# data[].attributes.body
전주 동물원 에서는 아픈 독수리가 구출된 적도 있다 그리고도 많은 동물원 에서도 동물들이 많이 구출된 사레 가 많다.

# data[].attributes.headline
동물원 폐지 반대 서론

# data[].attributes.subject
동물원 폐지 반대 서론

# data[].attributes.body
동물원은 동물들을 소중이 여긴다 동물원에 있는 동물들이 스트레스를 받는다 하지만 인간을 발전시키거나 생명을 계속 만들어 나가는데 필요하다.

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이거는 나의 생각이다. 동물원은 가고싶은 사람들은 가고 않가고싶은 사람들은 않가면된다 생각한다

# data[].attributes.body
중국에서 판다가 멸종 위기에 처했을 때, 동물원의 번식 프로그램으로 판다의 개체 수를 증가시켰다. 현재 판다의 개체 수는 약 1900마리로 늘어났으며, 일부는 자연으로 돌려보내졌다. 이는 동물원이 멸종위기 동물 보존에 기여할 수 있음을 보인다.

동물원이 있어야하는 더 많은 이유를 찾아보면,

# data[].attributes.body
동물원 폐지 찬성이 주장을 하게 된 계기는 쥬쥬동물원이라는 동물원에서 바다코끼리,원숭이 등등을 학대하는 뉴스를 접했다. 이 영상은 동물을 동물원에서 보호하는게 아닌 학대하는거다. 이와 같은 영상,이유로 동물원 폐지에 찬성한다

# data[].attributes.body
요즘따라 동물원의 동물들이 관리를 제대로 관리 받지 못하고 있다. 실제로 한 어린이 동물원의 얼룩말이 동물원에서 부모를 잃어 탈출에 성공해 돌아다닌 사례를 들어봤을 것이다. 이러한 이유로 동물원 폐지를 찬성한다

# data[].attributes.body
동물원은 멸종 위기에 처한 동물들을 보호하고 번식시키는 데 기여한다.

예를 들어 판다와 같은 동물은 동물원의 보호와 연구를 통해 개체 수가 증가했다.

이러한 노력은 멸종 위기를 막고 생태계를 유지하는 데 도움을 준다.

그러므로 동물원은 있어야 한다.

# data[].attributes.headline
동물원 폐지 해야하는 이유<서론>

# data[].attributes.subject
동물원 폐지 해야하는 이유<서론>

# data[].attributes.body
스브스 뉴스를 보면 예전에 동물원에서 탈출한

퓨마가 있었다.

이름은 호롱이 이었다. 그 호롱이는 태어났을때 부터 동물원에서 자랐다호롱이는 8살이

되었고 그 해 탈출을 한다. 그리고 탈출한 그날

저녘 동물원 사람들은 호롱이를 찾아 호롱이를

죽였다.

그래서 동물원은 없어져야 한다고 생각한다.

# data[].attributes.body
한 뉴스를 보면 낙타의 시체

벼를 맹수가 먹는것이

뉴스에 나왔다 동물원의

대표 말을 들어보면

저 친구들이 우리하고 같은 식구고

똑같은 친구인데

굶기거나 고의적으로 이러지

않는다고 말했다. 그러므로 동물원을

폐지를하는것에 찬성한다.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"살아있는 게 맞나"…간판은 동물원, 실상은 '동물의 지옥' / JTBC 뉴스룸

# data[].attributes.body
첫째,멸종위기 동물을 보존하는데 큰 역할을 한다.

샌디아고 동물원은 캘리포니아 콘도르를 보호하고번식하는데 성공했습니다 22마리만 남았았던 콘도르는 물원의 노력으로현재 약 400마리이상으로 증가했으며 일부는 야생으로 돌아갔다. 이는 동물원의 보존활동이 실제 성과를거둔 사례도 평가받고있다.

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▷ 문제 상황

▷ 주장의 동기

▷ 자신의 주장

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첫째, 동물원 안에서 동물들이 멀쩡하지 않기 때문이다. 실제로 동물원 안에서 동물들이 자신의 털을 뽑거나, 빙빙 도는 등 이상행동을 한다는 뉴스가 나왔다.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
[자막뉴스] 자기 털 뽑고, 빙빙 돌고 …갇힌 동물들 안쓰러운 '이상 행동' / KBS 2024.02.27.

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▷ 주장을 뒷받침하는 근거 ①

▷ 근거 ①을 뒷받침하는 자료

▷ 자료는 링크, 사진, 동영상 첨부 가능

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▷ 주장을 뒷받침하는 근거 ②

▷ 근거 ②를 뒷받침하는 자료

▷ 자료는 링크, 사진, 동영상 첨부 가능

# data[].attributes.body
▷ 주장을 뒷받침하는 근거 ③

▷ 근거 ③을 뒷받침하는 자료

▷ 자료는 링크, 사진, 동영상 첨부 가능

# data[].attributes.body
첫째, 멸종위기에 처한 동물들에게 적절한 서식지와 보살핌을 제공함으로써 종 보존에 도움이 된다.

# data[].attributes.headline
동물원을 페지해야하는 이유<본론1>

# data[].attributes.subject
동물원을 페지해야하는 이유<본론1>

# data[].attributes.body
첫째:동물원은 동물들의 자유를 구속한다.

원래 동물들은 야생에서 산다. 하지만 동물원에서 살면 좁은 우리 안에서 생활하다 보니까 정형 행동을 보이는 동물들도 있다.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
[자막뉴스] 자기 털 뽑고, 빙빙 돌고 …갇힌 동물들 안쓰러운 '이상 행동' / KBS 2024.02.27.

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최근 부경 동물원에서 갈비뼈가 보일 정도로

몸이마른 사자가 보였다고 한다. 이러한 동물원에 관한 여러 문제가 빈번히 발생한다. 그러므로 동물원은 폐지되어야한다.

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2025 3월 28일에 미국 위스콘신의 한 동물원에서 수달 2마리가 탈출했다. 그만큼 자유를 찾고있다 그래서 동물원은 폐지해야한다고 생각한다.

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첫째, 동물원은 동물의 정신건강에 좋지 않다.

옥스퍼드 대학교의 연구에 따르면 동물원의 코끼리 중 54%이상이 이상행동을 보였고 그 외 다른 포유류와 조류도 70~80% 이상이 비정상 행동을 보였다고 한다.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
[자막뉴스] "정신병 행동까지 보인다"…이곳은 지옥이었습니다 / JTBC News

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올해 3월 대전 오월드에서 사육되는 야생동물들의 정형행동이 심각하다고 알려졌다.

또 대전충남녹색연합이 18일 낸 대전오월드 내 주랜드와 버드랜드 등 동물원에서 사는 야생동물의 사육환경을 모니터링한 결과를 보면 동물들이 사는 환경 개선이 시급한것으로 보인다. 이와 같은 문제들로 동물원은 폐지 되어야 한다.

# data[].attributes.headline
동물원이 페지되어야 하는 이유

# data[].attributes.subject
동물원이 페지되어야 하는 이유

# data[].attributes.body
1.서론

요즘에 시내쪽에서동물원을 자주 볼수있다.

동물원은 인간들에겐 좋지만 자연이랑 다른 좁은 동물원은동물들에게는 안좋은 곳이다.이러한 동물원이 없어져야하는 이유를 알아보자.

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대전의 한 동물원에서 8살 퓨마가 탈출한 사건이 있었음. 전문가의 의견은 좁은 우리에서 행동반경을 제한당하면 스트레스,정상 수명의 반절을 살음. 동물원이 어린 동물들이 탈출했다가 죽는 사건도 있음.그러므로 동물원 폐지 찬성의 대한 첫 번째 의견이다.

영상 링크:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kYm_pN9-eQ

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죽음으로 끝난 8살 퓨마 호롱이의 첫 외출 / 스브스뉴스

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동물원 폐지 반대(서론)

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동물원 폐지 반대(서론)

# data[].attributes.body
요즘 야생에 살던동물들이 많이 다쳐 제대로 치료를받지못해 점점죽어가는 동물들을 많이있다,그러므로 동물원이 폐지 돼는것을 반대한다.

# data[].attributes.headline
동물원이 폐지해야 돼는 이유

# data[].attributes.subject
동물원이 폐지해야 돼는 이유

# data[].attributes.body
1. 서론

동물원에서의 동물은 좁은 공간에서 살아야하며, 자연에서의 행동과 환경을 제한받는다

# data[].attributes.body
첫째 동물원안에서 동물들은 관리를 못 받고 있다

다른 표범도 콘크리트 바닥에 누어있었다. 그 동물원은 시설도 낡아있었다.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
[자막뉴스] "시장님 이 동물들 살려주세요" 동물원 사자와 양들 눈빛이.. (MBC경남 뉴스)

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동물원은 폐지해야 된다.

1: 왜냐하면 동물들이 스트레스를 받고 있다는 정형 행동을 보이기 때문입니다. 예를 들 면 같은 자리를 맴돌거나 자신의 털을 뽑는 행동을 한다. 이것은 스트레스 받고 있다는 증거다.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
[자막뉴스] 자기 털 뽑고, 빙빙 돌고 …갇힌 동물들 안쓰러운 '이상 행동' / KBS 2024.02.27.

# data[].attributes.body
동물원은 우리에게 재미를주지만 동물들이

좋은복지를 받고있는곳은 얼마 없다고한다. 모든 동물원이

이런건 아니지만 이런 동물원이 있기때문에 동물원은

페지해야한다

# data[].attributes.headline
동물원이 있어야 하는 이유

# data[].attributes.subject
동물원이 있어야 하는 이유

# data[].attributes.body
1. 서론

숲속에 살던 동물들이 다쳐 동물원이 데려가 많은 동물들을 보호를 받고 있어 그래서 동물원 폐지를 반대 한다

# data[].attributes.headline
동물원은 없어져야 한다.

# data[].attributes.subject
동물원은 없어져야 한다.

# data[].attributes.body
한국 동물원에서는 많은 동물들이 탈출 하였다. 많은 동물은 우리 안에서 불편하고 답답한 심정을 느꼈기 때문이다. 그리고 우리안에 동물들을 불안한 행동을한다. 그러므로 동물원은 없어져야한다.

