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𝙁𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙤𝙛 𝙄𝙨𝙡𝙖𝙢

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𝙁𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙤𝙛 𝙄𝙨𝙡𝙖𝙢

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Islam began in 610 when the prophet Muhammad received his first revelation at age 40. He and his followers spread Islam throughout the Arabian peninsula. After Muhammad's death, military expeditions called"futuhat" were conducted in North Africa and Egypt. Trade and commerce helped Islam spread to other parts of the world. This timeline focuses on significant events in Islams's development and its geographical expansion to countries featured in the film.

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When was the Spanish Inquisition, and who started it?

The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition, or the Spanish Inquisition, was established in 1478 under the reign of Ferdinand II of Aragon and his wife Isabella I of Castile. The Catholic monarchs wished their country to unite under one religion and one culture.

Was it the Spanish Inquisition the only inquisition?

It may be the most remembered, but other inquisitions had existed since the 12th century, designed to combat religious sectarianism. The Medieval Inquisition, for example, was developed by the Roman Catholic Church to suppress heresy.

During the 14th century, these inquisitions had expanded to other European countries including Spain, which set up its own, this time controlled by the crown and not the church.

Who did the Spanish Inquisition target?

Originally, the Inquisition was to ensure that those who had converted to Catholicism from Judaism or Islam had done so properly. This regulation intensified after two royal decrees were issued (in 1492 and 1501) ordering Jews and Muslims to choose baptism or exile.

In the wake of the first decree, more than 160,000 Jews were forced to leave Spain. Anybody suspected of being a heretic was investigated - even those who had converted to Christianity.

The Moriscos (former Spanish Muslims who had accepted baptism) faced persecution, as did followers of humanist scholar Desiderius Erasmus.

How was the Spanish Inquisition run?

The Inquisitor General presided over the six members of the Council of the Suprema. They would meet every morning, as well as an additional two hours, three afternoons a week. Morning sessions addressed faith-related heresies, while afternoons were dedicated to minor heresies, such as sexual offences and bigamy.

Fourteen tribunals fed into the Suprema. These were initially set up in areas where they were deemed to be needed, but were later established in fixed locations.

Two inquisitors and a prosecutor sat in each tribunal, with one inquisitor, the alguacil, being responsible for detaining, jailing, and physically torturing the defendant.

What happened during an inquisition?

The arrival of the Spanish Inquisition must have been truly terrifying. Congregations were, at first, encouraged to come before a tribunal voluntarily so that they could confess their heresies, for which they would usually receive lighter punishments. But they were then cajoled or threatened to turn informant on their families, friends and neighbours.

Once someone was accused and the presence of heresy had been established, they would be imprisoned. Their property would be confiscated to cover expenses and maintenance costs, while the imprisonment could last months, if not years.

When a case, finally, came before a tribunal, the process consisted of a series of hearings during which both denouncer and defendant gave their version of events.

Were people really tortured?

Yes, but historians are still divided as to the extent to which torture was used and how far it went. Methods of torture seem to have been used to extract confessions, as opposed to a punishment in its own right, but it seems little distinction was given to who was tortured. Women, children, the infirm and the aged were not exempt.

A popular torture method was the rack, which would stretch victims, while others involved suspending a person from the ceiling by the wrists. The accused could also be forced to ingest water with a cloth in the mouth, so they felt like were drowning.

Punishments ranged from wearing a penitential garment for various lengths of time (the rest of their life in some cases), to acts of penance, lashings or, in the case of unrepentant or relapsed heretics, burning at the stake.

How many died during the Spanish Inquisition?

Again, this is hotly debated with estimates ranging from 30,000 to as many as 300,000. There are some, however, who believe that the horrors of the Inquisition have been exaggerated, and that just one per cent of the 125,000 people believed to have been tried were executed.

How did the Spanish Inquisition end?

Napoleon Bonaparte 's elder brother, Joseph , King of Naples and Sicily (1806-08) and King of Spain (1808-13) is the man credited with ending the Spanish Inquisition, although it wouldn't be officially abolished by royal decree until July 1834.
This content first appeared in the Christmas 2015 issue of BBC History Revealed

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What was the Spanish Inquisition and when was it held? BBC History Revealed explores the brutal period of religious persecution, torture and burnings at the stake (but perhaps not as many as you might think) that raged for more than 350 years...

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𝙎𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙨𝙝 𝙍𝙚𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙦𝙪𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙖 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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𝙎𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙨𝙝 𝙍𝙚𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙦𝙪𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙖 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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The Spanish Reconquista begins, took place on 722 AD to January 2, 1492. The Reconquista was fueled by a desire for land and profit, with most military actions against the moors privately financed due to weaker medieval kings. The Reconquista was a long Christian campaign to remove Muslims(moors) from the Iberian Peninsula. Prior to their arrival, the visigoths had governed spain for two centuries under the Umayyad empire. And The battle of Covadonga and ended in 1492 with the catholic Monarchs conquest of Granada

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The Reconquista (Reconquest) or Iberian Crusades were military campaigns largely conducted between the 11th and 13th century CE to liberate southern Portuguese and Spanish territories, then known as...

