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A labor protest rally in Chicago turned into a riot after someone threw a bomb at police. At least eight people died as a result of the violence that day. Despite a lack of evidence against them, eight radical labor activists were convicted in connection with the bombing.

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A violent strike in Pittsburgh over a decision to cut wages by nearly 20%. This strike ended with the destruction of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel workers, one of the largest unions at the time.

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A nonviolent strike that brought down the railway system in most of the West over wages. President Cleveland shut it down because it was interfering with mail delivery.

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U.S. Supreme Court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that permitted or required separate but equal facilities for blacks and whites.

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Launched centuries of European exploration and colonization of the American continent.

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the terrorist attacks when hijacked airplanes were crashed into the World Trade Center towers in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., leading to widespread loss of life and initiating the War on Terror.

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state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, and government has been reached.

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The government in Spain gave away large tracts of conquered land in Spanish America, including whole villages of indigenous peoples, to court favorites, including many conquistadores. These new landlords were supposed to educate the natives and teach them the Roman Catholic faith. The system was rife with abuse, however. Landlords rarely offered much education, preferring instead to exploit the labor of the local inhabitants, whom they treated like slaves.

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The process of transferring plants, animals, foods, diseases, wealth, and culture between Europe and the Americas, beginning at the time of Christopher Columbus and continuing throughout the era of exploration and expansion.

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In an effort to entice English subjects to the colonies, parties would offer legal bonded contracts that would exchange the cost of passage across the Atlantic for up to seven years of labor in America.

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An economic system built on the assumption that the world's supply of wealth is fixed and that nations must export more goods than they import to assure a steady supply of gold and silver into national coffers. Mercantile thinkers saw the inflow of such wealth as the key to maintaining and enhancing national power and self-sufficiency. Within this context, the accumulation and development of colonies was of great importance, since colonies could supply scarce raw materials to parent nations and serve as markets for finished goods.

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Colonies with a large agricultural base. Because of location they were key distribution centers in the English Mercantile System

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total ownership of one person over another

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Religious reform movement in the 16th and 17th centuries that sought to “purify” the church of England.

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Colonies founded by the Puritans for religious purposes. Goal was to create a society as God intended.

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Colonies focused on cash crops.

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Destroyed the Aztec empire, and the Spanish began to consolidate control over what became the colony of New Spain

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The first English attempt at a permanent and stable English settlement in North America. It failed.

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War that pitted Native Americans against English settlers and their Indian allies. Paved the way for additional English settlements

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The first popular uprising in the American colonies. It was long viewed as an early revolt against English tyranny

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The first permanent, stable English settlement in North America. It provided an example of a sustainable colony to other expeditions heading to the New World

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This colony served two purposes. The first was simply to protect the beaver pelt and other trade on the Hudson River for the Dutch West Indies Company. The second was to challenge the British, and to some extent the French and the Spanish, for the resources and land of eastern North America

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One of the largest ports in the world. The city handled trade from the Mississippi River Valley as well as the Eastern seaboard, Europe, the Caribbean, and Latin America

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Center for further expansion and the southernmost point of English settlement during the late 1600s. hub of Atlantic trade for the southern colonies

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The biggest shipbuilding center in the colonies. Key port city because of its easy access for inland farmers and other commodity goods that needed to be shipped.

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Supporters of the Articles of Confederation, not the Constitution. They fear a tyrannical national government with too much power and strongly advocate for the Bill of Rights.

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A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east

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The decision to have a bicameral legislature, one house based on population, and one house with an equal number of representatives for every state.

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Supporters of the new Constitution and a strong federal government. They fear a weak government. Generally very wealthy.

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A period from the early 1600s to the mid 1700s where British Parliamentary Laws were not enforced on the colonists

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Before the American constitution, this established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes

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A colonist who rebelled against British rule

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Determined that each slave would be counted as three fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation.

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A colonist who supported British rule

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Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the (British) Crown

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Near the end of the Revolutionary War, the Continental Army had not received pay for many years and threatened to abandon the fight, if they were not compensated

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An eighteenth-century philosophical movement that began in Western Europe with roots in the Scientific Revolution

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One of the biggest accomplishments of the Articles of Confederation. This established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union

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Where the battles that started the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British occurred. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston

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Where the winning battle of the Revolution occurred. Colonists cornered the British by both land and by sea thanks to the French.

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Where the British were outnumbered and were forced to surrender. The colonist victory was a turning point in the war because it inspired the French to help the colonists fight the British.

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Part of the Seven Years' War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. The colonies fought under British commanders. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all of the remaining French possessions in Canada.

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A group of colonists disguised as Mohawk Indians board three British tea ships and dump 342 chests of tea into the harbor in protest of the British Parliament's Tea Act of 1773.

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A Philadelphia meeting that brought together representatives from each of the colonies, except Georgia, to discuss their response to the British "Intolerable Acts."

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A resolution created by the Continental Congress, which broke all ties between colonists and the British, creating the idea in America that the colonies were now "states."