# data[].attributes.body
쥬쥬동물원에서 바다코끼리,원숭이등을 학대함.

바다코끼리를 발로 차고,파리채로 때리는 등 바다코끼리에게 학대를 계속함. 근거는 매일 쇼나 공연하는 바다코끼리가 스트레스 쌓여있음 하지만 계속 발로 차고,학대함 그러므로 바다 코끼리는 학대를 받아 다른 사람들 (광관객 등) 공격할수도 있다 때문에 동물원 폐지 찬성의 두 번째 의견이다

링크:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8lTJEtvoo8

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쥬쥬동물원 바다코끼리 학대 제보

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2025 2월11일 전주에 한 테니스장에서 마블폭스가

발견되었다 다행히 시민의 신고로 구조되었다

구조후 전주시 유기동물보호센터로 옴겨졌지만

개인으로 입양할 상황이 생겼다 다시 유기되거나 물건처럼 팔릴수 있어 전주동물원에서 보호하기로 결정했다. 동물원은 동물을 보호하기 때문에 동물원

폐지를 반대한다라고 생각한다

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둘째, 수의사의 말도 동물원을 폐지해야 한다고 했다. 수의사는 동물원에서 일하고 있는데 동물원에서 일하는 이유가 단지 동물원의 동물들을 돕기 위한 이유에서이지, 동물원을 폐지해야한다고 주장하고 있다.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
동물원을 반대하는 수의사가 동물원에서 일하는 이유 / 스브스뉴스

# data[].attributes.headline
2.본론  첫째 동물원 동물들이 반복 행동이나 공격적행동를 한다

# data[].attributes.subject
2.본론  첫째 동물원 동물들이 반복 행동이나 공격적행동를 한다

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위에 사진처럼 동물원 반복행동은 67%로

평균이상으로 나오고 동물

공격적 행동이 50%라는높은 수치가 나온것처럼

동물들이 스트레스를 받고 좁은 공간에서

사육하는곳이 더 많다

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대구 동물원에서 동물원 관리를 소홀히 함. 원숭이 우리에는 수도관이 터져 얼음이 얼어서 그대로 방치됨 먹이,물 또한 주지 않음.

이 행위는 사람을 가둬놓고 밥과 물,청소를 안하는것과 같은 환경이므로 동물원 폐지에 찬성하는 3 번째 의견이다.

링크:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAgcC6Y5ito

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고드름 가득 · 배설물 범벅…동물원 학대 의혹 / SBS

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3. 본론  둘째  전문가들도 동물원을 반대한다

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3. 본론  둘째  전문가들도 동물원을 반대한다

# data[].attributes.body
이것처럼 수의사,전문가들도 이런 동물원을

반대한다. 전문가들이 반대하는이유는

동물 쇼,체험 학대나 정형행동 등을 걱정한다

전문가들도 동물원을 반대하는의견이 더많다

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
동물원을 반대하는 수의사가 동물원에서 일하는 이유 / 스브스뉴스

# data[].attributes.headline
3.본론 셋째 동물원 쇼,체험등을 하면 위험한 일이생긴다

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3.본론 셋째 동물원 쇼,체험등을 하면 위험한 일이생긴다

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위 동영상 처럼동물 쇼나체험등

동물들이 긴장이나 불편함을

못참고 발작이나 사람을 무는 행동을 할수있어

동물원은 위험하다는 의견도있다.

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이것처럼동물원은 사람에게 피해를 줄수있고

동물들의 이상행동과 위험행동 전문가들의 의견까지 여러가지 문제로

동물원은 폐지해야 한다.

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둘째.교육적 가치제공

동물원은 어린이와 어른모두에게 동물과 자연에 대해 배울수있는 기회를 제공하며 특히 생태계 멸종위기 동물에 대한 인식을 높이는데도 도움이됩니다.

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둘째, 동물원은 국제 협력을 통해 멸종 위기에 처한 동물들의 유전자를 보존하고, 인공 번식을 통해 개체 수를 늘리는 데 기여한다. 동물의 행동, 생리학, 생태학 등을 연구할 수 있는 기회를 제공한다. 이러한 연구는 동물 보호와 보존에 기여할 수 있다.

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첫째, 동물원은 동물의 정신건강에 좋지 않다.

옥스퍼드 대학교의 연구에 따르면 동물원의 코끼리 중 54%이상이 이상행동을 보였고 그 외 다른 포유류와 조류도 70~80% 이상이 비정상 행동을 보였다고 한다.

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[자막뉴스] "정신병 행동까지 보인다"…이곳은 지옥이었습니다 / JTBC News

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첫째: 동물들이 스트레스를 받는다.

평소에 살던 환경이아닌 다른 곳에서 다른 먹이와 사람들의 시선을 견디며 살아가는 동물들은 많은 스트레스를 받습니다.

실내 동물원에서 덜덜 떠는 쥐와, 땅을 오랜시간 파는 미어캣, 좁은 우리를 돌아다니는 라쿤 등의 많은 동물들이 정형행동을 하는 모습이 보이고 있다. 전문가들의 소견도 동물들의 본능을 충족하지 못해 나오는 안좋은 행동 이다 라고 말했다.

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둘째, 동물원은 동물들이 살기 적합한 환경이 아니다.

세계 자연보호기금에 따르면 서식지보호와 동물을 서식지에 살게 하는것이 멸종위기 동물과 동물에게 가아 효과적이라고 한다.

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둘째: 동물들은 다양한 생활을 해야한다.

매일 같은곳 에서 같은 먹이를 먹으며 같은 생활을 하는게 야생에서 생활하는 동물들에게 큰 어려움이다. 에버랜드 북극곰 통키의 우리는 하루에 12km를 수영하며 바다사자를 사냥하는 행동반경이 매우 넓은 북극곰이 살기에 매우 좁았다. 그런 북극곰의 우리가 약 20년째 바뀌지 않고 유지되어서 북극곰은 많은 스트레스로 정형행동을 보였다. 이처럼 동물들은 자연에서 다양한 활동을 하며 살아가야하지만 동물원 안에서는 활동적인 일들이 제한적이므로 동물원은 동물들에게 좋지 못한 환경이다.

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The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is a hypercarnivorous bear whose native range lies largely within the Arctic Circle, encompassing the Arctic Ocean, its surrounding seas and surrounding land masses. It is the largest extant bear species, as well as the largest extant land carnivore. A boar (adult male) weighs around 350-700 kg (770-1,540 lb), while a sow (adult female) is about half that size. Although it is the sister species of the brown bear, it has evolved to occupy a narrower ecological niche, with many body characteristics adapted for cold temperatures, for moving across snow, ice and open water, and for hunting seals, which make up most of its diet. Although most polar bears are born on land, they spend most of their time on the sea ice. Their scientific name means " maritime bear" and derives from this fact. Polar bears hunt their preferred food of seals from the edge of sea ice, often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present. Because of their dependence on the sea ice, polar bears are classified as marine mammals.

Because of expected habitat loss caused by climate change, the polar bear is classified as a vulnerable species. For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect. For thousands of years, the polar bear has been a key figure in the material, spiritual, and cultural life of circumpolar peoples, and polar bears remain important in their cultures. Historically, the polar bear has also been known as the "white bear". It is sometimes referred to as the "nanook", based on the Inuit term nanuq.

Naming and etymology

Constantine John Phipps was the first to describe the polar bear as a distinct species in 1774 in his report about his 1773 expedition towards the North Pole. He chose the scientific name Ursus maritimus, the Latin for "maritime bear", due to the animal's native habitat. The Inuit refer to the animal as ( transliterated as nanuq in the Inupiat language). The Yupik also refer to the bear as nanuuk in Siberian Yupik. In the Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages of Alyutor and Koryak, the name of the polar bear is umqa, while in the related Chukchi, it is umqə. In Russian, it is usually called бе́лый медве́дь ( bélyj medvédj, 'white bear'), though an older word still in use is ( Oshkúj, which comes from the Komi oski, "bear"). In Quebec, the polar bear is referred to by the french terms ours blanc ('white bear') or ours polaire ('polar bear'). In Norwegian, one of the primary languages of the Svalbard archipelago, the polar bear is referred to as isbjørn ('ice bear') or kvitbjørn ('white bear').

The polar bear was previously considered to be in its own genus, Thalarctos. However, evidence of hybrids between polar bears and brown bears, and of the recent evolutionary divergence of the two species, does not support the establishment of this separate genus, and the accepted scientific name is now therefore Ursus maritimus, as Phipps originally proposed.

Taxonomy and evolution

The bear family, Ursidae, is thought to have split from other carnivorans about 38 million years ago. The subfamily Ursinae originated approximately 4.2 million years ago. The oldest known polar bear fossil is a 130,000 to 110,000-year-old jaw bone, found on Prince Charles Foreland in 2004. Fossils show that between 10,000 and 20,000 years ago, the polar bear's molar teeth changed significantly from those of the brown bear. Polar bears are thought to have diverged from a population of brown bears that became isolated during a period of glaciation in the Pleistocene from the eastern part of Siberia (from Kamchatka and the Kolym Peninsula).

The evidence from DNA analysis is more complex. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the polar bear diverged from the brown bear, Ursus arctos, roughly 150,000 years ago. Further, some clades of brown bear, as assessed by their mtDNA, were thought to be more closely related to polar bears than to other brown bears, meaning that the brown bear might not be considered a species under some species concepts, but paraphyletic. The mtDNA of extinct Irish brown bears is particularly close to polar bears. A comparison of the nuclear genome of polar bears with that of brown bears revealed a different pattern, the two forming genetically distinct clades that diverged approximately 603,000 years ago, although the latest research is based on analysis of the complete genomes (rather than just the mitochondria or partial nuclear genomes) of polar and brown bears, and establishes the divergence of polar and brown bears at 400,000 years ago.

However, the two species have mated intermittently for all that time, most likely coming into contact with each other during warming periods, when polar bears were driven onto land and brown bears migrated northward. Most brown bears have about 2 percent genetic material from polar bears, but one population, the ABC Islands bears, has between 5 percent and 10 percent polar bear genes, indicating more frequent and recent mating. Polar bears can breed with brown bears to produce fertile grizzly-polar bear hybrids; rather than indicating that they have only recently diverged, the new evidence suggests more frequent mating has continued over a longer period of time, and thus the two bears remain genetically similar. However, because neither species can survive long in the other's ecological niche, and because they have different morphology, metabolism, social and feeding behaviours, and other phenotypic characteristics, the two bears are generally classified as separate species.

When the polar bear was originally documented, two subspecies were identified: the American polar bear ( Ursus maritimus maritimus) by Constantine J. Phipps in 1774, and the Siberian polar bear ( Ursus maritimus marinus) by Peter Simon Pallas in 1776. This distinction has since been invalidated. One alleged fossil subspecies has been identified: Ursus maritimus tyrannus, which became extinct during the Pleistocene. U.m. tyrannus was significantly larger than the living subspecies. However, recent reanalysis of the fossil suggests that it was actually a brown bear.