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙞𝙧𝙨𝙩 𝘾𝙧𝙪𝙨𝙖𝙙𝙚 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙞𝙧𝙨𝙩 𝘾𝙧𝙪𝙨𝙖𝙙𝙚 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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The first crusade Begins, took place on august 15th, 1096 to 1099. The First Crusade(1096-1099) aimed to regain the Holy Land from Islamic rule organized by the latin Church.The Crusades, lasting 200 years, brought about significant changes in Europe and the world. They caused immense loss of life, reshaped power structures, and promoted trade, learning, and cultural exchange between the middle East and Europe.

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The First Crusade (1095-1102) was a military campaign by western European forces to recapture the city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim control. Conceived by Pope Urban II following an appeal from the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos, the Crusade was a success with Christian forces taking control of Jerusalem on 15 July 1099.

Around 60,000 soldiers and at least half again of non-combatants were involved in the First Crusade which set off on their quest in 1095. After campaigns in Asia Minor and the Middle East, great cities such as Nicaea and Antioch were recaptured, and then the real objective, Jerusalem itself. Many more crusades would follow, the objectives would widen, as would the field of conflict, so that even Constantinople would come under attack in subsequent campaigns.

Causes of the First Crusade

The first and most important action to spark off the fuse which would eventually burn down to the explosion of the First Crusade was the rise of the Muslim Seljuks, a Turkish tribe of the steppe. The Seljuks won significant victories in Asia Minor against Byzantine armies, notably at the Battle of Manzikert in ancient Armenia in August 1071. As a consequence, they gained control of such great cities as Edessa and Antioch and, c. 1078, the Seljuks created the Sultanate of Rum with their capital at Nicaea in Bithynia in northwest Asia Minor. By 1087 they had taken control of Jerusalem.

The Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081-1118) realised the Seljuk expansion into the Holy Land was a chance to gain the help of western armies in his battle to control Asia Minor. Consequently, Alexios appealed to the west for soldiers in March 1095. The appeal was sent to the Pope Urban II (r. 1088-1099) who proved remarkably responsive, as did thousands of European knights.

A crusade would increase the prestige of the papacy as it led a combined western army & consolidate its position in Italy.

Pope Urban II had already sent troops to help the Byzantines in 1091 against the Pecheneg steppe nomads who were invading the northern Danube area of the empire. He was again disposed to assistance for various reasons. A crusade to bring the Holy Land back under Christian control was an end in itself - what better way to protect such important sites as the tomb of Jesus Christ, the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Christians living there or visiting on pilgrimage also required protection. In addition, there were very useful additional benefits.

A crusade would increase the prestige of the papacy, as it led a combined western army, and consolidate its position in Italy itself, having experienced serious threats from the Holy Roman Emperors in the previous century which had even forced the popes to relocate away from Rome. Urban II also hoped to make himself head of a united Western (Catholic) and Eastern (Orthodox) Christian church, above the Patriarch of Constantinople. The two churches had been split since 1054 over disagreements about doctrine and liturgical practices. In case anyone was concerned, a campaign of violence could be justified by references to particular passages of the Bible and emphasising this was a fight for liberation, not attack, and that the objectives were just and righteous ones.

On 27 November 1095, Urban II called for a crusade in a speech during the Council of Clermont, France. The message, known as the Indulgence and aimed specifically at knights, was loud and clear: those who defended Christendom would be embarking on a pilgrimage, all their sins would be washed away, and their souls would reap untold rewards in the next life. Urban II then embarked on a preaching tour in France during 1095-6 to recruit crusaders, where his message was spiced up with exaggerated tales of how, at that very moment, Christian monuments were being defiled and Christian believers persecuted and tortured with impunity. Embassies and letters were dispatched to all parts of Christendom. Major churches such as those at Limoges, Angers, and Tours acted as recruitment centres, as did many rural churches and especially the monasteries. The call to "take the cross" - where people swore an oath to become a crusader and then wore a cross on their shoulder to proclaim their obligation - was an amazing success. Across Europe warriors, stirred by notions of religious fervour, personal salvation, pilgrimage, adventure and a desire for material wealth, gathered throughout 1096, ready to embark for Jerusalem. The departure date was set for 15 August of that year. Around 60,000 crusaders including some 6,000 knights would be involved in the first waves.

The noble knights from the west were not interested in harassing an enemy & carrying off portable riches, they were in the Levant for permanent conquest.

The Muslim Enemy

The Seljuk Muslims who had taken control of most of Asia Minor and northern Syria in the latter decades of the 11th century were suffering their own particular problems even before the crusaders arrived. In conflict with their bitter rivals, the Shiite Fatimids, based in Egypt, the Sunni Seljuk Muslims had wrestled Jerusalem from them. However, a serious blow to Seljuk ambitions came with the death of the powerful Seljuk Sultan Malikshah in 1092 which produced a scramble for power by various local lords with none gaining supremacy. Further, the Seljuk base was in Baghdad, a long way from the battles which would occur throughout the First Crusade, and so there was little centralised support or management of the war. Added to this, the Shiite Muslims managed to recapture control of Jerusalem from the Seljuks just a few months before the Crusaders arrived on the scene. Both groups of Muslims were most likely completely unaware of the religious nature of the Crusader's quest and that they were any different from usual Byzantine raiding parties. The noble knights from the west, though, were not interested in harassing an enemy and carrying off portable riches, they were in the Levant for permanent conquest.

