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Why isn't desperately needed aid reaching Palestinians in Gaza?

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Why isn't desperately needed aid reaching Palestinians in Gaza?

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India-Pakistan clashes renew fears over nuclear risk

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Fighting between nuclear powers can lead to a step — or misstep — toward nuclear conflict, experts warn.

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What are India and Pakistan’s military and nuclear capabilities? | Interactive News | Al Jazeera

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Pakistan's Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif repotedly called a meeting of the National Command Authority , the apex body overseeing the nation's nuclear arsenal on Saturday (May 10, 2025), a meeting which Pakistan Defence Minister Khawaja Asif has now claimed never happened .

The standoff, now in its fourth consecutive day, intensified as Pakistan launched drone and missile attacks targeting 26 sites across India under the cover of darkness on May 9 .

In retaliation, India struck back, with Islamabad reporting attacks on three of its airbases: Nur Khan, Mureed and Shorkot.

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Pakistan's use of its nuclear arsenal as a tool of deterrence has been a recurring theme, with Pakistani politicians invoking nuclear threats amid the ongoing conflict.
Meanwhile, we do a comparative analysis of India and Pakistan's nuclear capabilities and doctrines:
The India-Pakistan rivalry dates back to the partition of British India in 1947, leading to multiple wars and ongoing disputes.

Both nations have since developed nuclear capabilities, with India conducting its first nuclear test in 1974 and Pakistan following in 1998.

What is India's nuclear policy compared to Pakistan's

India adheres to a "No First Use" (NFU) policy, asserting that it would not be the first to initiate a nuclear strike but would respond with punitive retaliation if attacked.

This doctrine puts an emphasis on credible minimum deterrence and aims to maintain a posture of restraint.

India's nuclear command structure is under civilian control, with the Nuclear Command Authority overseeing strategic decisions.

Pakistan, on the other hand, has not adopted an NFU policy. Its doctrine is based on "Full Spectrum Deterrence," which includes the potential use of tactical nuclear weapons to counter conventional military threats.

This approach is designed to deter India's conventional military superiority and rapid mobilisation strategies, such as the "Cold Start" doctrine. Pakistan's nuclear command is similarly under civilian oversight, with the National Command Authority responsible for strategic control.

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How many nuclear warheads do India and Pakistan have

According to the Federation of American Scientists (FAS), India has upwards of 180 nuclear warheads as of 2025.

India has developed a nuclear triad consisting of land-based ballistic missiles (for example - Agni series ), air-delivered weapons and sea-based platforms, including nuclear-powered submarines equipped with ballistic missiles (SSBNs).

Note: Arrows refer to general trends over a multi-year period, rather than individual year-to-year changes. Numbers may fluctuate year-over-year for several reasons, including actual changes in a countries' stockpiles and/or reassessments by the authors based on new data. Image/FAS

Pakistan has upwards of 170 nuclear warheads as of 2025, according to FAS.

Pakistan's delivery mechanisms include land-based ballistic missiles (for example - Shaheen and Ghauri series), air-delivered weapons and cruise missiles. While Pakistan is developing sea-based capabilities, its nuclear triad is not yet fully realised.

How India became nuclear-capable

India's nuclear journey began in earnest after China's first nuclear test in 1964, which heightened New Delhi's security concerns. India conducted its first nuclear test on May 18, 1974 at Pokhran in Rajasthan, code-named "Smiling Buddha."

Though described as a "peaceful nuclear explosion," it signalled India's entry into the nuclear club.

A surface-to-surface Agni V missile is displayed during the Republic Day parade in New Delhi, India, January 26, 2013. File Image/Reuters

India's strategic posture remained ambiguous until 1998, when it conducted five underground nuclear tests as part of "Operation Shakti." These tests demonstrated a range of nuclear capabilities, including thermonuclear devices.

In the aftermath, India formally declared itself a nuclear-armed state and adopted a policy of "No First Use" and credible minimum deterrence, maintaining civilian control over its nuclear arsenal under the Nuclear Command Authority.

How Pakistan became nuclear-capable

Pakistan's pursuit of nuclear weapons was driven primarily by its security rivalry with India, especially after India's first nuclear test in 1974.

Under the leadership of then-Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan accelerated its nuclear programme, initiating clandestine efforts to acquire the technology and expertise necessary for weapons development.

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Key figures like Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan played a pivotal role by bringing uranium enrichment technology to Pakistan. Despite global scrutiny and proliferation concerns, Pakistan maintained a covert nuclear programme for decades.

Pakistani military trucks carry the long range nuclear-capable surface-to-surface 'Ghauri' ballistic missile during the National Day parade in Islamabad, Pakistan, March 23, 2005. File Image/Reuters

On 28 May 1998, in response to India's Pokhran-II tests , Pakistan conducted its own nuclear tests in the Chagai Hills, Balochistan, officially becoming the world's seventh nuclear power.