Population and distribution

The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and adjacent land masses as far south as Newfoundland. Due to the absence of human development in its remote habitat, it retains more of its original range than any other extant carnivore. While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence that they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. Their southernmost range is near the boundary between the subarctic and humid continental climate zones. They can occasionally drift widely with the sea ice, and there have been anecdotal sightings as far south as Berlevåg on the Norwegian mainland and the Kuril Islands in the Sea of Okhotsk. It is difficult to estimate a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been poorly studied; however, biologists use a working estimate of about 20-25,000 or 22-31,000 polar bears worldwide.

With the discovery of a southeast Greenland population in 2022, there are 20 generally recognized, discrete subpopulations of polar bears. The subpopulations display seasonal fidelity to particular areas, but DNA studies show that they are not reproductively isolated. The 14 North American subpopulations range from the Beaufort Sea south to Hudson Bay and east to eastern Greenland and account for about 54% of the global population.

The usual range includes the territory of five nations: Denmark ( Greenland), Norway ( Svalbard), Russia, the United States ( Alaska) and Canada. These five nations are the signatories of the International Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears, which mandates cooperation on research and conservation efforts throughout the polar bear's range. Bears sometimes swim to Iceland from Greenland-about 600 sightings since the country's settlement in the 9th century, and five in the 21st century as of 2016-and are always killed because of their danger, as well as the cost and difficulty of repatriation.

Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been implemented only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area. The most accurate counts require flying a helicopter in the Arctic climate to find polar bears, shooting a tranquilizer dart at the bear to sedate it, and then tagging the bear. In Nunavut, some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years, leading to a belief that populations are increasing. Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating around human settlements, leading to the illusion that populations are higher than they actually are. The Polar Bear Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission takes the position that "estimates of subpopulation size or sustainable harvest levels should not be made solely on the basis of traditional ecological knowledge without supporting scientific studies."

Of the 19 polar bear subpopulations recognized in 2017, one was in decline, two were increasing, seven were stable, and nine had insufficient data.

The polar bear is a marine mammal because it spends many months of the year at sea. However, it is the only living marine mammal with powerful, large limbs and feet that allow them to cover kilometres on foot and run on land. Its preferred habitat is the annual sea ice covering the waters over the continental shelf and the Arctic inter-island archipelagos. These areas, known as the "Arctic ring of life", have high biological productivity in comparison to the deep waters of the high Arctic. The polar bear tends to frequent areas where sea ice meets water, such as polynyas and leads (temporary stretches of open water in Arctic ice), to hunt the seals that make up most of its diet. Freshwater is limited in these environments because it is either locked up in snow or saline. Polar bears are able to produce water through the metabolism of fats found in seal blubber, and are therefore found primarily along the perimeter of the polar ice pack, rather than in the Polar Basin close to the North Pole where the density of seals is low.

Annual ice contains areas of water that appear and disappear throughout the year as the weather changes. Seals migrate in response to these changes, and polar bears must follow their prey. In Hudson Bay, James Bay, and some other areas, the ice melts completely each summer (an event often referred to as "ice-floe breakup"), forcing polar bears to go onto land and wait through the months until the next freeze-up. In the Chukchi and Beaufort seas, most polar bears retreat each summer to the ice further north that remains frozen year-round, though a large portion of the population (15-40%) has been observed spending all summer on land every year in these areas since the 1980s.

Physical characteristics

The only other bear of comparable size to the polar bear is the Kodiak bear, which is a subspecies of brown bear. Adult male polar bears weigh 350-700 kg (770-1,500 lb) and measure 2.4-3 metres (7 ft 10 in - 9 ft 10 in) in total length. Around the Beaufort Sea, however, mature males reportedly average 450 kg (1,000 lb). Adult females are roughly half the size of males and normally weigh 150-250 kg (330-550 lb), measuring 1.8-2.4 metres (5 ft 11 in - 7 ft 10 in) in length. Elsewhere, a slightly larger estimated average weight of 260 kg (570 lb) was claimed for adult females. When pregnant, however, females can weigh as much as 500 kg (1,100 lb). The polar bear is among the most sexually dimorphic of mammals, surpassed only by the pinnipeds such as elephant seals. The largest polar bear on record, reportedly weighing 1,002 kg (2,209 lb), was a male shot at Kotzebue Sound in northwestern Alaska in 1960. This specimen, when mounted, stood 3.39 m (11 ft 1 in) tall on its hindlegs. The shoulder height of an adult polar bear is 122 to 160 cm (4 ft 0 in to 5 ft 3 in). While all bears are short-tailed, the polar bear's tail is relatively the shortest amongst living bears, ranging from 7 to 13 cm (2.8 to 5.1 in) in length.

Compared with its closest relative, the brown bear, the polar bear has a more elongated body build and a longer skull and nose. As predicted by Allen's rule for a northerly animal, the legs are stocky and the ears and tail are small. However, the feet are very large to distribute load when walking on snow or thin ice and to provide propulsion when swimming; they may measure 30 cm (12 in) across in an adult. The pads of the paws are covered with small, soft papillae (dermal bumps), which provide traction on the ice. The polar bear's claws are short and stocky compared to those of the brown bear, perhaps to serve the former's need to grip heavy prey and ice. The claws are deeply scooped on the underside which assists in digging in the ice of the natural habitat. Research of injury patterns in polar bear forelimbs found injuries to the right forelimb to be more frequent than those to the left, suggesting, perhaps, right-handedness. Unlike the brown bear, polar bears in captivity are rarely overweight or particularly large, possibly as a reaction to the warm conditions of most zoos.[citation needed ]

The 42 teeth of a polar bear reflect its highly carnivorous diet. The cheek teeth are smaller and more jagged than in the brown bear, and the canines are larger and sharper. The dental formula is .

Polar bears are superbly insulated by up to 10 cm (4 in) of adipose tissue, their hide and their fur. Polar bear fur consists of a layer of dense underfur and an outer layer of guard hairs, which appear white to tan but are actually transparent. Two genes that are known to influence melanin production, LYST and AIM1, are both mutated in polar bears, possibly leading to the absence on this pigment in their fur. The guard hair is 5-15 cm (2-6 in) over most of the body. Polar bears gradually moult from May to August, but, unlike other Arctic mammals, they do not shed their coat for a darker shade to provide camouflage in summer conditions. The hollow guard hairs of a polar bear coat were once thought to act as fiber-optic tubes to conduct light to its black skin, where it could be absorbed; however, this hypothesis was disproved by a study in 1998.

The white coat usually yellows with age. When kept in captivity in warm, humid conditions, the fur may turn a pale shade of green due to algae growing inside the guard hairs. Males have significantly longer hairs on their forelegs, which increase in length until the bear reaches 14 years of age. The male's ornamental foreleg hair is thought to attract females, serving a similar function to the lion's mane.

The polar bear has an extremely well developed sense of smell, being able to detect seals nearly 1.6 km (1 mi) away and buried under 1 m (3 ft) of snow. Its hearing is about as acute as that of a human, and its vision is also good at long distances.

The polar bear is an excellent swimmer and often will swim for days. One bear swam continuously for 9 days in the frigid Bering Sea for 700 km (400 mi) to reach ice far from land. She then travelled another 1,800 km (1,100 mi). During the swim, the bear lost 22% of her body mass and her yearling cub died. With its body fat providing buoyancy, the bear swims in a dog paddle fashion using its large forepaws for propulsion. Polar bears can swim at 10 km/h (6 mph). When walking, the polar bear tends to have a lumbering gait and maintains an average speed of around 5.6 km/h (3.5 mph). When sprinting, they can reach up to 40 km/h (25 mph).

Life history and behaviour

Unlike brown bears, polar bears are not territorial. Although stereotyped as being voraciously aggressive, they are normally cautious in confrontations, and often choose to escape rather than fight. Satiated polar bears rarely attack humans unless severely provoked. However, due to their lack of prior human interaction, hungry polar bears are extremely unpredictable, fearless towards people and are known to kill and sometimes eat humans. Many attacks by brown bears are the result of surprising the animal, which is not the case with the polar bear. Polar bears are stealth hunters, and the victim is often unaware of the bear's presence until the attack is underway. Whereas brown bears often maul a person and then leave, polar bear attacks are more likely to be predatory and are almost always fatal. However, due to the very small human population around the Arctic, such attacks are rare. Michio Hoshino, a Japanese wildlife photographer, was once pursued briefly by a hungry male polar bear in northern Alaska. According to Hoshino, the bear started running but Hoshino made it to his truck. The bear was able to reach the truck and tore one of the doors off the truck before Hoshino was able to drive off.

In general, adult polar bears live solitary lives. Yet, they have often been seen playing together for hours at a time and even sleeping in an embrace, and polar bear zoologist Nikita Ovsianikov has described adult males as having "well-developed friendships." Cubs are especially playful as well. Among young males in particular, play-fighting may be a means of practicing for serious competition during mating seasons later in life. Polar bears are usually quiet but do communicate with various sounds and vocalizations. Females communicate with their young with moans and chuffs, and the distress calls of both cubs and subadults consists of bleats. Cubs may hum while nursing. When nervous, bears produce huffs, chuffs and snorts while hisses, growls and roars are signs of aggression. Chemical communication can also be important: bears leave behind their scent in their tracks which allow individuals to keep track of one another in the vast Arctic wilderness.

In 1992, a photographer near Churchill took a now widely circulated set of photographs of a polar bear playing with a Canadian Eskimo Dog ( Canis familiaris) a tenth of its size. The pair wrestled harmlessly together each afternoon for 10 days in a row for no apparent reason, although the bear may have been trying to demonstrate its friendliness in the hope of sharing the kennel's food. This kind of social interaction is uncommon; it is far more typical for polar bears to behave aggressively towards dogs.

Hunting and diet

The polar bear is the most carnivorous member of the bear family, and throughout most of its range, its diet primarily consists of ringed ( Pusa hispida) and bearded seals ( Erignathus barbatus). The Arctic is home to millions of seals, which become prey when they surface in holes in the ice in order to breathe, or when they haul out on the ice to rest. Polar bears hunt primarily at the interface between ice, water, and air; they only rarely catch seals on land or in open water.

The polar bear's most common hunting method is called still-hunting: the bear uses its excellent sense of smell to locate a seal breathing hole, and crouches nearby in silence for a seal to appear. The bear may lie in wait for several hours. When the seal exhales, the bear smells its breath, reaches into the hole with a forepaw, and drags it out onto the ice. The polar bear kills the seal by biting its head to crush its skull. The polar bear also hunts by stalking seals resting on the ice: upon spotting a seal, it walks to within 90 m (100 yd), and then crouches. If the seal does not notice, the bear creeps to within 9 to 12 m (30 to 40 ft) of the seal and then suddenly rushes forth to attack. A third hunting method is to raid the birth lairs that female seals create in the snow.

A widespread legend tells that polar bears cover their black noses with their paws when hunting. This behaviour, if it happens, is rare - although the story exists in the oral history of northern peoples and in accounts by early Arctic explorers, there is no record of an eyewitness account of the behaviour in recent decades.

