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Water is an essential natural resource for the development of life. It is at the epicenter of sustainable development and is essential for socio-economic development, energy and food production, healthy ecosystems and for the very survival of human beings.

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There are different types of water depending on their chemical, physical or biological characteristics.

- Fresh water
- Saltwater
- Brackish water
- Grounding water
- Surface water

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Freshwater is water that occurs naturally on the Earth's surface in ice sheets, wetlands, ponds, lakes, rivers, and streams, and below the surface as groundwater in underground aquifers and streams. It is generally characterized by having a low concentration of salts and dissolved solids.

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It is also called seawater, being that which is found in the oceans and seas of the Earth. It is characterized by having a concentration of dissolved mineral salts of around 35%.

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Brackish water is water with a salinity between freshwater and seawater. The salinity of brackish water is not a precisely defined condition and it is considered that it can cover a great variety of salinity regimes. Brackish water can contain between 0.5 and 30 grams of salt per liter.

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groundwater, water that occurs below the surface of Earth, where it occupies all or part of the void spaces in soils. Most groundwater comes from precipitation. Precipitation infiltrates below the ground surface into the soil zone. When the soil zone becomes saturated, water filters downward. A zone of saturation occurs where all the arpetures are filled with water.

The process of precipitation replenishing the groundwater supply is known as recharge. In general, recharge occurs only during the rainy season in tropical climates or during winter in temperate climates.

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Surface water refers to all those water bodies that accumulate on the Earth's surface. It includes oceans, rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds. This water accumulates in the depressions and basins of different shapes, sizes, and depths.

Surface water is used for different purposes, such as for drinking, agriculture, electricity generation, etc. It is also the major source of freshwater water for humans and animals.

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Fresh water

Is naturally occurring water that contains a low concentration of salts and other dissolved solids.

only 3% of the water on Earth is freshwater.

It is present in various water bodies such as lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rivers, wetlands, glaciers, icebergs, etc.

Freshwater habitats are usually less than 1% of the Earth’s total surface area. But it is also home to around 40% of fish species and 10% of all animals.

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Salt water

Saltwater is water found in oceans and seas.

Most of the water found on Earth is saltwater.

The saltwater on Earth functions as a heat reservoir and mainly influences weather patterns and climate, as well as the water cycle.

Has a higher density than freshwater

The freezing point of saltwater is -2°C.

We can obtain sodium chloride or table salt from evaporating seawater.

when seawater is desalted, it can serve as a supply of drinking water.

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Causes of the contamination of the water 

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Causes of the contamination of the water 

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Global warming
The increase in Earth's temperature, due to CO2 emissions, heats the water and this causes its oxygen level to decrease.

Deforestation
The felling of forests can deplete water sources and generates organic waste that serves as a breeding ground for polluting bacteria.

Industrial, agricultural and livestock activities
Spills of chemical products from these sectors are one of the main causes of water eutrophication.

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Garbage and sewage discharges
The UN ensures that more than 80% of the world's wastewater that reaches the sea and rivers is untreated.

Maritime traffic
A large part of the plastics that pollute the oceans come from fishing boats, oil tankers and freight transport.

Fuel spills
The transport and storage of oil and its derivatives give rise to leaks that can reach water sources.

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Destruction of biodiversity. Water pollution impoverishes aquatic ecosystems and facilitates the uncontrolled proliferation of phytoplanktonic algae in lakes —eutrophication.

Contamination of the food chain. Fishing in polluted waters, as well as the use of wastewater in livestock and agriculture, can transmit toxins to food that harm our health through its ingestion.

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Diseases. drinking water contaminated by excrement, exposing themselves to contracting diseases such as cholera, hepatitis A and dysentery.

Child mortality. According to the UN, diarrheal diseases linked to poor hygiene cause the death of around a thousand children every day around the world.