Period. It is named after these two great epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.

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The Aryans also composed the Vedas.The Vedas are collections of hymns,stories and rituals.

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The third Emperor, Abu Akbar, is regarded as one of the great rulers of all time, regardless of country.

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The third Emperor, Abu Akbar, is regarded as one of the great rulers of all time, regardless of country.

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Akbar succeeded to the throne at 13, and started to recapture the remaining territory lost from Babur's empire. By the time of his death in 1605 he ruled over most of north, central, and western India.

Akbar worked hard to win over the hearts and minds of the Hindu leaders. While this may well have been for political reasons - he married a Hindu princess (and is said to have married several thousand wives for political and diplomatic purposes) - it was also a part of his philosophy.

Akbar believed that all religions should be tolerated, and that a ruler's duty was to treat all believers equally, whatever their belief.

He established a form of delegated government in which the provincial governors were personally responsible to him for the quality of government in their territory.

Akbar's government machine included many Hindus in positions of responsibility - the governed were allowed to take a major part in the governing.

Akbar also ended a tax (jizya) that had been imposed on non-Muslims. This discriminatory tax had been much resented, and ending it was a popular

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The hymns in the vedas describe the aryan way of life

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Babur the first Mughal Emperor, was a descendent of Genghis Khan and Tamerlaine.

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Babur the first Mughal Emperor, was a descendent of Genghis Khan and Tamerlaine.

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Unified most of the Indian subcontinent; established centralized administration; initiated economic and trade reforms. Maintained the vast empire; extended territory further south; promoted Jainism and Buddhism

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The Guptas civilisation lived from 320 CE to 497 CE. They made a living by trading goods such as cotton and spices. I think they started the legacy of law as they maintained it so that they could live together in peace.

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The Mughals were Muslims who ruled a country with a large Hindu majority. However for much of their empire they allowed Hindus to reach senior government or military positions.

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Some Aryans settled in Indus Valley while some settled in the Ganges River Valley

:)

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The Mauryan Empire (324–185 BCE), based in the Gangetic plains of India and with its capital city at Pataliputra (modern Patna), was one of many small political dynasties of the early historic period whose development included the original growth of urban centers, coinage, writing, and eventually, Buddhism. Under the leadership of Ashoka, the Mauryan Dynasty expanded to include most of the Indian subcontinent, the first empire to do so.

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: Aryan beliefs and daily life are described in the four Vedas, a collection of poems and sacred hymns, composed in about 1500 BC.  Veda means knowledge. The Vedas are composed of the Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Atharva Vedas. This is why the period from roughly 1500 BC to 1000 BC is called the Vedic Period.  It is named after the Vedas. Around their campfires at night, the Aryan people told stories of the first god who created the world. This god's body parts turned into four different groups of people. Some historians believe this was the beginning of the caste system in India, or at least the idea of a caste system. During the Gupta Empire, these poems were finally written down, around 500 BCE. The Vedas were the law. The Vedas are the sacred text of Hinduism. (Today, about 80% of India's population are followers of Hinduism.)

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There had been Muslims in India long before the Mughals. The first Muslims arrived in the 8th century.

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The origins of the Mauryan Dynasty are mysterious, leading scholars to suggest that the dynastic founder was likely to be from a non-royal background.

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Around 1000 BC, the Aryans started to create two marvelous epics. We know about daily life during this period from these famous epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. These epics are stories about Aryans life, wars, and accomplishments. School kids in India today know these stories very well. They're great stories! The Ramayana tells a story in which the (good) Aryan king Rama destroys the (evil) pre-Aryan king Ravana. The other epic, Mahabharata, talks of Aryan wars amongst themselves, where two clans, the Pandavas and the Kauravas, battle it out, and the Pandavas emerge victorious. This is why the period from roughly 1000 BC to 500 BC is called the Epics Period. It is named after these two great epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.

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Jahan brought together fresh ideas in the creation of the Taj. Many of the skilled craftsmen involved in the construction were drawn from the empire. Many also came from other parts of the Islamic world - calligraphers from Shiraz, finial makers from Samrkand, and stone and flower cutters from Bukhara.