Mature bears tend to eat only the calorie-rich skin and blubber of the seal, which are highly digestible, whereas younger bears consume the protein-rich red meat. Studies have also photographed polar bears scaling near-vertical cliffs, to eat birds' chicks and eggs. For subadult bears, which are independent of their mother but have not yet gained enough experience and body size to successfully hunt seals, scavenging the carcasses from other bears' kills is an important source of nutrition. Subadults may also be forced to accept a half-eaten carcass if they kill a seal but cannot defend it from larger polar bears. After feeding, polar bears wash themselves with water or snow.

Although polar bears are extraordinarily powerful, its primary prey species, the ringed seal, is much smaller than itself, and many of the seals hunted are pups rather than adults. Ringed seals are born weighing 5.4 kg (12 lb) and grown to an estimated average weight of only 60 kg (130 lb). They also in places prey heavily upon the harp seal ( Pagophilus groenlandicus), the harbour seal ( Phoca vitulina), or the hooded seal ( Cystophora cristata). The bearded seal, on the other hand, can be nearly the same size as the bear itself, averaging 270 kg (600 lb). Adult male bearded seals, at 350 to 500 kg (770 to 1,100 lb) are too large for a female bear to overtake, and so are potential prey only for mature male bears. Large males also occasionally attempt to hunt and kill even larger prey items. It can kill an adult walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus), although this is rarely attempted. At up to 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) and a typical adult mass range of 600 to 1,500 kg (1,300 to 3,300 lb), a walrus can be more than twice the bear's weight, has extremely thick skin and has up to 1-metre (3 ft)-long ivory tusks that can be used as formidable weapons. A polar bear may charge a group of walruses, with the goal of separating a young, infirm, or injured walrus from the pod. They will even attack adult walruses when their diving holes have frozen over or intercept them before they can get back to the diving hole in the ice. Yet, polar bears will very seldom attack full-grown adult walruses, with the largest male walrus probably invulnerable unless otherwise injured or incapacitated. Since an attack on a walrus tends to be an extremely protracted and exhausting venture, bears have been known to back down from the attack after making the initial injury to the walrus. Polar bears have also been seen to prey on beluga whales ( Delphinapterus leucas) and narwhals ( Monodon monoceros), by swiping at them at breathing holes. The whales are of similar size to the walrus and nearly as difficult for the bear to subdue. Most terrestrial animals in the Arctic can outrun the polar bear on land as polar bears overheat quickly, and most marine animals the bear encounters can outswim it. In some areas, the polar bear's diet is supplemented by walrus calves and by the carcasses of dead adult walruses or whales, whose blubber is readily devoured even when rotten. Polar bears sometimes swim underwater to catch fish like the Arctic charr or the fourhorn sculpin.

With the exception of pregnant females, polar bears are active year-round, although they have a vestigial hibernation induction trigger in their blood. Unlike brown and black bears, polar bears are capable of fasting for up to several months during late summer and early fall, when they cannot hunt for seals because the sea is unfrozen. When sea ice is unavailable during summer and early autumn, some populations live off fat reserves for months at a time, as polar bears do not 'hibernate' any time of the year.

Being both curious animals and scavengers, polar bears investigate and consume garbage where they come into contact with humans. Polar bears may attempt to consume almost anything they can find, including hazardous substances such as styrofoam, plastic, car batteries, ethylene glycol, hydraulic fluid, and motor oil. The dump in Churchill, Manitoba was closed in 2006 to protect bears, and waste is now recycled or transported to Thompson, Manitoba.

Dietary flexibility

Although seal predation is the primary and an indispensable way of life for most polar bears, when alternatives are present they are quite flexible. Polar bears consume a wide variety of other wild foods, including muskox ( Ovibos moschatus), reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus), birds, eggs, rodents, crabs, other crustaceans, fish and other polar bears. They may also eat plants, including berries, roots, and kelp; however, none of these have been a significant part of their diet, except for beachcast marine mammal carcasses. Given the change in climate, with ice breaking up in areas such as the Hudson Bay earlier than it used to, polar bears are exploiting food resources such as snow geese and eggs, and plants such as lyme grass in increased quantities.

When stalking land animals, such as muskox, reindeer, and even willow ptarmigan ( Lagopus lagopus), polar bears appear to make use of vegetative cover and wind direction to bring them as close to their prey as possible before attacking. Polar bears have been observed to hunt the small Svalbard reindeer ( R. t. platyrhynchus), which weigh only 40 to 60 kg (90 to 130 lb) as adults, as well as the barren-ground caribou ( R. t. groenlandicus), which is about twice as heavy as the former. Adult muskox, which can weigh 450 kg (1,000 lb) or more, are a more formidable quarry. Although ungulates are not typical prey, the killing of one during the summer months can greatly increase the odds of survival during that lean period. Like the brown bear, most ungulate prey of polar bears is likely to be young, sickly or injured specimens rather than healthy adults. The polar bear's metabolism is specialized to require large amounts of fat from marine mammals, and it cannot derive sufficient caloric intake from terrestrial food.

In their southern range, especially near Hudson Bay and James Bay, Canadian polar bears endure all summer without sea ice to hunt from. Here, their food ecology shows their dietary flexibility. They still manage to consume some seals, but they are food-deprived in summer as only marine mammal carcasses are an important alternative without sea ice, especially carcasses of the beluga whale. These alternatives may reduce the rate of weight loss of bears when on land. One scientist found that 71% of the Hudson Bay bears had fed on seaweed ( marine algae) and that about half were feeding on birds such as the dovekie and sea ducks, especially the long-tailed duck (53%) and common eider, by swimming underwater to catch them. They were also diving to feed on blue mussels and other underwater food sources like the green sea urchin. 24% had eaten moss recently, 19% had consumed grass, 34% had eaten black crowberry and about half had consumed willows. This study illustrates the polar bear's dietary flexibility but it does not represent its life history elsewhere. Most polar bears elsewhere will never have access to these alternatives, except for the marine mammal carcasses that are important wherever they occur.

In Svalbard, polar bears were observed to kill white-beaked dolphins during spring, when the dolphins were trapped in the sea ice. The bears then proceeded to cache the carcasses, which remained and were eaten during the ice-free summer and autumn.

Reproduction and lifecycle

Courtship and mating take place on the sea ice in April and May, when polar bears congregate in the best seal hunting areas. A male may follow the tracks of a breeding female for 100 km (60 mi) or more, and after finding her engage in intense fighting with other males over mating rights, fights that often result in scars and broken teeth. Polar bears have a generally polygynous mating system; recent genetic testing of mothers and cubs, however, has uncovered cases of litters in which cubs have different fathers. Partners stay together and mate repeatedly for an entire week; the mating ritual induces ovulation in the female.

After mating, the fertilized egg remains in a suspended state until August or September. During these four months, the pregnant female eats prodigious amounts of food, gaining at least 200 kg (440 lb) and often more than doubling her body weight.

Maternity denning and early life

When the ice floes are at their minimum in the fall, ending the possibility of hunting, each pregnant female digs a maternity den consisting of a narrow entrance tunnel leading to one to three chambers. Most maternity dens are in snowdrifts, but may also be made underground in permafrost if it is not sufficiently cold yet for snow. In most subpopulations, maternity dens are situated on land a few kilometres from the coast, and the individuals in a subpopulation tend to reuse the same denning areas each year. The polar bears that do not den on land make their dens on the sea ice. In the den, she enters a dormant state similar to hibernation. This hibernation-like state does not consist of continuous sleeping; however, the bear's heart rate slows from 46 to 27 beats per minute. Her body temperature does not decrease during this period as it would for a typical mammal in hibernation.

Between November and February, cubs are born blind, covered with a light down fur, and weighing less than 0.9 kg (2.0 lb), but in captivity they might be delivered in the earlier months. The earliest recorded birth of polar bears in captivity was on 11 October 2011 in the Toronto Zoo. On average, each litter has two cubs. The family remains in the den until mid-February to mid-April, with the mother maintaining her fast while nursing her cubs on a fat-rich milk. By the time the mother breaks open the entrance to the den, her cubs weigh about 10 to 15 kilograms (22 to 33 lb). For about 12 to 15 days, the family spends time outside the den while remaining in its vicinity, the mother grazing on vegetation while the cubs become used to walking and playing. Then they begin the long walk from the denning area to the sea ice, where the mother can once again catch seals. Depending on the timing of ice-floe breakup in the fall, she may have fasted for up to eight months. During this time, cubs playfully imitate the mother's hunting methods in preparation for later life.

Female polar bears have been known to adopt other cubs. Multiple cases of adoption of wild cubs have been confirmed by genetic testing. Adult bears of either sex occasionally kill and eat polar bear cubs. As of 2006, in Alaska, 42% of cubs were reaching 12 months of age, down from 65% in 1991. In most areas, cubs are weaned at two and a half years of age, when the mother chases them away or abandons them. The Western Hudson Bay subpopulation is unusual in that its female polar bears sometimes wean their cubs at only one and a half years. This was the case for 40% of cubs there in the early 1980s; however by the 1990s, fewer than 20% of cubs were weaned this young. After the mother leaves, sibling cubs sometimes travel and share food together for weeks or months.

Females begin to breed at the age of four years in most areas, and five years in the area of the Beaufort Sea. Males usually reach sexual maturity at six years; however, as competition for females is fierce, many do not breed until the age of eight or ten. A study in Hudson Bay indicated that both the reproductive success and the maternal weight of females peaked in their mid-teens. Maternal success appeared to decline after this point, possibly because of an age-related impairment in the ability to store the fat necessary to rear cubs.

Polar bears appear to be less affected by infectious diseases and parasites than most terrestrial mammals. Polar bears are especially susceptible to Trichinella, a parasitic roundworm they contract through cannibalism, although infections are usually not fatal. Only one case of a polar bear with rabies has been documented, even though polar bears frequently interact with Arctic foxes, which often carry rabies. Bacterial leptospirosis and Morbillivirus have been recorded. Polar bears sometimes have problems with various skin diseases that may be caused by mites or other parasites.[citation needed ]

Life expectancy

Polar bears rarely live beyond 25 years. The oldest wild bears on record died at age 32, whereas the oldest captive was a female who died in 1991, age 43. The causes of death in wild adult polar bears are poorly understood, as carcasses are rarely found in the species's frigid habitat. In the wild, old polar bears eventually become too weak to catch food, and gradually starve to death. Polar bears injured in fights or accidents may either die from their injuries, or become unable to hunt effectively, leading to starvation.

Ecological role

The polar bear is the apex predator within its range, and is a keystone species for the Arctic. Several animal species, particularly Arctic foxes ( Vulpes lagopus) and glaucous gulls ( Larus hyperboreus), routinely scavenge polar bear kills.