Peter the Hermit & the 'People's Crusade'

Ironically, and despite the Pope's deliberate intentions to appeal specifically to knights (which is what Alexios had asked for), a whole lot of other people were bitten by the crusading bug. The first major group was the people's army, a mixed group of poor and petty knights. They were led by the preacher Peter the Hermit and the knight Walter the Penniless (Sansavoir). Ill-equipped and by necessity driven to foraging as they crossed Europe, they made few friends along the way. Peter had earlier been on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land where he had been captured by Muslims and tortured, now was his chance for revenge.

Meanwhile, a second group of crusaders, equally humble and ill-disciplined, made its way down the Rhine. Led by Count Emicho of Leningen, the group infamously turned their religious hatred to Jews in Speyer, Mainz, Trier, and Cologne. Both groups of crusaders, sometimes referred to as the 'People's Crusade' (despite actually containing some knights), arrived in Constantinople in the early summer of 1096 with the aim of then moving on to Jerusalem to remove the Seljuks. These first-comers are described by Anna Komnena (1083-1153), historian and daughter of the Byzantine emperor, in her Alexiad:

And those Frankish soldiers were accompanied by an unarmed host more numerous than the sand or the stars, carrying palms and crosses on their shoulders; women and children, too, come away from their countries. (Gregory, 296)

They were promptly shipped by Alexios to Asia Minor, where, ignoring the Byzantine's advice, they were ambushed and wiped out near Nicaea by a Seljuk army led by Kilij Arslan I on 21 October 1096. This was not what Alexios or Pope Urban II had had in mind when they started off the crusade movement.

The Fall of Antioch

The second wave of crusaders, this time composed of more gentlemanly and knights and professional warriors, arrived in Constantinople in the autumn and winter of 1096. The second batch was not much of an improvement as far as the Byzantine emperor was concerned as it included amongst its leaders an old enemy, the Norman Bohemund of Taranto. He and his father, Robert Guiscard (the "Crafty"), the Duke of Apulia, had attacked Byzantine Greece between 1081 and 1084. In 1097 Bohemund and his knights arrived in Constantinople and initially, things went well with the Norman swearing allegiance to the emperor along with other Crusader leaders such as Godfrey of Bouillon, the Duke of Lower Lorraine, and Raymond IV (aka Raymond de Saint-Gilles), Count of Toulouse. There were many more nobles besides, and with each commanding their own contingent of knights, not to mention the practical problems of language barriers, it was a minor miracle the force achieved anything at all. Their success would surprise everyone.

Alexios used the crusaders well, despite the rape and pillage perpetrated by the less pious members of the western armies which were causing chaos as they crossed Europe and the Empire's territory. The Normans were keen to defeat the Seljuks and establish some new kingdoms of their own. Alexios may well have gone along with this plan as such kingdoms might prove a useful buffer on the Empire's border. With a mixed force of crusaders, Alexios' army, commanded by the Byzantine general Tatikios, thus managed to recapture Nicaea in June 1097, although the Seljuks had, in reality, preferred to abandon it and fight another day. Next, they swept on over the Anatolian plain and won a great victory at Dorylaion on 1 July 1097.

The crusader-Byzantine army then split up in September 1097, with one army moving on to Edessa further to the east and another into Cilicia to the south-east. The main body headed for Antioch in Syria, the key to the Euphrates frontier. The great city was one of the five patriarchal seats of the Christian church, once home to Saint Paul and Peter, and probable birthplace of Saint Luke. It would be a fine propaganda coup to get it back again.

Although well-fortified and too big to fully encircle, Antioch was indeed the next big crusader capture on 3 June 1098 after an arduous 8-month siege where the attackers themselves came under siege from a Muslim force from Mosul. The Crusaders also suffered from plague, famine, and desertions. Unfortunately for Alexios, on his way to support the siege of the city he had met refugees from the area who wrongly informed him that the Crusaders were on the brink of defeat to a huge Muslim army and so the emperor returned home. Bohemund was not best pleased to find out his army had been abandoned by the Byzantines, even if he did capture the city anyway and defeat a relief force. The Norman decided to renege on his vow to return all captured territory to the Emperor and kept the city for himself. The relations were thus irrevocably soured between the two leaders.

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The Capture of Jerusalem

In December 1098 the crusader army marched onwards to Jerusalem, capturing several Syrian port cities on their way. They arrived, finally, at their ultimate destination on 7 June 1099. Of the vast army that had left Europe there were now only around 1,300 knights and some 12,500 infantry to achieve what was supposed to be the primary goal of the Crusade.

Protected by massive walls and a combination of moat and precipices, Jerusalem was going to be a tough military nut to crack. Fortunately, a number of Genoese ships arrived at just the right moment with timber, which was used to make two siege towers, catapults, and a battering ram. Despite these weapons, the defenders resisted the siege, although the Muslim garrison was remarkably reluctant to break out and make raids on the besiegers, perhaps being content to sit and await the promised relief from Egypt. Then, in mid-July, Godfrey of Bouillon decided to attack what he thought looked like a weaker section of the wall. Setting up their siege tower under the cover of darkness and filling a portion of the moat, the Crusaders managed to get in touching distance of the walls. With Godfrey leading from the front, the attackers scaled the defences and found themselves inside the city on 15 July 1099.