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An uprising of rural, indebted farmers in western Massachusetts, against Boston creditors. It began in 1786 and lasted half a year, threatening the economic interests of the business elite and contributing to the demise of the Articles of Confederation.

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A Philadelphia meeting that brought together representatives from each of the colonies, except Georgia, to discuss the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

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Printed in newspapers, this was largely a warning against political parties and permanent foreign alliances.

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Group of persons organized to acquire and exercise political power

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The fight for the suffrage (voting) for half of the population

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Human-made waterways connecting natural bodies of water, very important for early travel

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Machine invented by Samuel Morse that used a system of dots and dashes to send messages across long distances electronically through a wire. It connected the different hemispheres of the world, allowing for more communication between people.

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Landmark 1803 Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of Judicial Review, which grants the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional

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Eli Whitney’s 1793 invention that dramatically improved the speed for processing cotton, changing the trajectory of cotton production in the United States

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Warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

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Movement dedicated to promoting moderation and, more often, complete abstinence in the use of alcohol

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A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion

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The British forcibly enlisted thousands of American men into the Royal Navy from passing ships, and refused to recognize that Americans had renounced their British citizenship

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Campaign to end slavery

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Manufacturing businesses first created in the late eighteenth century that concentrated all aspects of production under one roof, reorganized production and divided work. The key aspect was that it was under one roof and had specialized tasks. Made the production faster and more efficient.

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Opposed Jackson's strong-armed leadership style and policies, but promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government.

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Pro Slavery, favored secession from Union, States' rights, agrarian-oriented, opposed gold standard, supported lowering tariff, and opposed imperialism in 1890s

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Uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces

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U.S. acquisition of the North American territory from France in 1803 for $15 million

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Based on the 36°30' parallel, this states above this line were free states while states below were slave states.

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Wanted to join the Union as a slave state, throwing off the balance of slave and free states

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Added as a free state to balance another slave state joining the Union

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Considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West

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A land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million dollars.

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A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier.

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General Robert Ross, a British force occupied Washington, D.C. and set fire to many public buildings following the American defeat at the Battle of Bladensburg.

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Congress admitted Maine as a free state in 1820 so that Missouri would become a slave state and prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory north of 36°30', the southern boundary of Missouri.

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(early to mid-19th century): Americans moving away from self-sufficient agriculture to production of goods for sale.

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Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.

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19th century belief that Americans had the God-given right to spread across the whole continent.

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Required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state.

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Southern half of the country, a group of states trying to separate over the issue of slavery.

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Henry Clay introduced a series of resolutions in an attempt to seek a compromise and avert a crisis between North and South, which included the amendment of the Fugitive Slave Act, the abolition of the slave trade in Washington, D.C., the admission of California as a free state, and the establishment of territorial governments in Utah and New Mexico.

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Loyalty or support of a particular region or section of the nation, rather than the United States as a whole.

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Freed all slaves and abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States.

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Passed by the U.S. Congress on May 30, 1854, it allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. It served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

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When a state attempts to secede from, or leave, the nation it was once a part of.

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Granted African Americans citizenship and equal protection under the law.

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People of a territory should themselves decide the issue of slavery.

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Northern half of the country, a group of states that were generally anti-slavery.

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Granted African American men voting rights.

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Slave states that did not secede from the Union. They were Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, and after 1863, the new state of West Virginia.

Present-day States: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia.

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Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Present-day State: Pennsylvania.

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By force, a white mob seized the reins of government in the port city and, in so doing, destroyed the local black-owned newspaper office and terrorized the African American community.

Present-day State: North Carolina.

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The first battle that marked the beginning of the Civil War.

Present-day State: South Carolina.

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The period of repeated outbreaks of violent guerrilla warfare between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces.

Present-day State: Kansas.

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Sparked by a dispute over the annexation of Texas by the United States and a long-standing dispute over the southern border.

Timeline Position: 1846-1848

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Since slaves are property of their masters, a slave is not automatically granted his freedom when his master moves him to a free state or territory.

Timeline Position: 1857

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Issued by Lincoln to free all of the slaves in the Confederate states. The slaves in border states loyal to the Union, however, remained enslaved; it only applied to Confederate states in rebellion.

January 1, 1863

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Where the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Ulysses S. Grant took place on April 9, 1865.

Timeline Position: April 9, 1865

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John Wilkes Booth shot this leader in the head at Ford Theater, just days after the Civil War ended.

Timeline Position: April 14, 1865

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Period after the Civil War during which Northern political leaders created plans for the governance of the South and a procedure for former Southern states to rejoin the Union.

Timeline Position: 1865-1877

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A system of economic production based on the private ownership of property and the contractual exchange for profit of goods, labor, and money.

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Positive name for wealthy business owners during the Gilded Age, implying that they helped the United States become strong through their business pursuits.

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The idea that the wealthy and powerful were naturally superior and deserved their success.