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A noun clause is a type of dependent clause that functions as a noun and begins with a relative adverb or relative pronoun (that, what, when, where, which or who)

Some examples of noun clauses would be the following:

- Jenny knew “that” running against Micah for class president would be a lost cause.

- Everyone was shocked by “what” was happening before our eyes.

- “Where” the band’s next tour will stop has not been announced.

- I will call to let you know “when” the party balloons will be ready for pick up.

- We all decided “which” of the popsicle flavors was the best.

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An adverb clause is a group of words that is used to change or qualify the meaning of an adjective, a verb, a clause, another adverb, or any other type of word or phrase with the exception of determiners and adjectives that directly modify nouns.

Adverb clauses always meet three requirements:

- First, an adverb clause always contains a subject and a verb.

- Second, adverb clauses contain subordinate conjunctions that prevent them from containing complete thoughts and becoming full sentences.

- Third, all adverb clauses answer one of the classic “adverb questions:” When? Why? How? Where?

Examples:

Jennifer scrubbed the bathtub until her arms ached.
(This adverb clause describes how Jennifer scrubbed.)

The dogs started chasing my car once they saw it turn the corner.
(This adverb clause describes when the dogs started chasing my car.)

After having my wisdom teeth out, I had a milkshake for dinner because I couldn’t chew anything.
(This adverb clause describes why I had a milkshake for dinner.)

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Week 10. Grammar journal 8. Adjetive clauses 

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Week 10. Grammar journal 8. Adjetive clauses 

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Adjective clauses, also known as adjectival clauses or relative clauses, are a type of dependent clause that describes or modifies nouns, just like individual adjectives do. Like all clauses, adjective clauses contain a subject and a verb. You can identify adjective clauses because they usually begin with a relative pronoun like that, which, or who

Adjective clauses are common in English, but their rules can get a little tricky. In this guide, we explain everything you need to know to use adjective clauses correctly and provide plenty of adjective clause examples to show you how they work

Example:

[ADJECTIVE:] Jabari caught a gigantic fish!

[ADJECTIVE CLAUSE:] Jabari caught a fish, which was gigantic!

Reflection: with this rules make it easier to use them

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Week 9. Gerund and infinitives. Passive and perfect 

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Week 9. Gerund and infinitives. Passive and perfect 

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Passive forms are used to emphasize that the subject of the sentence is being acted upon. Perfect gerund and infinitive forms are used to emphasize completion in both the past and the future. Study the examples below to help understand these concepts

Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive, but with a difference in meaning

Examples:

Nancy remembered getting married. Nancy has a memory of getting married.

Fred remembered to bring sunblock to the beach.
Fred remembered that he needed to bring sunblock

Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive with little difference in meaning

Examples:

She likes swimming.

She likes to swim

Reflection: I think I can use gerunds in my daily life easily.

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How do you use modals correctly ?

Modals may be overwhelming and difficult to remember at first, but the more you practice, the more you’re going to use them properly. There are four fundamental rules you need to bear in mind when using modals. Let's see what they are.

Examples:

-Modal verbs always come first in a verb phrase. I can swim very well.

-Modal verbs are followed by bare infinitives. You should be more careful next time.

-You can’t add “-s”, “-ed”, or “-ing” to modals: Mary must work hard today.

-Modal verbs form their negative and interrogative like other auxiliaries: I can't dive.

Reflection: with this example is easier know to ose the modals more accurately

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What is an article? Basically, an article is an adjective. Like adjectives, articles modify nouns.

English has two articles: the and a/an. The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns; a/an is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns. We call the the definite article and a/an the indefinite article.

the = definite article

a/an = indefinite article

For example, if I say, "Let's read the book," I mean a specific book. If I say, "Let's read a book," I mean any book rather than a specific book.

INDEFINITE ARTICLES: A AND AN

"A" and "an" signal that the noun modified is indefinite, referring to any member of a group. For example:

Somebody call a policeman!

This refers to any policeman. We don't need a specific policeman; we need any policeman who is available.

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Passive voice

The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an action rather than the person or object that performs the action. In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence.

The passive voice is used frequently. (= we are interested in the passive voice, not in who uses it.)

Examples

The house was built in 1654. (= we are interested in the house, not in who built it.)

The road is being repaired. (= we are interested in the road, not in the people who are doing the repairs.)

Sometimes we use the passive voice because we don't know or do not want to express who performed the action.

Example

I noticed that a window had been left open.

Every year thousands of people are killed on our roads.

All the cookies have been eaten.

My car has been stolen!

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Future continuos

The future continuous tense is generally used to represent an event or action that is happening at a certain point in time in the future. The tense is also called the future progressive tense, as it denotes an action or event that is progressing or continuing at a particular time in the future.

Structure: Subject + Helping verbs (will + be) + present participle form of the verb + the rest of the sentence

Example: I will be watching the new marvel movie along with my brother at 4:30 p.m. tomorrow

Reflection: sometimes I miss the specific time event and used the wrong tense

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Past perfect tense is a verb tense used to talk about something that happened before something else that is also in the past.

Example

I turned back to the house and saw that someone named Tootles had defaced my front door

The past perfect formula

The formula for the past perfect tense is had + [past participle]

If I had woken up earlier this morning, I would have caught Tootles red-handed

Reflection: I’m still trying how to use the participle verb correctly

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Past perfect continuous tense.

The past perfect continuous tense is used to perform two main functions: To denote an action that has been the cause of another action or event in the past. To represent an action that started at some point in the past and continued or progressed till a particular time in the recent past

Example: We had been trying to open the door for five minutes when Jane found her key.

Reflection: I’m still struggling how to recognize the two past events