A mass slaughter of Muslims and Jews followed, although figures of 10,000 or even 75,000 killed are very likely an exaggeration. A contemporary Muslim source (Ibn al-Arabi) puts the figure at 3,000 of the city's probable 30,000 residents. Within a month, a large Egyptian army arrived to take back the city, but they were defeated at Ascalon. Jerusalem, for the time being at least, was back in Christian hands; Godfrey of Bouillon, the hero of the siege, was made the king of Jerusalem. Back in Italy, Pope Urban II had died on 29 July 1099 without knowing the success of his crusade. For some historians, Ascalon marks the end of the First Crusade.

More Victories

Having accomplished their mission, many crusaders now returned to Europe, some with riches, a few with holy relics, but most rather worse for wear after years of hard battles and scant reward. A fresh wave of crusaders, though, arrived in Constantinople in 1100, and they were organised by Raymond of Toulouse. On 17 May 1101 Caesarea was captured; on 26 May Acre fell too. Ominously, though, for future crusades, the Muslims were becoming more familiar with western battle tactics and weapons. In September 1101 a crusader army of Lombard, French, and German knights was defeated by the Seljuks. Things were only going to get more difficult for western armies over the next two centuries of warfare.

To ensure Jerusalem stayed in Christian hands, it was necessary that various western settlements were established: the Latin East.

Meanwhile, Alexios had not given up on Antioch, and he sent a force to attack the city or at the very least isolate it from the surrounding Crusader-held territories. Bohemund had left, though, and returning to Italy, he convinced Pope Paschall II (r. 1060-1118) and the French king Philip I (r. 1060-1108) that the real threat to the Christian world was the Byzantines. Their treacherous emperor and wayward church had to be eliminated, and so an invasion of Byzantium, the precise location being Albania, was launched in 1107. It failed, largely because Alexios mobilised his best forces to meet them, and the Pope abandoned his support of the campaign. As a result, Bohemund was forced to accept subservience to the Byzantine emperor, who let him rule Antioch in Alexios' name. Thus, the pattern was set for a carving up of captured territories.

Assessment: Achievements & Failures

The First Crusade was successful in that Jerusalem was recaptured, but to ensure the Holy City stayed in Christian hands, it was necessary that various western settlements were established in the Levant (collectively known as the Crusader States, the Latin East or Outremer). Orders of knights were created, too, for their better defence. Clearly, a steady supply of new crusaders would be needed in the coming decades and a wave of taxes to fund them. Initially, there were massacres of local populations, but the westerners soon realised that to hold on to their gains they needed the support of the extraordinarily diverse local populations. Consequently, there grew a toleration of non-Christian religions, albeit with some restrictions.

Despite the continued recruitment drive in Europe and attempts to create permanent 'colonies' and kingdoms, it proved impossible to hold on to the gains of the First Crusade, and more campaigns were required to recapture such cities as Edessa and Jerusalem itself after its fall again in 1187. There would be eight official crusades and several other unofficial ones throughout the 12th and 13th centuries, which all met with more failure than success.

There were unforeseen or negative consequences to the First Crusade, notably the rupture in western-Byzantine relations and the Byzantines horror at unruly groups of warriors causing havoc in their territory. Outbreaks of fighting between crusaders and Byzantine forces were common, and the mistrust and suspicion of their intentions grew. It was a troublesome relationship that only got worse, and the ill-feeling and mutual distrust between east and west would rumble on and culminate in the sacking of Constantinople in 1204.

Crusader groups, usually not knights but the urban poor, took the opportunity of Christian fervour to attack minority groups, especially Jews in northern France and the Rhineland. The crusading movement also spread to Spain where, in the second and third decades of the 12th century, attacks were made against the Moors there. Prussia, the Baltic, North Africa, and Poland, amongst many other places, would also witness crusading armies up to the 16th century as the crusading ideal, despite the dubious military successes, continued to appeal to leaders, soldiers, and ordinary people in the west, and its target widened to include not only Muslims but also pagans, schismatics, and heretics.

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The First Crusade (1095-1102) was a military campaign by western European forces to recapture the city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim control. Conceived by Pope Urban II following an appeal...

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𝙎𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙨𝙝 𝙄𝙣𝙦𝙪𝙞𝙨𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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𝙎𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙨𝙝 𝙄𝙣𝙦𝙪𝙞𝙨𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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The Spanish Inquisition Begins took place on, November 1, 1478 to 15, July 1834.The spanish Inquisition, lasting from 1478 and 1834, aimed to eliminate heretics and Non-christians under spanish rule.It targeted Jews,Muslims, and opponents of monarchy, utilizing, brutal torture methods. The spanish Inquisition lasted 200 years, beginning in the 12th century. Over that time period, nearly 32,000 people,mostly Jews and Muslims were killed.

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The Spanish Inquisition was a judicial institution that lasted between 1478 and 1834. Its ostensible purpose was to combat heresy in Spain, but, in practice, it resulted in consolidating power in the monarchy of the newly unified Spanish kingdom. Its brutal methods led to widespread death and suffering.

The Roman Catholic Church had established inquisitions in the past. Taking their name from the Latin verb inquiro ("inquire into"), these commissions had authority to question supposed heretics about their religious practices and loyalties starting in the 13th century.

Unlike much of western Europe at the time, medieval Spain was a multiracial and multireligious country with large Muslim and Jewish populations.

