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Trauma is the response to deeply distressing or disturbing events that overwhelm an individual’s ability to cope. It can disrupt emotional, physical, and psychological functioning. Trauma may result from:

One-time events (e.g., natural disaster, accident)

Ongoing exposure to stressors (e.g., abuse, neglect)

Generational and cultural harm (e.g., colonization, slavery)

Types of Trauma:

Acute Trauma – Results from a single incident

Chronic Trauma – Prolonged and repeated exposure

Complex Trauma – Multiple, layered experiences of trauma, often interpersonal

Historical Trauma – Collective, intergenerational trauma experienced by a cultural or ethnic group

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A crisis is a sudden disruption to an individual’s sense of safety and normalcy, creating emotional, cognitive, and behavioral instability. Crises can be natural (earthquakes, pandemics) or human-made (violence, war, mass shootings).

While not every crisis leads to trauma, it can act as a trigger for trauma, particularly when:

The crisis causes loss of safety, routine, or connection

The individual lacks support systems

The crisis is experienced during sensitive developmental periods (e.g., childhood)

Counseling Implication:

Crisis intervention should be timely and trauma-informed, focusing on restoring stability and preventing long-term psychological harm.

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Effects of Trauma on Children Development 

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Effects of Trauma on Children Development 

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Children are sensitive to trauma due to their developing brains and dependence on caregivers.

Key Developmental Impacts:

Cognitive: Difficulty concentrating, learning delays

Emotional: Increased anxiety, fear, irritability, low self-esteem

Behavioral: Aggression, regression, withdrawal, clinginess

Physical: Sleep disturbances, headaches, stomachaches

Protective Factors:

Stable caregiving

access to mental health resources

early intervention greatly improve outcomes.

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Adolescents:

Increased risk-taking (substance use, unsafe relationships)

Identity confusion and peer rejection

Problems with authority and academic underperformance

Adults:

PTSD, chronic anxiety or depression

Somatic complaints (chronic pain, digestive issues)

Difficulty with intimacy or trusting others

Older Adults:

Past trauma may resurface with memory loss, isolation, or bereavement

Cultural losses may be re-triggered

Support needs to consider both aging and life history

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Marginalized groups may experience additional layers of trauma, including:

Systemic oppression (e.g., racism, xenophobia, homophobia)

Cultural dislocation (e.g., immigration, loss of language or land)

Barriers to care, such as stigma, poverty, and inaccessible services

Cultural competence in counseling must include understanding identity-based trauma and creating inclusive, affirming spaces.

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How it manifested:

High rates of depression, substance abuse, or chronic illness, Cultural shame or identity loss, Intergenerational grief and mistrust of institutions

Examples:

Slavery and systemic racism (African American communities)

Forced removal and cultural erasure (Indigenous peoples)

Holocaust trauma (Jewish communities)

Immigration trauma (refugees, undocumented families)

Healing approaches include:

Community storytelling and cultural reconnection, Restorative practices and acknowledgment of collective grief, Interventions that honor resilience and history

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Use trauma-informed care principles: Safety, trust, choice, collaboration, and empowerment

Normalize emotional responses after crisis/trauma

Avoid pathologizing reactions; understand the context

Acknowledge historical and systemic influences

Promote resilience by reinforcing support systems, identity, and coping skills

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How childhood trauma affects health across a lifetime | Nadine Burke Harris | TED

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An Overview of Crisis Counseling, Trauma Care and Disaster Mental Health Counseling

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1. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (n.d.). Trauma and violence. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.samhsa.gov/trauma-violence

2. National Child Traumatic Stress Network. (n.d.). About us. https://www.nctsn.org/

3. Child Mind Institute. (n.d.). Trauma and grief. https://childmind.org/topics/concerns/trauma-and-grief/

4. Burke Harris, N. (2014, November). How childhood trauma affects health across a lifetime [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95ovIJ3dsNk

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Mental Health Crises and Suicide Prevention | Shannon Decker | TEDxParkCityWomen