The relationship between ringed seals and polar bears is so close that the abundance of ringed seals in some areas appears to regulate the density of polar bears, while polar bear predation in turn regulates density and reproductive success of ringed seals. The evolutionary pressure of polar bear predation on seals probably accounts for some significant differences between Arctic and Antarctic seals. Compared to the Antarctic, where there is no major surface predator, Arctic seals use more breathing holes per individual, appear more restless when hauled out on the ice, and rarely defecate on the ice. The baby fur of most Arctic seal species is white, presumably to provide camouflage from predators, whereas Antarctic seals all have dark fur at birth.

Brown bears tend to dominate polar bears in disputes over carcasses, and dead polar bear cubs have been found in brown bear dens. Wolves are rarely encountered by polar bears, though there are two records of Arctic wolf ( Canis lupus arctos) packs killing polar bear cubs. Adult polar bears are occasionally vulnerable to predation by orcas ( Orcinus orca) while swimming, but they are rarely reported as taken and bears are likely to avoid entering the water if possible if they detect an orca pod in the area. The melting sea ice in the Arctic may be causing an increase of orcas in the Arctic sea, which may increase the risk of predation on polar bears but also may benefit the bears by providing more whale carcasses that they can scavenge. The remains of polar bears have been found in the stomachs of large Greenland sharks ( Somniosus microcephalus), although it certainly cannot be ruled out that the bears were merely scavenged by this slow-moving, unusual shark. A rather unlikely killer of a grown polar bear has reportedly included a wolverine ( Gulo gulo), anecdotally reported to have suffocated a bear in a zoo with a bite to the throat during a conflict. This report may well be dubious, however. Polar bears are sometimes the host of arctic mites such as Alaskozetes antarcticus.

Long-distance swimming and diving

Researchers tracked 52 sows in the southern Beaufort Sea off Alaska with GPS system collars; no boars were involved in the study due to males' necks being too thick for the GPS-equipped collars. Fifty long-distance swims were recorded; the longest at 354 kilometres (220 mi), with an average of 155 kilometres (96 mi). The length of these swims ranged from most of a day to ten days. Ten of the sows had a cub swim with them and after a year, six cubs survived. The study did not determine if the others lost their cubs before, during, or some time after their long swims. Researchers do not know whether or not this is a new behaviour; before polar ice shrinkage, they opined that there was probably neither the need nor opportunity to swim such long distances. As noted above, there have been 600 recorded instances of polar bears in Iceland since the 9th century. These presumably swam from Greenland, about 300 kilometres (190 mi).

The polar bear may swim underwater for up to three minutes to approach seals on shore or on ice floes.

Indigenous people

Polar bears have long provided important raw materials for Arctic peoples, including the Inuit, Yupik, Chukchi, Nenets, Russian Pomors and others. Hunters commonly used teams of dogs to distract the bear, allowing the hunter to spear the bear or shoot it with arrows at closer range. Almost all parts of captured animals had a use. The fur was used in particular to make trousers and, by the Nenets, to make galoshes-like outer footwear called tobok; the meat is edible, despite some risk of trichinosis; the fat was used in food and as a fuel for lighting homes, alongside seal and whale blubber; sinews were used as thread for sewing clothes; the gallbladder and sometimes heart were dried and powdered for medicinal purposes; the large canine teeth were highly valued as talismans. Only the liver was not used, as its high concentration of vitamin A is poisonous. As a carnivore, which feeds largely upon fish-eating carnivores, the polar bear ingests large amounts of vitamin A that is stored in their livers. The resulting high concentrations cause hypervitaminosis A, Hunters make sure to either toss the liver into the sea or bury it in order to spare their dogs from potential poisoning. Traditional subsistence hunting was on a small enough scale to not significantly affect polar bear populations, mostly because of the sparseness of the human population in polar bear habitat.

History of commercial harvest

In Russia, polar bear furs were already being commercially traded in the 14th century, though it was of low value compared to Arctic fox or even reindeer fur. The growth of the human population in the Eurasian Arctic in the 16th and 17th century, together with the advent of firearms and increasing trade, dramatically increased the harvest of polar bears. However, since polar bear fur has always played a marginal commercial role, data on the historical harvest is fragmentary. It is known, for example, that already in the winter of 1784/1785 Russian Pomors on Spitsbergen harvested 150 polar bears in Magdalenefjorden. In the early 20th century, Norwegian hunters were harvesting 300 bears per year at the same location. Estimates of total historical harvest suggest that from the beginning of the 18th century, roughly 400 to 500 animals were being harvested annually in northern Eurasia, reaching a peak of 1,300 to 1,500 animals in the early 20th century, and falling off as the numbers began dwindling.

In the first half of the 20th century, mechanized and overpoweringly efficient methods of hunting and trapping came into use in North America as well. Polar bears were chased from snowmobiles, icebreakers, and airplanes, the latter practice described in a 1965 New York Times editorial as being "about as sporting as machine gunning a cow." Norwegians used "self-killing guns", comprising a loaded rifle in a baited box that was placed at the level of a bear's head, and which fired when the string attached to the bait was pulled. The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year.

Contemporary regulations

Concerns over the future survival of the species led to the development of national regulations on polar bear hunting, beginning in the mid-1950s. The Soviet Union banned all hunting in 1956. Canada began imposing hunting quotas in 1968. Norway passed a series of increasingly strict regulations from 1965 to 1973, and has completely banned hunting since then. The United States began regulating hunting in 1971 and adopted the Marine Mammal Protection Act in 1972. In 1973, the International Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears was signed by all five nations whose territory is inhabited by polar bears: Canada, Denmark, Norway, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Member countries agreed to place restrictions on recreational and commercial hunting, ban hunting from aircraft and icebreakers, and conduct further research. The treaty allows hunting "by local people using traditional methods". Norway is the only country of the five in which all harvest of polar bears is banned. The agreement was a rare case of international cooperation during the Cold War. Biologist Ian Stirling commented, "For many years, the conservation of polar bears was the only subject in the entire Arctic that nations from both sides of the Iron Curtain could agree upon sufficiently to sign an agreement. Such was the intensity of human fascination with this magnificent predator, the only marine bear."

Agreements have been made between countries to co-manage their shared polar bear subpopulations. After several years of negotiations, Russia and the United States signed an agreement in October 2000 to jointly set quotas for indigenous subsistence hunting in Alaska and Chukotka. The treaty was ratified in October 2007. In September 2015, the polar bear range states agreed upon a "circumpolar action plan" describing their conservation strategy for polar bears.

The species is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) meaning international trade, including in parts or derivatives, is controlled by the CITES system of permits and certificates. The United States government has proposed that polar bears be transferred to Appendix I of CITES which would ban all commercial international trade in polar bear parts. The decision to leave the species listed under Appendix II was endorsed by the IUCN and TRAFFIC, who determined that such an uplisting was unlikely to confer a conservation benefit.

Polar bears were designated "Not at Risk" in April 1986 and uplisted to "Special Concern" in April 1991. This status was re-evaluated and confirmed in April 1999, November 2002, and April 2008. Polar bears continue to be listed as a species of special concern in Canada because of their sensitivity to overharvest and because of an expected range contraction caused by loss of Arctic sea ice.

More than 600 bears are killed per year by humans across Canada, a rate calculated by scientists to be unsustainable for some areas, notably Baffin Bay. Canada has allowed sport hunters accompanied by local guides and dog-sled teams since 1970, but the practice was not common until the 1980s. The guiding of sport hunters provides meaningful employment and an important source of income for northern communities in which economic opportunities are few. Sport hunting can bring CDN$20,000 to $35,000 per bear into northern communities, which until recently has been mostly from American hunters.

The territory of Nunavut accounts for the location 80% of annual kills in Canada. In 2005, the government of Nunavut increased the quota from 400 to 518 bears, despite protests from the IUCN Polar Bear Specialist Group. In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient. While most of that quota is hunted by the indigenous Inuit, a growing share is sold to recreational hunters. (0.8% in the 1970s, 7.1% in the 1980s, and 14.6% in the 1990s) Nunavut polar bear biologist, Mitchell Taylor, who was formerly responsible for polar bear conservation in the territory, has insisted that bear numbers are being sustained under current hunting limits. In 2010, the 2005 increase was partially reversed. Government of Nunavut officials announced that the polar bear quota for the Baffin Bay region would be gradually reduced from 105 per year to 65 by 2013. The Government of the Northwest Territories maintain their own quota of 72 to 103 bears within the Inuvialuit communities of which some are set aside for sports hunters.[citation needed ] Environment Canada also banned the export from Canada of fur, claws, skulls and other products from polar bears harvested in Baffin Bay as of 1 January 2010.

Because of the way polar bear hunting quotas are managed in Canada, attempts to discourage sport hunting would actually increase the number of bears killed in the short term. Canada allocates a certain number of permits each year to sport and subsistence hunting, and those that are not used for sport hunting are re-allocated to indigenous subsistence hunting. Whereas northern communities kill all the polar bears they are permitted to take each year, only half of sport hunters with permits actually manage to kill a polar bear. If a sport hunter does not kill a polar bear before his or her permit expires, the permit cannot be transferred to another hunter.

In August 2011, Environment Canada published a national polar bear conservation strategy.

In Greenland, hunting restrictions were first introduced in 1994 and expanded by executive order in 2005. Until 2005 Greenland placed no limit on hunting by indigenous people. However, in 2006 it imposed a limit of 150, while also allowed recreational hunting for the first time. Other provisions included year-round protection of cubs and mothers, restrictions on weapons used and various administrative requirements to catalogue kills.

Polar bears were hunted heavily in Svalbard, Norway throughout the 19th century and to as recently as 1973, when the conservation treaty was signed. 900 bears a year were harvested in the 1920s and after World War II, there were as many as 400-500 harvested annually. Some regulations of hunting did exist. In 1927, poisoning was outlawed while in 1939, certain denning sights were declared off limits. The killing of females and cubs was made illegal in 1965. Killing of polar bears decreased somewhat 25-30 years before the treaty. Despite this, the polar bear population continued to decline and by 1973, only around 1000 bears were left in Svalbard. Only with the passage of the treaty did they begin to recover.

The Soviet Union banned the harvest of polar bears in 1956; however, poaching continued, and is estimated to pose a serious threat to the polar bear population. In recent years, polar bears have approached coastal villages in Chukotka more frequently due to the shrinking of the sea ice, endangering humans and raising concerns that illegal hunting would become even more prevalent. In 2007, the Russian government made subsistence hunting legal for indigenous Chukotkan peoples only, a move supported by Russia's most prominent bear researchers and the World Wide Fund for Nature as a means to curb poaching.