The Alhambra© Jose Ignacio Soto/Fotolia
Moors, members of the Muslim population of Spain and Portugal, ruled most of the Iberian Peninsula starting in the 8th century. Christian states spent several centuries working to expel the Moors from the Iberian Peninsula, a campaign called the Reconquista. The last Moorish kingdom in Spain was conquered in the late 15th century. Many historians believe that the crusading spirit of the Reconquista was preserved in the subsequent Spanish emphasis on religious uniformity.

Anti-Semitic sentiment grew toward Spain's substantial Jewish population. During the reign of Henry III of Castile and Leon (1390-1406), Jews faced increased persecution. Pogroms in 1391 were especially brutal, and the Jewish community faced the choice between baptism and death.

Many Jews were killed upon refusal to convert to Christianity. Those who adopted Christian beliefs, the conversos (Spanish for "converted") still faced suspicion and prejudice. Marranos, Jews who had apparently converted but continued to practice their faith in secret, were considered a major threat to Spanish society.

The marriage of Ferdinand II and Isabella I in 1469 united the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. Called the Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella further united the Spanish kingdoms into an imperial force. In 1478 Pope Sixtus IV issued a papal bull, or decree, authorizing the Catholic Monarchs to name inquisitors in order to enforce religious uniformity and to expel Jews from Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella sought to use the Inquisition to increase their absolute power over the centralized regime.

The first Spanish inquisitors were so severe in their methods that Sixtus attempted to intervene, but his efforts were in vain as Ferdinand and Isabella realized how useful the Inquisition was to their royal power.

The Inquisition was characterized by secret procedures, the use of torture during interrogation, and the complete lack of rights for the accused.

The autos-da-fé (Portuguese for "acts of faith") were public ceremonies during which sentences against the condemned were read. These ceremonies were elaborate and popular spectacles with processions, oaths of obedience to the Inquisition, and sermons. The condemned were afterward turned over to secular, or nonreligious, authorities to actually carry out the punishments. Extreme punishments included execution or life imprisonment.

In 1483 the pope was convinced to authorize the Spanish government to name a grand inquisitor to act as head of the Inquisition. The grand inquisitor had the power to name deputies and hear appeals, which he did with the assistance of a council of five.

Tomás de Torquemada was the first grand inquisitor, and his name became associated with the brutality characteristic of the Inquisition. He issued 28 articles that outlined crimes that could be investigated by inquisitors as well as methods used for interrogation and punishment. Torquemada used torture and the confiscation of property to terrorize and intimidate his victims. An estimated 2,000 people were burned at the stake during Torquemada's tenure as grand inquisitor.

Torquemada convinced Ferdinand and Isabella to issue the Alhambra Decree on March 31, 1492, which resulted in 160,000 Jews being expelled from Spain.

Francisco, Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros© iStockphoto/Thinkstock
Francisco, Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros, named grand inquisitor in 1507, promoted the suppression of the Muslim population of Spain with the same zeal that Torquemada had directed at Jews. Islam was banned in Spain by decree of Phillip III in 1609, and by 1614 some 300,000 Moriscos, Spanish Muslims who had previously agreed to baptism, were expelled, with tens of thousands executed for refusing expulsion.

The Protestant population of Spain was small, but, as it was considered a threat upon the rise of the Reformation, the Inquisition eliminated it as well.

Having largely purged the country of Jews and Muslims-as well as many former members of those faiths who had converted to Christianity-the Spanish Inquisition turned its attention to prominent Roman Catholics. Saint Ignatius of Loyola was twice arrested on suspicion of heresy, and the archbishop of Toledo, the Dominican Bartolomé de Carranza, was imprisoned for almost 17 years.

The supreme council of the Spanish Inquisition oversaw 14 local tribunals in Spain and several in the Spanish colonies, including in the Americas. A similar inquisition was established in Portugal in 1547, lasting until 1821.

Though the excesses seen under Torquemada diminished somewhat, autos-da-fé continued into the mid-18th century. The Spanish Inquisition was suppressed by Joseph Bonaparte in 1808, restored by Ferdinand VII in 1814, suppressed in 1820, and restored in 1823. It was finally suppressed permanently by Spanish queen regent María Cristina de Borbón in 1834.

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List of important facts about the Spanish Inquisition, judicial institution first authorized in 1478, ostensibly to combat heresy, or dissent, from Roman Catholic teachings and beliefs in Spain. The institution served to consolidate power in the Spanish monarchy, achieving that end through infamously brutal means.

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𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙞𝙨 𝙞𝙣𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙙

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𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙞𝙨 𝙞𝙣𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙙

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Belgian chemist and clever marketeer Leo Baekeland pioneered the first synthetic in 1907. Which concluded it contained no molecules found in nature. Baekeland had been searching for a synthetic substitute for shellac, a natural electrical insulator to meet the needs of the rapidly electrifying United States.

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𝙏𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙑𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙖𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙀𝙣𝙙𝙨 𝙒𝙒𝙄

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𝙏𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙑𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙖𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙀𝙣𝙙𝙨 𝙒𝙒𝙄

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The Treaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919, ended World War One. It obligated Germany to pay reparations, disarm, relinquish territory, and surrender overseas colonies as per the treaty's terms.The controversial Treaty of Versailles held Germany and other Central Powers solely responsible for World War I through the "war guilt" clause. As a result, they faced territorial losses, military reductions, and had to make reparations to the Allied powers.The treaty imposed on Germany required surrendering colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, ceding territory to France and Poland, reducing military size, paying war reparations to the Allies, and admitting guilt for the war.