These tests demonstrated a range of nuclear devices and underscored Pakistan's intent to maintain strategic parity with India through a doctrine of credible deterrence .

Diplomatic efforts by India & Pakistan in the past

Despite their adversarial relationship, India and Pakistan have engaged in various confidence-building measures to mitigate the risk of nuclear conflict:

Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement (1988): Both countries agreed not to attack each other's nuclear facilities and have since reportedly exchanged lists of such installations annually.

Lahore Declaration (1999): This agreement aimed to reduce the risk of accidental or unauthorized use of nuclear weapons and to promote mutual understanding of each other's security concerns.

Also Watch:
With inputs from agencies

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india pakistan nuclear deterrence strategy

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Explained: How many nuclear weapons do India and Pakistan have?

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India maintains approximately 180 nuclear warheads, adhering to a 'No First Use' doctrine, highlighting deterrence and restraint. In contrast, Pakistan possesses around 170 warheads and follows a policy allowing first use under certain conditions, particularly to counterbalance India's superior conventional forces

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Different news sources present India and Pakistans nuclear conflict in a variety of ways. This makes it important to examin the different new sources as well as their potential biases in depth. Firstpost is all pro-India and calling India’s strategy “more restrained” and only using India’s government sources. By limiting the sources of information to the government this media site lacks a broader perspective and may not have accurate information. Al Jazerra takes a pro-Pakistan point of view and mainly focuses on all of India's threats and really highlights  Pakistan's right to defend itself. This focus on Pakistan lacks a balancing point of view on behalf of India.   Meanwhile the Washington Post stays more neutral, giving out balanced quotes and data from both sides. These differences between sources show how bias in choice of wording  and information can change and manipulate the public’s opinion. When comparing the perspectives it shows a more accurate understanding of all the global issues.  By reading multiple sources with a variety of perspectives, it allows us to become more informed readers and listeners with a more broader world view.

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“India-Pakistan Clashes Renew Fears over Nuclear Risk.” The Washington Post, 28 May 2025.

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Al Jazeera. “What Are India and Pakistan’s Military and Nuclear Capabilities?” Al Jazeera, 8 May 2025.

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Singla, Anmol. “India vs Pakistan: A comparison of Nuclear Weapons and Doctrines.” Firstpost, 10 May 2025.

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This article is neutral and balanced, it is presenting both countries and not favoring either side. The headline is really more neutral and just stating all of the facts without picking favorites for either side. Photos show both of the countries nuclear powers equally and avoiding favoriting one side. It is using balanced and fair language like “doctrines explained”. The article is including and showing quotes from both India and Pakistani officials. Its shows data or stats on both nations about there nuclear power.

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This article presents a pro Pakistan perspective, highlighting Indian aggression and emphasizing Pakistan's right to defend itself. The headline frames India as a threat, portraying Pakistan as responding to risky actions taken by India. The accompanying photos depict Pakistan as prepared and focused on defense. Words such as “warns” and “threats” underscore Pakistan’s caution and readiness. The article primarily targets Pakistani officials and strongly reflects their point of view. While it includes statistics on India’s military strength, it appears to downplay or dismiss Pakistan’s capabilities in comparison.

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This article gives a straightforward comparison of India and Pakistan’s nuclear weapons and strategies. By framing it as “India vs Pakistan,” it really shows that it’s more about competition than just conflict. The article is short and doesn’t include any pictures, but when you hear about India’s nuclear weapons, they seem to come off as more modern compared to Pakistan’s. For example, the phrase “India’s doctrine is more restrained” kind of points out that India is being cautious but still just as responsible and just as dangerous Pakistan. That said, the article mostly uses data from Indian defense sources, so it feels a bit one-sided toward India’s technology and approach. Even though it talks about both countries, it doesn’t balance the Pakistani side very much.

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The potential audience for this article are people who follow the news because this topic is brought on the news frequently, students, researchers.

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The potential audience for this article is readers seeking knowledge on this certain topic, it is also students that could potentially have a project on this or simply would just want to know what is going on in the world, general news consumers.

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The potential audience for the article are researcher that would like to learn more on this topic, it is also students that say may have a project on it. It could also very well be people that just follow this topic.

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This article is arguing that the clashes between and the fears of nuclear attacks, and how it is a rising danger and fear for each country's citizens and leaders.

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The article argues that India and Pakistan have different nuclear doctrines and capabilities, India follows a "no first use" policy which they don't use nuclear weapons until someone else does. Pakistan is more aggressive and allows first use.

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The article argues that India and Pakistan have strong but different military capabilities, this information is presented with bias.

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Im confused what does this have to do with your padlet

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