Polar bears are currently listed as "Rare", of "Uncertain Status", or "Rehabilitated and rehabilitating" in the Red Data Book of Russia, depending on population. In 2010, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment published a strategy for polar bear conservation in Russia.

United States

The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 afforded polar bears some protection in the United States. It banned hunting (except by indigenous subsistence hunters), banned importing of polar bear parts (except polar bear pelts taken legally in Canada), and banned the harassment of polar bears. On 15 May 2008, the United States Department of the Interior listed the polar bear as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act, citing the melting of Arctic sea ice as the primary threat to the polar bear. It banned all importing of polar bear trophies. Importing products made from polar bears had been prohibited from 1972 to 1994 under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, and restricted between 1994 and 2008. Under those restrictions, permits from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service were required to import sport-hunted polar bear trophies taken in hunting expeditions in Canada. The permit process required that the bear be taken from an area with quotas based on sound management principles. Since 1994, hundreds of sport-hunted polar bear trophies have been imported into the U.S. In 2015, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service published a draft conservation management plan for polar bears to improve their status under the Endangered Species Act and the Marine Mammal Protection Act.

Conservation status, threats, and controversies

Polar bear population sizes and trends are difficult to estimate accurately because they occupy remote home ranges and exist at low population densities. Polar bear fieldwork can also be hazardous to researchers. As of 2015, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) reports that the global population of polar bears is 22,000 to 31,000, and the current population trend is unknown. Nevertheless, polar bears are listed as "Vulnerable" under criterion A3c, which indicates an expected population decrease of ≥30% over the next three generations (~34.5 years) due to "decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat". Risks to the polar bear include climate change, pollution in the form of toxic contaminants, conflicts with shipping, oil and gas exploration and development, and human-bear interactions including harvesting and possible stresses from recreational polar-bear watching.

According to the World Wildlife Fund, the polar bear is important as an indicator of Arctic ecosystem health. Polar bears are studied to gain understanding of what is happening throughout the Arctic, because at-risk polar bears are often a sign of something wrong with the Arctic marine ecosystem.

Climate change

The key danger for polar bears posed by the effects of climate change is malnutrition or starvation due to habitat loss. Polar bears hunt seals from a platform of sea ice. Rising temperatures cause the sea ice to melt earlier in the year, driving the bears to shore before they have built sufficient fat reserves to survive the period of scarce food in the late summer and early fall. Reduction in sea-ice cover also forces bears to swim longer distances, which further depletes their energy stores and occasionally leads to drowning. Thinner sea ice tends to deform more easily, which appears to make it more difficult for polar bears to access seals. Insufficient nourishment leads to lower reproductive rates in adult females and lower survival rates in cubs and juvenile bears, in addition to poorer body condition in bears of all ages.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature, Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, United States Geological Survey and many leading polar bear biologists have expressed grave concerns about the impact of climate change, with some predicting extinction by 2100.

In addition to creating nutritional stress, a warming climate is expected to affect various other aspects of polar bear life: changes in sea ice affect the ability of pregnant females to build suitable maternity dens. As the distance increases between the pack ice and the coast, females must swim longer distances to reach favoured denning areas on land. Thawing of permafrost would affect the bears who traditionally den underground, and warm winters could result in den roofs collapsing or having reduced insulative value. For the polar bears that currently den on multi-year ice, increased ice mobility may result in longer distances for mothers and young cubs to walk when they return to seal-hunting areas in the spring. Disease-causing bacteria and parasites would flourish more readily in a warmer climate.

Problematic interactions between polar bears and humans, such as foraging by bears in garbage dumps, have historically been more prevalent in years when ice-floe breakup occurred early and local polar bears were relatively thin. Increased human-bear interactions, including fatal attacks on humans, are likely to increase as the sea ice shrinks and hungry bears try to find food on land.

The effects of climate change are most profound in the southern part of the polar bear's range, and this is indeed where significant degradation of local populations has been observed. The Western Hudson Bay subpopulation, in a southern part of the range, also happens to be one of the best-studied polar bear subpopulations. This subpopulation feeds heavily on ringed seals in late spring, when newly weaned and easily hunted seal pups are abundant. The late spring hunting season ends for polar bears when the ice begins to melt and break up, and they fast or eat little during the summer until the sea freezes again.

Due to warming air temperatures, ice-floe breakup in western Hudson Bay is currently occurring three weeks earlier than it did 30 years ago, reducing the duration of the polar bear feeding season. The body condition of polar bears has declined during this period; the average weight of lone (and likely pregnant) female polar bears was approximately 290 kg (640 lb) in 1980 and 230 kg (510 lb) in 2004. Between 1987 and 2004, the Western Hudson Bay population declined by 22%, although the population was listed as "stable" as of 2017. As the climate change melts sea ice, the U.S. Geological Survey projects that two-thirds of polar bears will disappear by 2050.

In Alaska, the effects of sea ice shrinkage have contributed to higher mortality rates in polar bear cubs, and have led to changes in the denning locations of pregnant females. The proportion of maternity dens on sea ice has changed from 62% between the years 1985 through 1994, to 37% over the years 1998 through 2004. Thus, now the Alaskan population more resembles the world population in that it is more likely to den on land. In recent years, polar bears in the Arctic have undertaken longer than usual swims to find prey, possibly resulting in four recorded drownings in the unusually large ice pack regression of 2005.

A new development is that polar bears have begun ranging to new territory. While not unheard of but still uncommon, polar bears have been sighted increasingly in larger numbers ashore, staying on the mainland for longer periods of time during the summer months, particularly in North Canada, traveling farther inland. This may cause an increased reliance on terrestrial diets, such as goose eggs, waterfowl and caribou, as well as increased human-bear conflict.

Polar bears accumulate high levels of persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides. Due to their position at the top of the ecological pyramid, with a diet heavy in blubber in which halocarbons concentrate, their bodies are among the most contaminated of Arctic mammals. Halocarbons (also known as organohalogens) are known to be toxic to other animals, because they mimic hormone chemistry, and biomarkers such as immunoglobulin G and retinol suggest similar effects on polar bears. PCBs have received the most study, and they have been associated with birth defects and immune system deficiency.

Many chemicals, such as PCBs and DDT, have been internationally banned due to the recognition of their harm on the environment. Their concentrations in polar bear tissues continued to rise for decades after being banned, as these chemicals spread through the food chain. Since then, the trend seems to have abated, with tissue concentrations of PCBs declining between studies performed from 1989 to 1993 and studies performed from 1996 to 2002. During the same time periods, DDT was found to be notably lower in the Western Hudson Bay population only.

Oil and gas development

Oil and gas development in polar bear habitat can affect the bears in a variety of ways. An oil spill in the Arctic would most likely concentrate in the areas where polar bears and their prey are also concentrated, such as sea ice leads. Because polar bears rely partly on their fur for insulation and soiling of the fur by oil reduces its insulative value, oil spills put bears at risk of dying from hypothermia. Polar bears exposed to oil spill conditions have been observed to lick the oil from their fur, leading to fatal kidney failure. Maternity dens, used by pregnant females and by females with infants, can also be disturbed by nearby oil exploration and development. Disturbance of these sensitive sites may trigger the mother to abandon her den prematurely, or abandon her litter altogether.

Predictions

Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated. The bears could disappear from Europe, Asia, and Alaska, and be depleted from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and areas off the northern Greenland coast. By 2080, they could disappear from Greenland entirely and from the northern Canadian coast, leaving only dwindling numbers in the interior Arctic Archipelago. However, in the short term, some polar bear populations in historically colder regions of the Arctic may temporarily benefit from a milder climate, as multiyear ice that is too thick for seals to create breathing holes is replaced by thinner annual ice.

Polar bears diverged from brown bears 400,000-600,000 years ago and have survived past periods of climate fluctuation. It has been claimed that polar bears will be able to adapt to terrestrial food sources as the sea ice they use to hunt seals disappears. However, most polar bear biologists think that polar bears will be unable to completely offset the loss of calorie-rich seal blubber with terrestrial foods, and that they will be outcompeted by brown bears in this terrestrial niche, ultimately leading to a population decline.

Controversy over species protection

Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today. Some estimates of the global population are around 5,000 to 10,000 in the early 1970s; other estimates were 20,000 to 40,000 during the 1980s. Current estimates put the global population at between 20,000 and 25,000 or 22,000 and 31,000. Despite the encouraging rebound of some populations, there is little evidence to suggest polar bears are thriving overall.

There are several reasons for the apparent discordance between past and projected population trends: estimates from the 1950s and 1960s were based on stories from explorers and hunters rather than on scientific surveys. Second, controls of harvesting were introduced that allowed this previously overhunted species to recover. Third, the recent effects of climate change have affected sea ice abundance in different areas to varying degrees.

Debate over the listing of the polar bear under endangered species legislation has put conservation groups and Canada's Inuit at opposing positions; the Nunavut government and many northern residents have condemned the U.S. initiative to list the polar bear under the Endangered Species Act. Many Inuit believe the polar bear population is increasing, and restrictions on commercial sport-hunting are likely to lead to a loss of income to their communities.

Indigenous folklore

For the indigenous peoples of the Arctic, polar bears have long played an important cultural and material role. Polar bear remains have been found at hunting sites dating to 2,500 to 3,000 years ago and 1,500-year-old cave paintings of polar bears have been found in the Chukchi Peninsula. Indeed, it has been suggested that Arctic peoples' skills in seal hunting and igloo construction has been in part acquired from the polar bears themselves.

The Inuit and Alaska Natives have many folk tales featuring the bears including legends in which bears are humans when inside their own houses and put on bear hides when going outside, and stories of how the constellation that is said to resemble a great bear surrounded by dogs came into being. These legends reveal a deep respect for the polar bear, which is portrayed as both spiritually powerful and closely akin to humans. The human-like posture of bears when standing and sitting, and the resemblance of a skinned bear carcass to the human body, have probably contributed to the belief that the spirits of humans and bears were interchangeable.

Among the Chukchi and Yupik of eastern Siberia, there was a longstanding shamanistic ritual of "thanksgiving" to the hunted polar bear. After killing the animal, its head and skin were removed and cleaned and brought into the home, and a feast was held in the hunting camp in its honor. To appease the spirit of the bear, traditional song and drum music was played, and the skull was ceremonially fed and offered a pipe. Only once the spirit was appeased was the skull be separated from the skin, taken beyond the bounds of the homestead, and placed in the ground, facing north.

The Nenets of north-central Siberia placed particular value on the talismanic power of the prominent canine teeth. These were traded in the villages of the lower Yenisei and Khatanga rivers to the forest-dwelling peoples further south, who would sew them into their hats as protection against brown bears. It was believed that the "little nephew" (the brown bear) would not dare to attack a man wearing the tooth of its powerful "big uncle", the polar bear. The skulls of killed polar bears were buried at sacred sites, and altars, called sedyangi, were constructed out of the skulls. Several such sites have been preserved on the Yamal Peninsula.