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𝙃𝙞𝙩𝙡𝙚𝙧 𝘼𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝘾𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙤𝙧

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𝙃𝙞𝙩𝙡𝙚𝙧 𝘼𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝘾𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙤𝙧

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Former chancellor Franz von Papen and other conservative leaders persuaded President Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Adolf Hitler as chancellor on January 30, 1933, as no political parties were able to form a majority coalition. This appointment allowed the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), also known as the Nazi Party, to take control of the German state. The coalition government included the Nazis and the German Nationalist People's Party (DNVP).

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𝘼𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙙 𝙀𝙣𝙙𝙨

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𝘼𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙙 𝙀𝙣𝙙𝙨

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Apartheid, South Africa's system of racial segregation, ended in the early 1900s after being introduced by the Nationalist party in 1948. The transition process led to the formation of a democratic government in 1994. The white supremacist regime in South Africa faced increasing internal and international pressure, leading to the dismantling of apartheid. Negotiations to end apartheid began in 1990, following the collapse of communism in Europe. In 1992, a vote was held, and two years later, in 1994, South Africa held its first free and nonracial election. Nelson Mandela, a former political prisoner and anti-apartheid activist, became the country's first Black president. To address human rights violations during apartheid, South Africa established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which released a comprehensive report between 1998 and 2003.

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Widespread poverty and corruption mean that many South Africans are still not free 25 years after the end of apartheid, President Cyril Ramaphosa said Saturday.

April 27, 1994, marked the first time that the country's black population majority was allowed to vote in an election.
Read more: South Africa: From the ashes of apartheid
"On this day 25 years ago, we founded a new country defined by the principles of equality, unity, non-racialism and non-sexism," Ramaphosa said.

"Despite the passage of time, it is a day we remember vividly - the exhilaration of seeing nearly 20 million South Africans of all races waiting patiently at polling stations around the country to cast their ballots."

The rise and fall of apartheid

Difficult legacy

For decades, the homelands, in which the colored population had nominal autonomy, were cut off from education, health care and economic progress. 20 years after the end of apartheid, South Africa is still battling with the consequences of this territorial segregation as this exhibition in Johannesburg shows. Author: Ulrike Sommer / mc Editor: Susan Houlton

Author: Ulrike Sommer

The president praised the work of anti-apartheid campaigner and South Africa's first black president, Nelson Mandela, but said that the country could not be free "when so many live without enough food, without proper shelter, without access to quality health care, without a means to earn a living."

Read more: South Africa is more unequal than ever, 20 years after the post-apartheid TRC

Around 1 in 4 South Africans is jobless, an increase compared to 1994, and 20 percent of black households live in dire poverty, compared with 2.9 percent of white households, according to the Institute of Race Relations.

"As we celebrate 25 years of democracy, we need to focus all our attention and efforts on ensuring that all South Africans can equally experience the economic and social benefits of freedom," he said.

Ramaphosa replaced Jacob Zuma as president and head of the African National Congress (ANC) in 2018 after Zuma was forced out over a string of corruption scandals.
Every evening, DW sends out a selection of the day's news and features. Sign up here.
amp/xx (AFP, AP)

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South Africa marks 25 years since end of apartheid | DW | 27.04.2019

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Widespread poverty and corruption mean that many South Africans are still not free 25 years after the end of apartheid, President Cyril Ramaphosa said Saturday. April 27, 1994, marked the first time that the country's black population majority was allowed to vote in an election.

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙃𝙤𝙡𝙤𝙘𝙖𝙪𝙨𝙩 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙃𝙤𝙡𝙤𝙘𝙖𝙪𝙨𝙩 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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The Holocaust was a state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million European Jews by the Nazi German regime and its allies. It occurred from 1933 to 1945, starting when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party took control in Germany. The Holocaust ended in 1945 when the Allied Powers defeated Nazi Germany in World War II. It is also known as "the Shoah," meaning "catastrophe" in Hebrew. The Holocaust, a Nazi German initiative, resulted in the devastating impact on Europe's Jewish population, which was around 9 million in 1933.

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𝘿-𝘿𝙖𝙮 𝙄𝙣𝙫𝙖𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙉𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙮

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𝘿-𝘿𝙖𝙮 𝙄𝙣𝙫𝙖𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙉𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙮

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The D-Day operation on June 6, 1944, marked the largest amphibious invasion in military history, as allied armies joined forces on land, air, and sea. Codenamed OVERLORD, the operation deployed five naval assault divisions to the beaches of Normandy, France: UTAH, OMAHA, GOLD, JUNO, and SWORD. D-Day saw the arrival of 7,000 ships and landing craft, manned by over 195,000 naval personnel from eight allied countries. The United States, the British Commonwealth, and their allies landed approximately 133,000 troops, with casualties of 10,300 during the initial landing. By June 30, over 850,000 men, 148,000 vehicles, and 570,000 tons of supplies had landed on the Normandy shores. Aided by brave soldiers, sailors, and airmen on the western front and Russian forces on the eastern front, the German Nazi forces were ultimately defeated. On May 7, 1945, General Alfred Jodl of Germany signed an unconditional surrender in Reims, France.

