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The digestive system is a group of organs working together to break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and transported throughout the body. The main organs of the digestive system include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

The mouth and teeth grind up food and mix it with saliva, which contains enzymes to start the digestion of carbohydrates. The food then passes into the esophagus, a long muscular tube that moves food to the stomach using rhythmic contractions called peristalsis.

In the stomach, food is mixed with gastric juices that contain enzymes and acid to break down protein. The stomach also churns the food to further break it down into small pieces. The small intestine receives the mixture of food and digestive juices from the stomach. Here, enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into smaller nutrients that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal walls.

The large intestine absorbs water from the remaining waste, consolidates it into feces, and moves it to the rectum to be eliminated through the anus.

Overall, the digestive system is essential for the breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients necessary for the body to function properly.

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/digestive-system-how-it-works

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The Circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, is responsible for the transportation of nutrients, gases, and waste products throughout the body.

The main components of the circulatory system include the following:

1. Heart: The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. It is composed of four chambers: the right atrium, the left atrium, the right ventricle, and the left ventricle.

2. Blood vessels: These are the tubes that transport blood throughout the body. There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries.

3. Blood: Blood is a fluid connective tissue that carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products. It is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

The circulatory system plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis in the body. It regulates body temperature, pH balance, and the distribution of nutrients, hormones, and gases. It also helps to remove waste products from the body.

Some common disorders of the circulatory system include hypertension (high blood pressure), atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), and heart disease. Treatment for these conditions may include medication, lifestyle changes, or surgery.

clevelandclinic.org

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The Respiratory system, also known as the pulmonary system, is a complex network of organs and tissues responsible for respiration. Its main function is to transport oxygen from the air we breathe into the bloodstream and release carbon dioxide from the body. The respiratory system includes the nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and diaphragm. Throughout respiration, air flows through these structures, into tiny sacs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream and carried to the body's cells, while carbon dioxide is removed from the body through exhalation. The respiratory system also plays a role in regulating the body's pH balance and is essential for vocalization and cooling of the body during physical activity.

Medically Reviewed by Poonam Sachdev, MD on January 08, 2024 Written by Shawna Seed

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The Endocrine system is a group of glands that produce and secrete hormones that regulate various bodily functions. These hormones act as chemical messengers and are transported to different parts of the body through the bloodstream. The major endocrine glands in the human body include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive glands. The hormones produced by these glands regulate growth and development, metabolism, reproductive functions, stress response, and other bodily processes. Disorders of the endocrine system can result in a range of health issues, from growth disorders to diabetes to thyroid disorders. Treatment typically involves hormone replacement therapy or medications that target hormone levels.

The major glands in the endocrine system are:

1. Pituitary gland

2. Hypothalamus

3. Thyroid gland

4. Parathyroid gland

5. Adrenal gland

6. Pancreas

7. Ovaries (in females)

8. Testes (in males)

Each of these glands secretes different hormones, which regulate various functions in the body such as metabolism, growth and development, reproductive functions, stress response, and calcium balance. The endocrine system works in conjunction with the nervous system to coordinate and control the body's internal environment.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21201-endocrine

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The Musculoskeletal system consists of bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints. It provides structural support, movement, and protection for the body. Bones serve as the framework of the body and protect vital organs. Muscles are responsible for movement and maintaining posture and balance. Tendons connect muscles to bones, while ligaments connect bones to each other and provide joint stability. Joints are the areas where two bones meet and allow for movement. Common musculoskeletal conditions include fractures, arthritis, back pain, and sports injuries. The function of ligaments in the musculoskeletal system is to connect bones to each other and to provide stability to joints. Ligaments are strong, fibrous tissue that hold bones in place and prevent excessive movement or dislocation. They are important in maintaining joint stability during movement and preventing injury. For example, the ligaments in the knee joint prevent the femur (thighbone) and tibia (shinbone) from separating and provide stability to the joint. Ligaments can be prone to injury, especially during activities that involve sudden changes in direction or impact, such as sports and contact activities.

Alexandra Villa-Forte

, MD, MPH, Cleveland Clinic

Reviewed/Revised Apr 2022 | Modified Sep 2022

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The Nervous system is a complex network of nerves, cells, and tissues that regulate and coordinate the functions of the body. It is responsible for receiving and interpreting sensory information, controlling movement and sensory responses, and maintaining homeostasis.

The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes all of the nerves that extend from the spinal cord to the rest of the body.

The nervous system also includes specialized cells called neurons, which transmit electrical and chemical signals throughout the body. Neurons have a unique structure that allows them to communicate with each other and with other cells in the body.

There are several types of neurons, including sensory neurons that transmit information from the senses to the CNS, motor neurons that control muscle movement, and interneurons that connect sensory and motor neurons.

Overall, the nervous system plays a crucial role in maintaining bodily functions and responding to changes in the environment.

Neurons are specialized cells that transmit nerve impulses or electrical signals throughout the nervous system. They are the basic unit of the nervous system and are responsible for transmitting information between different parts of the body.