Symbols and mascots

Their distinctive appearance and their association with the Arctic have made polar bears popular icons, especially in those areas where they are native. The Canadian two-dollar coin carries an image of a lone polar bear on its reverse side, while a special millennium edition featured three. Vehicle licence plates in the Northwest Territories in Canada are in the shape of a polar bear, as was the case in Nunavut until 2012; these now display polar bear artwork instead. The polar bear is the mascot of Bowdoin College, Maine; the University of Alaska Fairbanks; and the 1988 Winter Olympics held in Calgary. The Eisbären Berlin hockey team uses a roaring polar bear as their logo, and the Charlotte, North Carolina hockey team the Charlotte Checkers uses a polar bear named Chubby Checker as their mascot.

Coca-Cola has used images of the polar bear in its advertising, and Polar Beverages, Nelvana, Bundaberg Rum, Klondike bars, and Fox's Glacier Mints all feature polar bears in their logos.[citation needed ]

Polar bears are popular in fiction, particularly in books for children or teenagers.

References

Bibliography

Aars, Jon, ed. (June 2005). Polar Bears. Proceedings of the 14th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group (PDF). Vol. 32. Nicholas J. Lunn and Andrew E. Derocher. Seattle, Washington, United States: IUCN. ISBN 978-2-8317-0959-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008.

Bruemmer, Fred (1989). World of the Polar Bear. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Key Porter Books. ISBN 978-1-55013-107-9.

Hemstock, Annie (1999). The Polar Bear. Manakato, MN: Capstone Press. ISBN 978-0-7368-0031-0.

Lockwood, Sophie (2006). Polar Bears. Chanhassen, MN: The Child's World. ISBN 978-1-59296-501-4.

Matthews, Downs (1993). . San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-0204-8.

Rosing, Norbert (1996). The World of the Polar Bear. Willowdale, ON: Firefly Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-55209-068-8.

Further reading

External links

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The polar bear (Ursus maritimus ) is a hypercarnivorous bear whose native range lies largely within the Arctic Circle, encompassing the Arctic Ocean, its surrounding seas and surrounding land masses. It is the largest extant bear species, as well as the largest extant land carnivore.

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둘째 털이 뭉텅이째 빠진 라마에게 입마개를 씌웠다. 좁은 우리안에 갇힌 원숭이가 쉼 없이 자리를 맴돌았다. 스트레스를 받아 정형행동을 했다. 또 다른 우리 안에서 호랑이까지 정형행동을 보였다

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[자막뉴스] 자기 털 뽑고, 빙빙 돌고 …갇힌 동물들 안쓰러운 '이상 행동' / KBS 2024.02.27.

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동물은 스트레스를 받거나 불편하면 보이는 행동이 정형행동이다 동물원은 동물을 불편하게 하여 정형행동이 보이는 것이다 그리고 죄없는 동물들을 우리에 갇어두고 피해를 주는것은 아닌거 같다

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[자막뉴스] 자기 털 뽑고, 빙빙 돌고 …갇힌 동물들 안쓰러운 '이상 행동' / KBS 2024.02.27.

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첫째, 동물원은 멸종위기종을 보호해준다

멸종위기종이 동물원에 들어가면서 수를 늘린

사례가 많다

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8살 퓨마가 자유에 고파 동물원을 탈출. 쥬쥬동물원 바다 코끼리 무차별 학대. 대구 동물원 관리 소홀함. 주장을 다시 강조한다면 동물원을 폐지해야한다.

이 주장을 실천하면 긍정적인 효과는 동물원에 동물은 행동반경을 제한받지 않는다,정상수명을 살수있다 등등을 긍정적인 효과를 받을수있음.

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셋째, 동물원은 다양한 종의 동물을 가까이에서 관찰할 수 있는 기회를 제공하여, 어린이와 성인 모두에게 생태와 행동에 대해 실질적으로 배울 수 있는 기회를 제공하여 생태학, 환경 보호 및 동물의 권리에 대한 이해를 높인다.

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셋째, 동물원에 대한 인식도 점점 안 좋아지고있다.

여론조사에 따르면, 동물원에 대한 사람들의 인식이 점점 더 부정적으로 변화하고 있다는 결과가 있다

2020년 조사에서는 응답자에 60%이상이 동물원이 동물 복지에 부정적인 영향을 미친다고 했다.

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첫째,동물원에 동물들은 자연으로 다시 돌아갈수없다. 왜냐면 야생성이 떨어져 버린 생명도있고 야생에서 활동하다 다친아이들 많다,또한 동물원에서 태어난 애들을 다시 야생으로 보내면 60%이상은 적응하지못하고 자연에서 죽기마련이다.

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동물원은 동물의 자유와 복지가 심각하게 침해된다.

동물원은 동물들이 자연 서식지에서 자유롭게 살아가는 본성을 억압하고, 제한된 공간에서 생활하게 만든다. 이는 동물에게 심리적, 신체적으로 큰 스트래스를 유발한다. 많은 동물들이 자연 서식지에서 수백 킬로미터를 자유롭게 이동하며 생활한다, 그런데 동물원에서 제공되는 좁은 우리나 인공적인 환경은 이들의 본능을 억제하는 결과를 초래한다.

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셋째, 동물원의 동물들이 제대로 관리 받지 못한다. 다른 동물의 눈에 띄면 안돼는 동물들이나 숨어서 지내야 하는 동물들이 동물원에서 수많은 사람들의 시선에 둘러쌓여 스트레스를 받는 경우가 있다. 실제로 한 결과에 따르면 동물원에서 사는 동물이 야생에서 사는 동물의 수명의 약 반절밖에 못산다.

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첫번째,동물들의 관리가 잘안된다.

새들은 날갯깃이 잘린 상태로 냅두는 사례가 있다.그럼 이러한 새들은 날수 없어서 자유를 제안해 스트레스를 받을 수 있다.

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실내 체험 동물원이 재앙을 일으킬 수 있다? 수의사의 섬뜩한 경고  / 스브스뉴스

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동물원을 폐지 해야하는 이유<본론2>

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동물원을 폐지 해야하는 이유<본론2>

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동물원은 동물들에게 스트레스를 준다.

동물들은 동물원 작은 우리안에 갇혀있다.

작은 우리 안에서 플레시가 터지기도 하고 사람들의 시선을 받는다. 그래서 이런 일 때문에 스트레스를 받아 정형 행동을 보이기도 한다.

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[뉴스 따라잡기] 체험형 실내 동물원 ‘인기’…동물에겐 스트레스? / KBS뉴스(News)

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셋째:동물들이 사람들의 소음에 방해를 받는다.

산속에서 살거나 사람들의 발걸음이 닿지 않는 곳에서 사는 야생동물들이 사람들과 가까이 지내면서 각종 소음들에 방해를 받는다. 또 동물원안에 놀이 기구까지 있는 곳이 많아 동물들이 기계음과 놀이 공원에 소음 까지 아주 가까이 에서 듣는다. 동물들은 조용하고 안전한 숲에서 편안하게 살아야한다고 생각하므로 동물원은 폐지 되어야 한다.

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동물원을 폐지 해야하는 이유<3>

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동물원을 폐지 해야하는 이유<3>

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동물원은 동물들의 신체 건강에 해롭다.

동물원 코끼리의 수명은 야생 코끼리의 절반도 살지 못한다.

연구에 따르면아시아 코끼리는 41년을 살지만

동물원에서 사는 코끼리들의 대부분은 과체중이고,

시간의 83%를 실내에서 보냈으며 이는 조기사망으로 이어졌다는 연구도 있다.

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동물들은 동물원에서 다른 환경 또 많은 사람들의 시선을 견뎌야 하며, 다양한 생활을 하지 못하는 작은 우리 안에 갇혀있고 그로 인해 스트레스를 받는다.또 원치않는 놀이기구 소음과 사람들의 소리로 더욱 불편함을 겪어야 하고 마음대로 생활하고 움직일수 없는 제한적인 삶을 살아야한다. 그러므로 동물들의 자유를 위해, 동물들의 행복을 위해 동물원은 폐지 되어야한다.

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동물원을 페지 해야하는 이<결론>

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동물원을 페지 해야하는 이<결론>

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동물원은 동물들의 자유를 구속하며 좁은 우리 안에서 스트레스를 받는다. 그러며 동물원은 동물들에게 해롭다. 계속 스트레스를 받으면

정형 행동을 보인다. 그리고 야생에서 사는

동물들보다 반절 밖에 살지 못한다. 그래서

동물원을 폐지해야한다. 동물원을 폐지한다면

동물들은 자유를 얻고 스트레스도 없고 야생에서

살아 원래 수명을 살수있다. 그러므로 동물원은

폐지해야한다.

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전주 동물원에 사고 독수리가 있다.

동물원은 천연기년물 동물들을 돌보고있다

다친동물들도 돌봐준다.

독수리가 날개를 다쳐서 전주 동물원에서 돌봐준다.

그래서 동물원 폐지에 반대 한다.

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첫째.환경과 관리가 심각하다.

한 뉴스를 보면 좁은 유리창 안에 있는

사자

2마리의 몸은 붉은 상처이지만 치료를

안해주는 모습과 배설물을 안치워

벌레가 생겼고

전등을 안갈아서 계속 깜박거리는 상황이 생겼다.

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"살아있는 게 맞나"…간판은 동물원, 실상은 '동물의 지옥' / JTBC 뉴스룸

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문 닫은 동물원 가봤더니‥동물들 울부짖는 소리만 (2024.03.27/뉴스투데이/MBC)

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첫째.동물원은 멸종위기 동물들을 보살펴준다.

동물원은 다친 동물들이 보살펴준다.

동물원에 가면 사례가 많다.

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둘째. 동물들은 자유롭게 살아가야 할

권리가 있다.

동물원의 동물들은 제한된

공간에서 생활한다.

이는 그들의 자연스러운 행동을

방해한다. 그리고 동물들은

자연에서 멀리

떨어져 있어 사회적 상호작용이

부족한다.

그러므로 고립감과 우울증으로

초래할수 있다.

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동물원은 동물들을 잘 사육하며 교육을 시키고 재미있게 놀아주기도 한다 그리고 동물원은 평화롭다

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셋째. 동물들이 스트레스를 받을수 있다.

00실내 동물원을 보면 털이

뭉텅이째 빠진

라마에게 입마개를 씌었고

좁은 유리창에 갇힌

원숭이는 쉼 없이 자리를 맴돕니다.

스트레스를 받아 목적없는

행위를 반복하는

"정형행동"을 한다.