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𝘾𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙄𝙨𝙧𝙖𝙚𝙡

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𝘾𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙄𝙨𝙧𝙖𝙚𝙡

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David Ben-Gurion declared the state of Israel on May 14, 1948. Modern Israel Originated from the late 19th-century Zionism Movement, fueled by russian Jews seeking a Jewish state due to persecution endured in the Russian Empire. After the British after WW1, Managed palestine under a mandate. They pledged to create a jewish homeland and grant Palestinian independence. In 1948, Israel declared independence when the British transferred control to the UN.

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𝘽𝙤𝙨𝙣𝙞𝙖𝙣 𝘾𝙞𝙫𝙞𝙡 𝙒𝙖𝙧 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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𝘽𝙤𝙨𝙣𝙞𝙖𝙣 𝘾𝙞𝙫𝙞𝙡 𝙒𝙖𝙧 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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The Bosnian war took place from April 6, 1992 to 1995. The conflict in Slovenia and Croatia arose from their desire to break away from Yugoslavia, countered by the Federal Government and Croatian Serbs. The Security Council intervened when tensions escalated between Croats and Serbs, leading to its initial resolution.The Bosnian Genocide involved the establishment of UN Safe Areas and the deployment of UNPROFOR troops. However, Serb forces still managed to attack Srebrenica, highlighting the UN's inability to effectively protect the region.

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙉𝙚𝙤𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙘 𝙍𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝘽𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙉𝙚𝙤𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙘 𝙍𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝘽𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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The Neolithic Revolution started around 10,000 B.C. in the Fertile Crescent a boomerang-shaped region of Middle East where humans first took farming. Shortly after, stone age humans in other parts of the world also began to practice agriculture.Neolithic Revolution: transition from hunter-gatherers to sophisticated societies with agriculture and leaders.

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙂𝙧𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝙍𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙂𝙧𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝙍𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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Mexico is known as the birthplace and burial ground of the Green Revolution, which alongside the Mexican Revolution, transformed rural Mexico in the twentieth century.The GR reduced poverty, prevented hunger, and saved land from being converted for agriculture, benefiting millions of people.

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𝙂𝙪𝙣𝙥𝙤𝙬𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙞𝙨 𝙞𝙣𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙙

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𝙂𝙪𝙣𝙥𝙤𝙬𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙞𝙨 𝙞𝙣𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙙

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The earliest surviving chemical formula of gunpowder dates to 1044 in the form of the military manual Wujing Zongyao, also known in English as the Complete Essentials for the Military Classics, which contains a collection of entries on Chinese weaponry.

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙄𝙣𝙙𝙪𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝙍𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝘽𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙄𝙣𝙙𝙪𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝙍𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝘽𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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The first Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the mid-to-late 1700s when innovation led to goods being produced in large quantities due to machine manufacturing. The Industrial Revolution was driven by three keys changes, the invention of machines to replace hand tools, the use of steam and other sources of power, and the introduction of the factory system.

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙎𝙮𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙣 𝘾𝙞𝙫𝙞𝙡 𝙒𝙖𝙧 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙎𝙮𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙣 𝘾𝙞𝙫𝙞𝙡 𝙒𝙖𝙧 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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In January March 2011, popular discontent with the rule of Bashar Al-Assad triggered large-scale protests and pro-democracy rallies across Syria, as part of the wider Arab Spring protests in the region. Timeline events, in 1946 Syria concludes a treaty with France ending French rule in Syria. French troops are withdrawn. In 1970 Assad takes power in a coup, outsting Jadid.

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𝘾𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙢𝙗𝙪𝙨 “𝙙𝙞𝙨𝙘𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙨” 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝘼𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙨

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𝘾𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙢𝙗𝙪𝙨 “𝙙𝙞𝙨𝙘𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙨” 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝘼𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙨

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Columbus Day. Early Morning of October 12,1492, a sailor on board the pinta sighted land, beginning a new era of European exploration and expansion. Between 1482 and 1485 Columbus trades along the coasts of West Africa and makes at least one voyage to the Portuguese fortress of São Jorge da Mina (now Elmina, Ghana), gaining knowledge of Portuguese navigation and the Atlantic wind systems along the way. In 1484 Columbus begins to seek support for an attempt to reach Asia by sailing westward over what was presumed to be open sea. He is motivated by a strong desire to spread Christianity and to achieve personal wealth and glory. After King John II of Portugal rejects his request for ships and men, Columbus seeks royal patronage from Spain.

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𝙉𝙚𝙞𝙡 𝘼𝙧𝙢𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙜 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙥𝙨 𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙤 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙪𝙧𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙢𝙤𝙤𝙣

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𝙉𝙚𝙞𝙡 𝘼𝙧𝙢𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙜 𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙥𝙨 𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙤 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙪𝙧𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙢𝙤𝙤𝙣

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Neil Armstrong's first step onto the moon July 20, 1969. the space flight, the lunar landing. millions of people gathered around their televisions to watch two U.S. astronauts do something no one had ever done before. Wearing bulky space suits and backpacks of oxygen to breathe, Neil Armstrong and Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin became the first human beings to walk on the moon.

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙡𝙙 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚 𝙤𝙧𝙜𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙯𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙞𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙡𝙙 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚 𝙤𝙧𝙜𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙯𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙞𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙

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The world Trade organization(WTO) is an international organization established in 1995 following the ratification of the Uruguay round agreements, and today includes 164 members. The final Act concluding the Uruguay round and officially establishing the WTO regime was signed on 15 April 1994, during the ministerial meeting at Marrakesh, Morocco-hence known as the Marrakesh Agreement.The main goal of the WTO was to ensure that trade flows as smoothly and predictably as possible.

