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-Yu the Great is the founder of Xia dynasty and he also became its emperor. He introduced dike which is a flood control technique to prevent deaths and casualties to humans caused by the flooding of the Yellow river.

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-This is the mythical or quasi-legendary dynasty because there is not enough evidence that it existed (in China).
The Xia dynasty fell because of Jie of Xia, who became a tyrant leader because of many taxes that caused rebellions, and they were also invaded by Tang of Shang.

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King Tang - also known as Emperor Tang; He has two roles, Theocracy, and Absolute Monarchy, and he was a good leader. He gathered money through harvest.

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-The Shang dynasty signaled the Bronze age in China, and in this dynasty, soldiers were farmers.
-In this dynasty, the king was able to maintain the harmony on Earth by mediating human and supernatural resources.

Aristocrats
- They are also known as tribal chiefs, state officials, local lords/ or land lords or vassals.
- They had a give and take relationship with the king; They followed the concept of feudalism wherein vassals will own the king’s land temporarily once they received the autonomy with the king’s approval but the king will be able to get the land back if the vassals betray him.

Contributions:
Oracle bone
-This is the earliest writing system in China.
-Diviners used shoulder blades of cattle or turtle shells.

After heating the bones over a fire, they examine the heat-induced cracks in the bone to decipher divine answers to their questions.
Pictographs - a pictorial representation of words or phrases.

Ideograms - tend to be less direct representations, and one may have to learn what a particular ideogram means.

Lady Fu Hao (Lady Hao)

First Chinese female general.

60th wife of King Wu
Ding (21st king of Shang)

Lady Hao Tomb

Fall of Zhou Dynasty

The Turkish-speaking tribe called Zhou attacked and defeated Shang through military conquest.

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King Wu- He justified his rebellion against the Shang Dynasty using the concept of the"Mandate of Heaven", and he claimed that he was the"Son of Heaven"

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The Zhou dynasty is the Golden age of Chinese Philosophy, and  the longest reigning dynasty.

There were agricultural and military revolution, and in the agricultural revolution there were iron which serves as a proof that there were iron age.

Disintegration of Feudal State

Local lords became assertive, refusing to pay taxes, they refused to provide labor and military service to the king.

Late Zhou was a time of endless warfare (Warring State).

Contributions:
Golden Age of Chinese Philosophy
a. Confucianism

Focused on achieving and maintaining social harmony.

Golden Rule
"Do not do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you."

Confucius - founder of Confucianism

Analects of Confucius

-an anthology of brief passages that present the words of Confucius and his disciples.

b. Daoism (Taoism)

• Let things take their natural course and do nothing to interfere with the Way.
- Yin and Yang

c. Legalism

Human beings are essentially bad because they are inherently selfish.

Law should be equally applicable to all persons, rich or poor, noble or common.

Fall of the Zhou Dynasty The weakness of the king's position gave rise to the chaotic era known as the Warring States Period during which the seven separate states of China fought each other for supremacy. The state of Qin won over the others and the establishment of the Qin Dynasty which tried to erase the accomplishments of the Zhou to establish its primacy.

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Shi Huangdi - First Emperor of China. He is one of the heads of seven warring states,and he defeated the six rival states through his military force.

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-this dynasty is the first imperial dynasty

Contributions and Constructions:
1. E fang Palace
2. Great wall
3. Terracotta warrior

Fall of the Qin Dynasty The major constructions put a heavy burden and unbearable cost (human and material labor) on the project, and the peasants rose in rebellion as soon as they learned of Shi Huangdi's death.

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Liu Bang (Gauzo) - he is the founder of Han dynasty, and is graded as one of the most competent emperors in China.

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-his philosophy is ‘Remodeled Cofucianism’
-this dynasty is the second imperial dynasty

Wu the Great
-He continue to make the Han regime into a highly centralized empire with wealth and power. He was also able to defeat the Xiongnu.

Contributions:
1. Silk road
semi-global trade route connecting China, Central Asia, and Europe.

2. Paper making

Fall of the Han Dynasty
• Once the tax burden became unbearable peasant rebellions would break out.
• Constant tensions between Han Chinese expansions and non-Han nomadic tribal invasions.

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-short-lived dynasty
Emperor Wen and Emperor Yang were the only emperors of this dynasty and they are father and son.

Works/ Contributions:
• Lowering taxes
• Redistributing land
• Making sure there were public storehouses of grain throughout the territories.
• Ensuring that there was a stable supply food in times of crisis.
• Reforms on the legal and educational system.
Grand Canal - water route

Fall of the Sui Dynasty
-rebellions and unsuccessful war campaigns.
-social unrest increased.

