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March 29, 1857: Mangal Pandey's Rebellion at Barrackpore

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March 29, 1857: Mangal Pandey's Rebellion at Barrackpore

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Mangal Pandey, a sepoy of the 34th Bengal Native Infantry, openly rebelled against his commanding officers. He attacked British officers and called upon his fellow soldiers to rise against British rule. This incident is often considered the spark that ignited the larger revolt. Pandey was arrested and later executed on April 8, 1857.

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The revolt officially began in Meerut when sepoys broke into open rebellion, freeing imprisoned comrades and killing British officers. The soldiers, primarily from the 3rd Bengal Light Cavalry, had refused to use the new Enfield rifle cartridges, which were rumored to be greased with cow and pig fat. This event marked the beginning of the widespread rebellion.

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Following the Meerut Uprising, rebels marched to Delhi and seized control of the city. They proclaimed the elderly Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar as the Emperor of Hindustan. Delhi became the center of the rebellion and a symbol of resistance against British rule. The siege would last until September 1857.

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June 4, 1857: Kanpur (Cawnpore) Siege Begins

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June 4, 1857: Kanpur (Cawnpore) Siege Begins

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Under the leadership of Nana Sahib, Indian rebels laid siege to the British garrison in Kanpur. The siege resulted in the surrender of British forces and civilians on June 27, leading to tragic events including the Satichaura Ghat massacre and the Bibighar massacre. These events became rallying points for British retaliation.

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British forces and civilians found themselves under siege at the Lucknow Residency by rebel forces. The siege would last for 87 days until first relief arrived in September, though the final evacuation wouldn't occur until November. The defense of Lucknow became legendary in British military history.

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Rani Lakshmibai, the queen of Jhansi, led her forces in rebellion against the British. She refused to surrender Jhansi to the British under the Doctrine of Lapse. The Rani became one of the leading figures of the rebellion, fighting bravely until her death in June 1858 during the Battle of Gwalior.

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In Bihar, local landlord Kunwar Singh led a notable siege against the British at Arrah. A small group of British officials and civilians held out in a fortified house against thousands of rebels. The siege was eventually lifted by British relief forces, but demonstrated the spread of the rebellion to Eastern India.

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The rebels laid siege to the British positions in Agra, particularly the Agra Fort. Though the city briefly fell to rebel forces, the British managed to maintain control of the fort throughout the rebellion. The fort served as a refuge for European civilians from the surrounding regions.

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Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) in India was founded in 1875 as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. AMU was the first institution in India to offer both Western and Islamic higher education

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The Santals captured large areas of land, including the Rajmahal Hills, Bhagalpur district, and Birbhum.

The British government crushed the rebellion with force, killing around 15,000 Santhal villagers and destroying their villages.

Martial law was declared on November 10, 1855 and lasted until January 3, 1856.

In 1876, the British passed the Santhal Parganas Tenancy Act, which offered some protection for the tribals from exploitation.

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The Indigo Revolt (aka Indigo Riots or Blue Mutiny) of 1859-60 in Bengal, involved indigo growers going on strike in protest at working conditions and pay. The subsequent violence was aimed at exploitative European plantation owners, but the cause was, during and after, taken up by anti-colonial Indian liberals as an example of the necessity for independence.