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙡𝙙 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚 𝙤𝙧𝙜𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙯𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙞𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙋𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙋𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙋𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙋𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨

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By 1454, Gutenberg successfully established a printing press with moveable type, producing indulgences for the Church. in 1476, caxton uses printing press, intaglio for illustrations in 1477, England opens paper Mill 1945. The printing press revolutionized publishing by allowing for mass production of books, leading to the spread of ideas and language throughout Europe.

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙋𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙋𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨

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𝙁𝙖𝙘𝙚𝙗𝙤𝙤𝙠 𝙡𝙖𝙪𝙣𝙘𝙝𝙚𝙨

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𝙁𝙖𝙘𝙚𝙗𝙤𝙤𝙠 𝙡𝙖𝙪𝙣𝙘𝙝𝙚𝙨

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Facebook is a social networking service originally launched as the Facebook on February 4, 2004, before changing its name to simply Facebook in August 2005. it was founded by mark Zuckerberg, Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, and chris Hughes. 2004, April 13: LLC was formed. 2004 June: First official investment. 2004, september: connectU sues Facebook. 2005, August: The company acquires the Facebook.com domain and drops the "The" in its name. 2005, December: Introduces tagging.

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𝙁𝙖𝙘𝙚𝙗𝙤𝙤𝙠 𝙡𝙖𝙪𝙣𝙘𝙝𝙚𝙨

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𝘾𝙖𝙢𝙗𝙧𝙞𝙙𝙜𝙚 𝘼𝙣𝙖𝙡𝙮𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙖 𝙜𝙤𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙖𝙣𝙠𝙧𝙪𝙥𝙩

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𝘾𝙖𝙢𝙗𝙧𝙞𝙙𝙜𝙚 𝘼𝙣𝙖𝙡𝙮𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙖 𝙜𝙤𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙖𝙣𝙠𝙧𝙪𝙥𝙩

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On may 2018, Cambridge Analytica and its parent company SCL filed for insolvency proceedings and closed operations. Analytica and the Whistleblower. This breach raised concerns about privacy and data security on social media platforms, sparkling investigations and calls for regulation. Cambridge Analytica cited negative media attention for loss of customers, leading to closure with assets of 500,000 and debts of 1-10 Million.

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𝘾𝙖𝙢𝙗𝙧𝙞𝙙𝙜𝙚 𝘼𝙣𝙖𝙡𝙮𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙖 𝙜𝙤𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙖𝙣𝙠𝙧𝙪𝙥𝙩

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘽𝙖𝙩𝙩𝙡𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙏𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙤𝙥𝙮𝙡𝙖𝙚 𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙨 𝙞𝙣 𝙙𝙚𝙛𝙚𝙖𝙩 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙂𝙧𝙚𝙚𝙠𝙨

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘽𝙖𝙩𝙩𝙡𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙏𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙤𝙥𝙮𝙡𝙖𝙚 𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙨 𝙞𝙣 𝙙𝙚𝙛𝙚𝙖𝙩 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙂𝙧𝙚𝙚𝙠𝙨

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In the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BCE, Greek forces led by Spartan leader Leonidas held off the Persian king Xerxes I and his army for three days before being betrayed and ultimately defeated. Following the defeat at Thermopylae, the Greek navy withdrew from Artemisium to Salamis as they had to hold both positions. The Persians subsequently captured Athens.

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘽𝙖𝙩𝙩𝙡𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙏𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙤𝙥𝙮𝙡𝙖𝙚 𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙨 𝙞𝙣 𝙙𝙚𝙛𝙚𝙖𝙩 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙂𝙧𝙚𝙚𝙠𝙨

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘽𝙖𝙩𝙩𝙡𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙎𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙚 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘽𝙖𝙩𝙩𝙡𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙎𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙚 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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The Battle of the Somme was a joint British and French operation from July to November 1916 on the Western Front, aiming to defeat the Germans. It is remembered as a tragic and significant event in British history.Allied bombardment at the Somme started on June 24, but heavy rain led to a delay in the attack until July 1. The Battle of the Somme began, with French troops making gains, but British forces suffered heavy casualties.The Battle of the Somme led to a more skilled army with innovative tactics like tanks and creeping barrages. These tactics were key to the Allies' victories in 1918 and relieved pressure on the French at Verdun.

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𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘽𝙖𝙩𝙩𝙡𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙎𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙚 𝙗𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙨

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𝙖𝙣 𝙖𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙞𝙘 𝙗𝙤𝙢𝙗 𝙞𝙨 𝙙𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙥𝙚𝙙 𝙤𝙣 𝙣𝙖𝙜𝙖𝙨𝙖𝙠𝙞

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𝙖𝙣 𝙖𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙞𝙘 𝙗𝙤𝙢𝙗 𝙞𝙨 𝙙𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙥𝙚𝙙 𝙤𝙣 𝙣𝙖𝙜𝙖𝙨𝙖𝙠𝙞

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On August 6 and 9, 1945, the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing 129,000 to 226,000 civilians. These remain the only nuclear weapons used in war.The bombing of Nagasaki with the Fat Man bomb on August 9, 1945 ended WWII.U.S. President Truman may have ordered the atomic bomb on Nagasaki not only to end the war but also to prevent Soviet expansion in Japan through a show of force.

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𝙖𝙣 𝙖𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙞𝙘 𝙗𝙤𝙢𝙗 𝙞𝙨 𝙙𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙥𝙚𝙙 𝙤𝙣 𝙣𝙖𝙜𝙖𝙨𝙖𝙠𝙞