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[자막뉴스] 자기 털 뽑고, 빙빙 돌고 …갇힌 동물들 안쓰러운 '이상 행동' / KBS 2024.02.27.

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둘째, 동물원은 동물을 구조해준다

야생에서 발견된 천연기념물, 멸종위기종들등

발견된 동물들은 안전하게 동물원에 가게된다https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20230526054600064#:~:text=vodcast%40yna-,.,-co.kr

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어미잃고 떠돌다 구조된 ‘산양’ 청주동물원에 새 보금자리 | 연합뉴스

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(청주=연합뉴스) 김형우 기자 = 2년 전 강원도 철원에서 어미를 잃고 떠돌다가 구조된 천연기념물 산양 1마리가 청주동물원에서 새로운 삶을 시작…

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둘째: 좁은 공간에서 살아야하고 사람과 비교를하면 가옥과 다름없다 그리고 스트레스를받고 수명이 짦아진다 그리고 돌고래,벨루가,등등 폐사해야 자유를 얻을수 있었다 국내에 있던 벨루가들은 61마리중 30마리가 폐사했다 돌고래는 야생에서는 하루에 100k이상 헤엄치고 여러마리가 무리지어 다니며 돌고래는 초음파로 대화를 하는데 막혀있는 벽때문에 수조 안에 메아리가 계속 맴도는것 같아 큰 혼란을 느끼고 병을 얻기도 한다

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수족관 돌고래들이 자꾸 죽어 나가는 이유 ｜크랩

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2: 동물들이 야생 본능을 잃어버리기 때

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2: 동물들이 야생 본능을 잃어버리기 때문입니다.

동물들이 야생 본능이 사라지면 자연으로 돌아가기 어렵다.

이유는 먹이를 너무 쉽게 주어 야생 본능 이 점점 떨어지기 시작해 야생으로 돌아가기 어려운 것이다.

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야생동물, 본능에 충실할수있는 자유가 필요하다 #동물 #야생동물 #동물쇼 #animals

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동물원은 동물들을 지켜준다.

동물원이 없으면 육식 동물들한테 잡아 먹일수도 있다. 동물원 있으면 동물들이 죽지않는다.

동물원은 구조된 동물들을 돌봐준다.

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이처럼 동물들이 동물원 안에 갇혀 관리를 못 받고 있다. 동물들은 밥을 못먹고있다 사자가 갈비뼈가 보일정도이다. 동물들이 정형행동을 보이고있다. 라마는 털이 엄청 빠져있고 원숭이랑 호랑이는 우리에 갇혀 정형행동을 보이고 있다. 동물원은 자유를 뺐는다. 동물은 자연 서식지에서 자유롭게 살아가는 본성을 억압한다. 그러므로 동물원은 폐지해야한다.

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동물원은 연구하는데에도 필요하다 동물원 덕분에 다른 생명 들이 계속 생기며 발전시키고 있다

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동물원을 통해 다양한 동물을 보여준다면

아이들에게 폭넓은 교육이 될것이다

실제로 어렸을때 동물들을 많이 본다면 동물의 관한 꿈을 키울수도 있다https://blog.naver.com/hoyg34/223882436302

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동물원 꿈해몽 총정리, 동물원 꿈, 동물들이 .. : 네이버블로그

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▷ 본론 요약

▷ 주장 강조

▷ 주장을 실천할 때 나타날 긍정적 모습

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그러므로 동물들을 지켜주지 않는 동물원은 폐지하는게 맞다 하지 멸종위기종을 지켜주는 좋은 동물원도 있다는걸 명심하자 동물원 폐지 하지 말자

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그러므로 동물원은 폐지해야한다.

더 이상 동물을 동물원에 가두면 안된다.

동물원이 더 이상 개발되지 않도록 노력하는것,

인간의 유희가 아니라 동물의 평화를 지켜주는 것

인간과 동물 모두가 평화로운 세상을 만드는것이

우리의 남겨진 과제이다. 그러므로 동물원을 폐지 하여야한다.

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둘째,동물원은 멸종위기 동물의유일한 터전입니다.멸종위기 생명들이(시베리안 호랑이,백상아리)인간에게 보살핌을받지 못하면 야생에서 사라져 멸종될 생명들이 많습니다,그러므로 동물원은 이런 생명들을 지킬수있는 유일한터전입니다.

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동물원이 없으면 동물을 거의 볼수없기 때문에

동물원 폐지를 반대한다.

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첫째,동물들이 동물원을 많이 탈출한다.

동물들은 동물원에서 매일매일 생활하기 때문에

답답할수 밖에 없고,자료에 있는 얼룩말은 동물원을 탈출하고 동물원으로 돌아가지 않으려고

도망다니며 서울시내를 돌아다녔다.

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동물원은 멸종위기을 지켜주기도한다.

동물원은 꼭있어야한다. 천념기념물 돌봐준다.

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이러한 이유로 동물원 폐지에 찬성한다. 동물들이 털을 뽑는 등 이상행동을 하고,수의사등 전문가들의 말과 동물의 수명에 관한 결과까지. 동물들도 생명이고 언제까지나 인간을 우선할 수는 없다. 동물들에게도 최소한의 자유는 줘야 한다.

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3:동물원은 동물들을 병들게 한다

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3:동물원은 동물들을 병들게 한다.

동물원들 중에선 좋은 것도 있지만 안 좋은 것도 있다.

동물들은 병들고 있다.

예를 들면 동물원이 망하거나 시설 환경이 안 좋을 수도 있다 그러면 동물들은 병들고 아프다 죽는 경우도 있다.

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최소한의 생명윤리 외면한 '가혹한 동물원' 또 열어도… / JTBC 뉴스룸

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멸종위기동물의 개체수 보호와 아이들에게 교육적인 기회를 주는 동물원이 있어야되고 동물원이 계속 남아있으려면 우리의 관심또한 계속되어야된다고 생각합니다.

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두번째,동물들이 자유를 얻을려고 동물원을 탈출하는 경우가 많아진다.

어느날 퓨마가 동물원을 탈출해 차에 치여서 죽음을 맞이하는 경우가 있다.퓨마가있는 동물원은 퓨마에게는 아주 좁은 공간이다.자연과 다르게 자리가 한정되어있어서 못뛰어놀거나,스트레스를 받을수있다.

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죽음으로 끝난 8살 퓨마 호롱이의 첫 외출 / 스브스뉴스

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동물은 좁은 유리창에 갇혀

제한된 공간에서

살아 큰 스트레스를 받아 사회적

상호작용이

부족하다 이러므로

동물원 폐지를 찬성한다.

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동물원은 동물을 보호해주기 때문에 동물원 페지 반대한다

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또한 다른나라에서는아이들이 있는 앞에서 사자를 해부했다 사자 배를 가르고 내장을 꺼내 애들에게 보여줬다 그치만 그 나라에서는 동물 해부 이벤트라고 부른다 한 생명의 배를 가르면 해부를 하는것이다 사람들의 교육을 위해서 이 자료에 나와있는 살아있는 사자를 죽이는것은 부당하다

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아이들 앞에서 사자 해부하는 동물원…"교육" vs. "살육" / YTN 사이언스

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동물들은 동물원에서 제한적인 삶으로 살아가야하며 또한 철창에 갇혀 자유를 느낄수없어 다시 자유를 찾을수 있게 동원을 없애야 된다

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결론적으로, 동물원은 동물의 자유를 침해하고 야생성이 사라지며, 멸종 위기종 보전에도 근본적인 한계를 가집니다. 동물을 인간의 필요에 의해 가두고 전시하는 행위는 더 이상 지속되어서는 안 될 안좋은 생각이다. 우리는 동물원 폐지를 통해 동물을 단순한 볼거리가 아닌 소중한 존재 로 생각해야 한다.

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둘째,동물원은 동물을 보호하기 위해 만들었지만

동물들을 보호,관리를

제대로 안하는 동물원들이있다.

동물원이 폐지한 이유도 물론 문제이지만

폐지이후에는 동물들이 방치되어 있으며 사자는

부상을 입은 모습이 보이고 따뜻한 지역에 사는

동물들은 서로 껴안고있는 모습을 보였다.

그리고 사막여우나원숭이는

불안하고스트레스를 받는 증상을 보였다.

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동물이 물건?‥문 닫은 동물원에 남겨진 동물들 (2024.04.01/뉴스투데이/MBC)

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셋째,동물원은 동물들에게 적합한 환경이 아니다.

자료 화면처럼 동물들이 좁은 환경에서 스트레스를

받는걸 느끼고 우리를 확장했지만, 동물들은

그이후에도 스트레스를 받는 행동을 보였고,

동물원이 있어서 동물들의 본능을 잃어버리게 한다.

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진양호 동물원, 동물 위한 환경개선 추진

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결론으로 동물원의 동물들은 우리 안에서 스트레스를 받고,몇몇 동물원은 동물들을 관리와보호를

제대로 하지않고 동물을 방치하고 있으며

동물원은 동물을 위해 만든것이아닌 사람의경제활동

사람의 행복을 위해 만든이유도 있다.

그러므로 동물원은 없어져야 한다.

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마지막, 동물들이 사는 실내 동물원에 빛이없다.

빛이 없으면 면역력이 약해져서 몸이 안좋아 질수있다.

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너무 좁은 공간에 있거나,동물들이관리가 안되어있거나 동물들이 좁은 우리를 탈출하는 이유와 같은 아유로 동물원을 폐지해야한다고 한다.

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3. 본론

동물원 은 동물을 지켜주고 보살펴주기 땜에

동물원은 있어야 한다 .

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이처럼 생태계 파괴로 생물 다양성 위기 시대에 생태계를 유지하고 종을 보전하는 동물원은 사라지지 않아야 한다.

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셋째,동물원은 자연애서 생태적 지위를잃어버린 동물들을 보호하고 번식시키는 유일한 방법입니다.이러한 생물들을 자연환경으로 돌려보내기 쉽지않으며,동물원은 생물들에게 안전한 보금자리를 제공하는 중요한 역활을한다.

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2. 본론

동물원은 멸종위기에 처한 동물들에게 도움을 주고 다친 동물들을 보살펴 준다 그러므로 동물원은 있어야 한다.

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동물원은 우리가 동물들과 가까이 소통하고

이해 할수 있는 소중한 장소 입니다.

한국에서는 2023년 3월 30일 목요일 오후 2시 50분경 광진구 어린이 대공원 동물원에서 3살짜리 얼룩말 '세로'가 탈출한 사건이 있었어요. 세로는 약 3시간 동안 수도 서울을 활보했으나, 동물 구조 대원들의 침착한 대응으로 안전하게 동물원으로 돌아왔어요. 그래서 동물원은 폐지해야한다고 생각한다.