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›Golden Age of Reform and Cultural Advancement
I. Li Yuan
›founder; Sui governor
›Tang Legal code - his contribution wherein laws are justifiable
2. Taizong
›Lim Shimin; second son of Li Yuan he killed his brother, the first son of Li Yuan
3. Wu Zetain
›wife/concubine of Gaozong - the real emperor, ad Wu Zetain was only his concubine so she killed him through spreading rumors so people would kill him or turn against him.
›China's only female ruler
4. Xuanzong
›Son of Ruizong-Grandson of Wu Zetain
›In his reign, China became the most prosperous (financially successful country.
>the dynasty fell after him because his successors are not good.

Works/Achievements:
*Abolished the death penalty
*Improved the economy through security on the Silk Road, maritime trading, and financial reforms.
*Constructed temples and built roads and increased industry.
*Established a professional army. Farmers were no longer forced to join the military.
*Lower classes were now eligible to take civil service exams for government jobs.

Contributions:
Woodblock printing
Gunpowder

Fall of Xuanzong
›In love with Lady Yang (Abuse in power putting incompetent family members in power.)
›Xuanzong died from illness in 762 CE.
Fall of Tang Dynastuy
> Tang dynasty continued to rule but could never reach its pervious level of greatness.
"Individual talents could not be transferred to a successor."
›During the Huang-Zhao rebellion, the emperor's reign was ineffective, and the dynasty ended in 907 CE.
›Ai the last of the Tang emperors was assassinated at the age of 15.
>The collapse of the Tang dynasty begins the Period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-960 CE).

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Emperor Taizu- established the Song dynasty.Practiced merit-based policy (civil service exam); he select the best among the rest.

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Neo-Confucianism
Song dynasty developed a defensive inward-looking strategy and became less open to adopting foreign styles and ideas.
Since they were militarily weak but economically strong, they decided to tribute payments in the form of Silk and Silver, rather than maintaining a constant military presence.

Contributions:
*Jiaozi - government-produced money.
*The economy was booming, they started to export silk, tea, and rice.
*Granade
*porcelain
*Foot binding - sign of beauty, and minimizes women from going out.
*moveable-type printing press
*paddle-wheel ships

Fall of Song Dynasty
"Mongol Invasion" = nomads like Xiongnu, and Kublai Khan is the leader of those invasions.
The Song dynasty was rich enough but lack of political enough but lack of political unity, military investment, and weapons innovation.

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Kublai Khan- he ensured that Mongols always gained an advantage in China by classing them in the Four Class System.

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It is the first foreign-ruled dynasty in China and Beijing as the capital.
Four Class System (Based on loyalty to Yuan Rulers)
1. Mongols - ruling clan
2. Semu - non-Chinese from North/Central Asia (Muslim Allies)
3. Hanren - Chinese from the North (Tibetanhs, Khitans, Jurchen, etc.)
4. Southerner (Nanren) - southern Chinese formally ruled by Song.

Pax Mongolica

Contributions:
Chao - first currency used as the predominant circulating medium in China.

Marco Polo
• He worked with Kublai Khan
• He documented his experiences and exploration of the East, especially China in his book "The Travels of Marco Polo".
(They accidentally discovered America and thought it was India so it was called "The New World"
It was also a factor of colonialism because he published a book which influenced other countries to colonize.

Fall of Yuan Dynasty
People in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods, and the resulting famines, and the government's lack of effective policy led to a loss of popular support, eventually leading to the Red Turban Rebellion, which weakened the Yuan's power.

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>Ming means 'bright' or 'light'

Zhu Yuanzhang

he joined a rebel group related to the White Lotus Society.

captured Beijing, destroying the palaces, sending the Mongolian rules fleeing, and established the Ming Dynasty.

Contributions:

I Renovation of the Great Wall

It is believed to be the most effective defense against invasion.

2. Forbidden City

(Now a museum); Imperial Residence - government officials

Not accessible to all

3. Ming Porcelain

Blue-and-white porcelain

Fall of the Ming Dynasty

court factions and corruption

Li Zicheng rebelled and attacked Beijing (the capital.

Invasion of Manchus

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“First Imperial dynasty in China”

Manchus

The Manchu tribes from Manchuria belonged to the Tungus branch of the Altaic peoples, as distant relatives to the Turks and Mongols.

“Golden Eras”
Emperor Kangxi (1661-1722)

Golden Age began.

Emperor Yongzheng (1723-1735)

Golden Age continued.

Emperor Qianlong (1735-1796)

Golden Age reached its peak.

Queue Hairstyle

"Keep your hair, lose your head; keep your head, cut your hair.