Each neuron has a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. The cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles that are essential for the functioning of the neuron. Dendrites receive chemical signals from other neurons, while the axon transmits signals to other neurons or muscles.

Neurons communicate with each other via synapses, which are small gaps between adjacent neurons or between a neuron and a muscle cell. These synapses allow for the transmission of chemical signals called neurotransmitters, which are released from the axon of one neuron and bind to the receptors on another neuron or muscle cell. This process creates an electrical signal that travels through the neuron and triggers the release of neurotransmitters at the synapse.

https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/12-1-structure-and-function-of-the-nervous-system/

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The Immune system is the body's defense mechanism against harmful pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. It is made up of various cells, tissues, and organs that work together to identify and fight off foreign invaders. The immune system includes white blood cells, lymph nodes, the spleen, bone marrow, and the thymus gland. It can also recognize and eliminate abnormal cells, such as cancerous cells. The immune system can be boosted through a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, adequate sleep, and avoidance of harmful substances.

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/the-immune-system

clevelandclinic.org

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The various organs, tissues and cells of your immune system are distributed throughout your body. They all work together to help keep you healthy.

What parts of your body make up the immune system?

Many parts of your body, including immune system organs and cells, work together to keep you healthy. The main components of your immune system are:

White blood cells. These immune system cells attack and eliminate harmful germs to keep you healthy. There are many types of white blood cells, and each type has a specific mission in your body's defense system. Each type also has a different way of recognizing a problem, communicating with other cells and getting their job done.

Antibodies. These proteins protect you from invaders by binding to them and initiating their destruction.

Cytokines. These proteins serve as chemical messengers that tell your immune cells where to go and what to do. Different types of cytokines do different specific tasks, like regulating inflammation. Inflammation happens when your immune cells are warding off invaders or healing damage to your tissues.

Complement system. This is a group of proteins that teams up with other cells in your body to defend against invaders and promote healing from an injury or infection.

Lymph nodes. These small, bean-shaped organs are like colanders you use to drain pasta. They filter waste products from the fluid that drains from your tissues and cells (lymph) while keeping the good components, like nutrients. You have hundreds of lymph nodes throughout your body, and they're a vital part of your lymphatic system.

Spleen. This organ stores white blood cells that defend your body from invaders. It also filters your blood, recycling old and damaged cells to make new ones.

Tonsils and adenoids. Located in your throat and nasal passage, tonsils and adenoids can trap invaders (like bacteria or viruses) as soon as they enter your body.

Thymus. This small organ helps T-cells (a specific type of white blood cell) mature before they travel elsewhere in your body to protect you.

Bone marrow. This soft, fatty tissue inside your bones is like a factory for your blood cells. It makes the blood cells your body needs to survive, including white blood cells that support your immune system.

Skin. Your skin is a protective barrier that helps stop germs from entering your body. It produces oils and releases other protective immune system cells.

Mucosa. This three-layered membrane lines cavities and organs throughout your body. It secretes mucus that captures invaders, like germs, for your body to then clear out.

Innate immunity vs. acquired immunity

Innate immunity is protection that you're born with. Your innate immune system is part of your body's first-line defense. It responds to invaders right away by attacking any organism that shouldn't be in your body. It doesn't need prior training to tell the difference between cells that belong in your body and those that don't.

The white blood cells involved in innate immunity don't learn to recognize certain invaders. They also have no memory of attacking invaders and don't offer protection against specific germs (or the infections they cause) in the future.

That's where acquired immunity comes into play. Acquired immunity, also called adaptive or specific immunity, is protection your body gains (acquires) over time from exposure to germs. Certain white blood cells called lymphocytes remember specific invaders and can tell when they don't belong in your body. So, if those invaders try to get in again, the lymphocytes can quickly spring into action and work with other cells to eliminate the threat.

Vaccines support your acquired immunity by training its cells to identify and destroy invaders before they make you sick.

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Your Immune System: What You Need To Know

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Your immune system is a network of organs, white blood cells, proteins and chemicals that work together to protect you from invaders (like germs) that can harm you.

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The Reproductive system is a system of organs and structures responsible for the production, storage, and transport of gametes (sex cells) in order to facilitate sexual reproduction.

In males, the reproductive system consists of the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and urethra. The testes are responsible for producing sperm and the epididymis stores and matures the sperm. The vas deferens transports the sperm from the testes to the seminal vesicles, where they mix with seminal fluid produced by the prostate gland to form semen. The urethra is responsible for carrying semen out of the body during ejaculation.

In females, the reproductive system consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. The ovaries produce and release eggs, which travel through the fallopian tubes and can be fertilized by sperm. The fertilized egg then moves into the uterus, where it can implant and grow into a fetus. The cervix is the opening between the uterus and the vagina, and the vagina is the opening from which menstrual blood and babies are expelled.

The reproductive system also includes hormones such as estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone, which regulate the reproductive processes in the body.

https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/conditions/repro-health