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The Aryans had no sophisticated government and grouped in clans. They were ruled by warrior chiefs and their history is one of constant war amongst themselves, between the various clans.

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Did you know that in ancient times, a groom used to apply a spot of his blood on his bride's forehead, in recognition of wedlock?

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They settled as farmers👨🏻‍🌾 in the Indus Valley and the Ganges River Valley 🗺️😝

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Jahan brought together fresh ideas in the creation of the Taj. Many of the skilled craftsmen involved in the construction were drawn from the empire. Many also came from other parts of the Islamic world - calligraphers from Shiraz, finial makers from Samrkand, and stone and flower cutters from Bukhara.

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Jahan brought together fresh ideas in the creation of the Taj. Many of the skilled craftsmen involved in the construction were drawn from the empire. Many also came from other parts of the Islamic world - calligraphers from Shiraz, finial makers from Samrkand, and stone and flower cutters from Bukhara.

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The Guptas were a powerful dynasty that ruled a large part of the Indian subcontinent during the 4th to 6th centuries CE, considered a "Golden Age" in Indian history due to significant advancements in art, literature, science, and mathematics, with their reign marked by political unification and cultural flourishing across the region; their core territory primarily encompassed the fertile plains of North India, centered around present-day Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, where they leveraged local iron ore reserves to build their empire.

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The Indian subcontinent is host to many religions. One of those religions is Hinduism.

Today, Hinduism is a major world religion. It began in ancient India. Hinduism is different than other major religions because there is no single founder. Hinduism is based on the Vedas, the sacred texts and teachings of the Aryans, the ancient people who settled in India around 1500 BCE.

Hinduism is a religion of many gods. However, all Hindus worship one supreme being who created a bunch of gods to be his helpers. One of the unique beliefs in Hinduism is that God is not up in some remote, far away heaven, but is instead inside each and every soul, waiting to be discovered. Knowing God is always with them gives Hindus great hope and courage.

There are Hindu temples all over the world. Each temple has one or more priests. Most Hindu priests today still come from the top caste as they did in ancient times. This caste is called the Brahmin.

Some of the main concepts of Hinduism are called dharma, karma, and reincarnation.

Dharma is a person's religious and moral duties

Karma is the Hindu idea that sums up a person’s deeds during their lifetime. The phrase “what goes around comes around” comes from a belief in karma.

Reincarnation is the belief that the individual soul of a person is reborn in a different form after death, based on their karma, or their deeds in their prior life or lives. A belief in reincarnation or rebirth is part of both Buddhism and Hinduism. This is something these two major religions have in common.

Dharma, karma, and reincarnation, which comes first? It's pretty simply. How well you perform your dharma (duty) determines your karma (fate). If you do a good job, you'll earn good karma, and have a good rebirth. If you do a bad job, you'll earn bad karma, and have a bad rebirth. This continues until you get it right. If you have trouble remembering the order, think CAR for karma - a car gets you where you are going next.

If you ever visit the Ganges River area of modern day India, you'll see a great many people bathing in the Ganges River. As in ancient times, many Hindus still believe the waters from the Ganges River will help purify their souls.

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Have you ever wondered why Indian women place a red dot on their foreheads, between their eyes? In ancient times, a groom used to apply a spot of his blood on his bride's forehead, in recognition of wedlock! Today, married Indian women may choose to wear this mark. A married woman does not have to do this, but she can if she wants to. However, if a woman is single, divorced or a widow, she cannot wear this mark. This mark is a sign of marriage.

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The Mauryans spread moral teachings by writing edicts on rocks and pillars during the reign of King Ashoka.

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The Gupta period is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of India because of the remarkable progress made in various fields during their rule, including mathematics (development of the decimal system and concept of zero), astronomy, medicine, literature, and art.

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The Mughal Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries and the also consolidated Islam in South Asia, and spread Muslim arts and culture as well as the faith.

The Mughals brought many changes to India.They:

-Centralised government that brought together many smaller kingdoms

-Delegated government with respect for human rights

-Persian art and culture

-Persian language mixed with Arabic and Hindi to create Urdu

-Periods of great religious tolerance

-A style of architecture (e.g. the Taj Mahal)

-A system of education that took account of pupils' needs and culture

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https://images.app.goo.gl/kyj9uaTg7X3BX7e36

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Mughal architecture | Features, Examples, & Facts | Britannica

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The Aryans were a group of Indo-European speaking people who migrated to India and Iran.

They established the Vedic religion and language, and established a caste system in India.

The Aryans may have originated near the Ural River, which flows through modern Kazakhstan.

The Indo-Aryan migrations may have started around 2000 to 1600 BCE.

Aryan as a pseudoscientific racial concept

The Aryan race is a pseudoscientific concept that emerged in the late 19th century.

It was used to describe people who descended from the Proto-Indo-Europeans.

The term was adopted by racist and antisemitic writers, including Arthur de Gobineau, Richard Wagner, and Houston Stewart Chamberlain.

The term was used by the Nazis to describe people of North Western European descent with "pure blood".

The term is now used by white supremacists as a general label for non-Jewish, white people.

The name Arya

The name Arya is a name of Indo-Iranian origin that means "noble" or "honorable".

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The Guptas achieved a significant level of political unification across North India, bringing stability and prosperity to the region.

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The Aryans were nomads. They raised livestock, rode chariots, and loved to gamble. They had no sophisticated government. They grouped in clans, and were ruled by warrior chiefs called rajas. Their history is one of constant war amongst themselves, between the various clans.

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Things changed in the Indus Valley when a new group arrived, called the Aryans. The Aryans came from Central Asia (modern day Russia). They entered the Indus Valley through the fabled Khyber pass, bringing their horses with them. The Aryans were nomads. They raised livestock, rode chariots, and loved to gamble. They had no sophisticated government. They grouped in clans, and were ruled by warrior chiefs called rajas. Their history is one of constant war amongst themselves, between the various clans. We have little archaeological evidence, but we do have something else we can use to learn about them. The Aryans created marvelous stories, stories they told or sang for centuries. Besides Sanskrit, their language, they brought horses and Hinduism with them into India.

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Patronage of Arts:

The Gupta rulers were renowned patrons of artists, scholars, and writers, leading to a flourishing of classical Indian art, including sculpture, architecture, and literature.

Important Rulers:

Notable Gupta rulers include Sri Gupta (founder), Chandragupta II (considered the most influential), and Samudragupta (known for military conquests).

Decline and Fall:

The Gupta Empire eventually weakened due to internal conflicts and external invasions, particularly from the Hunas, leading to the fragmentation of power in the Indian subcontinent.

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The Aryans, Warrior Clans: Things changed in the Indus Valley when a new group arrived, called the Aryans. The Aryans came from Central Asia (modern day Russia). They entered the Indus Valley through the fabled Khyber pass, bringing their horses with them. The Aryans were nomads. They raised livestock, rode chariots, and loved to gamble. They had no sophisticated government. They grouped in clans, and were ruled by warrior chiefs called rajas. Their history is one of constant war amongst themselves, between the various clans. We have little archaeological evidence, but have something else we can use to learn about them. The Aryans created marvelous stories, stories they told or sang for centuries. Besides Sanskrit, their language, they brought horses and Hinduism with them into India.

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Origin

The Aryans were a migratory group of people from Central Asia who spoke Aryan languages. They were also known as Indo-Iranians and Indo-Aryans.

Self-identification

The term "Aryan" was originally a self-identifying term that meant "civilized," "noble," or "free".

Language

The Aryans spoke Sanskrit, an Indo-Aryan language.

Culture

The Aryans developed well-planned cities with grid layouts and wide streets. They also developed the caste system.

Economy

The Aryans were familiar with domestic animals, which were their main source of income.

History

The Persians used the term "Aryan" to distinguish themselves from their Muslim Arab conquerors in the 7th century CE.

Ethnicity

The term "Aryan" became associated with ethnicity and, especially, with light-skinned (Caucasian) superiority after the 18th century CE.

Sources

The main source of information regarding the early Aryans is the Oldest Sanskrit Literature.

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The Maurya dynasty was founded in 322 BCE by Chandragupta Maurya, who lived from 340 to 298 BCE. The empire quickly expanded across India, eventually consuming nearly the entire subcontinent. The Mauryan dynasty lasted only 137 years until 185 BCE but had nine emperors.