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Den norske døveskolens historie startet i 1807 i Danmark

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Den norske døveskolens historie startet i 1807 i Danmark

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Det var kun to norske døve som begynte. Han første ble utvist på grunn av dårlig oppførsel. Han andre, Andreas C. Møller, gikk der frem til han ble konfirmert. Han ble den første døve i Norden som jobbet som lærer.

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Den første døveskolen startet i Trondheim. 7 elever startet når skolen åpnet. Ett år senere var det 20 elever på skolen.

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Thomas var en skotsk pedagog, betydelig i døveundervisningens historie. Han var grunnleggeren av Storbritannias første skole for døve. (Wikipedia 10.09.2024)

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Artikulasjonsspade som ble brukt i taletreningen.

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Nesten alle døve barn blir nå undervist etter talemetoden.

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Gallaudet University i Washington, USA. Er fortsatt det eneste universitetet hvor all utdanning og alle programmer er tilrettelagt døve/tunghørte.

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Gallaudet University is a private federally chartered research university for the education of the deaf and hard of hearing. It is located in Washington, D.C., on a 99-acre (0.40 km ²) campus.

Founded in 1864, Gallaudet University was originally a grammar school for both deaf and blind children. It was the first school for the advanced education of the deaf and hard of hearing in the world and remains the only higher education institution in which all programs and services are specifically designed to accommodate deaf and hard of hearing students. Hearing students are admitted to the graduate school and a small number are also admitted as undergraduates each year. The university was named after Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, a notable figure in the advancement of deaf education.

Gallaudet University is officially bilingual, with American Sign Language (ASL) and written English used for instruction and by the college community. Although there are no specific ASL proficiency requirements for undergraduate admission, many graduate programs require varying degrees of knowledge of the language as a prerequisite. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities - High research activity".

In 1856, philanthropist and former United States postmaster general Amos Kendall became aware of several deaf and blind children in Washington, D.C., who were not receiving proper care. Kendall had the courts declare the children to be his wards and donated 2 acres (0.81 ha) of his land to establish housing and a school for them. The school was established in 1857 with considerable efforts being made by several concerned citizens, including Edward Miner Gallaudet, of Washington, D.C. Two houses were used at the school's inception, one purchased and one rented.

In 1857, the 34th Congress passed H.R. 806, which chartered the grammar school as the Columbia Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind and funded tuition costs for indigent deaf, dumb ( mute), or blind children belonging to the District of Columbia. Edward Miner Gallaudet was the first superintendent of the new school.

On November 1, 1858, the First Annual Report was submitted to the Secretary of the Interior.

During the school's second full year of operation (1858-1859), 14 deaf students and 7 blind students were in attendance. Superintendent Gallaudet, anticipating the future growth of the school, requested money for more buildings, lamenting the fact that the money was not issued in the year prior, due to federal budget problems. The Second Annual Report was submitted November 5, 1859.

During the third academic year (1859-1860), Kendall beseeched the federal government for funds to relocate the school to more spacious grounds. Gallaudet praised Kendall for donating money needed to construct a new brick building; both existing school buildings were already at capacity. There were 24 deaf students, necessitating a second teacher of the deaf. The teacher of the 6 blind students resigned due to health concerns.

College-level courses were offered for the first time during the 1863-64 academic year. In early 1864, the 38th Congress authorized the institution to grant and confirm college degrees and an enabling act was signed by President Lincoln on April 8. Today, April 8 is celebrated at Gallaudet as Charter Day in commemoration of the official beginning of Gallaudet University. The collegiate department became known as the National College for the Deaf and Dumb from 1864 to 1865 and then would be known as the National Deaf-Mute College until 1894. In recognition of his hard work in helping the institution grow during its formative years, Gallaudet was also promoted from superintendent to president. An elaborate inauguration ceremony of Gallaudet as president was held in June with Laurent Clerc in attendance. 14 acres (5.7 ha) of land was purchased with money supplied by the government. He continued to push for funds for expansion and new buildings.

The enrollment numbers increased rapidly during the 1864-1865 academic year. That same year, in early 1865, the 38th Congress removed the provision that the institution was to educate the blind, and renamed it the Columbia Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb. (This would be the corporate name for the entire institution, including the collegiate division, until 1911, when the legal name was changed to the Columbia Institution for the Deaf.) Gallaudet asked the government for money to accomplish several projects, including the construction of an ice house and a gas house, sewer lines, and more. Major construction from earlier projects continued on campus. Following Gallaudet's proposal a year earlier to discontinue services for the small number of blind students the institution had at the time, explaining that the blind students would be better served at a specialized facility, the blind students were henceforth transferred to the school for the blind in Baltimore, Maryland.

In the 1866-1867 academic year, the building for the primary school was extended and sickness was thereby reduced. A mathematics professor was hired for the first time. More money was needed to accommodate additional students expected to swell the ranks of the school.

Gallaudet gave a lengthy account of his travels to Europe in 1867 and was very critical of the extent to which speech is taught to deaf children in European schools for the deaf. Nevertheless, he recommended that a limited amount of speech training be afforded to deaf students in America to those who show they can benefit. His travels took him to: Doncaster, England; Birmingham, England; Manchester, England; Liverpool, England; Glasgow, Scotland; Belfast, Ireland ; Dublin, Ireland; Geneva, Switzerland; Nancy, France, Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort, France; Vienna, Austria; Leipsic, Saxony ( Leipzig, Germany); Lubec ( Lübeck, Germany); Frankfort On-the-Main ( Frankfurt, Germany); Brussels, Belgium; Zurich, Switzerland; Rotterdam, Netherlands; Paris, France; Weissenfels, Prussia ( Weißenfels, Germany); Prague, Bohemia; ( Prague, Czech Republic); Berlin, Prussia ( Berlin, Germany); Milan, Italy; Genoa, Italy; Turin, Italy; Dresden, Saxony ( Dresden, Germany); London, England; Edinburgh, Scotland; Bordeaux, France; Marseilles, France; Munich, Bavaria ( Munich, Germany); Bruges, Belgium; St. Petersburg, Russia; Åbo, Finland ( Turku, Finland); Stockholm, Sweden; and Copenhagen, Denmark.

The biggest educational conference in the then-history of deaf education was held during the month of May 1868 in Washington, D.C., largely made up of principals of schools for the deaf. Fourteen of the twenty-two schools for the deaf were represented. The chief topic of discussion was the recommendations put forth by Edward Gallaudet regarding adding articulation lessons to schools' curricula.

In 1868-1869, the first students completed a full course of college studies, all three men graduating with bachelor's degrees in June.

The founder of the school, Amos Kendall, died in November 1869. Gallaudet delivered a eulogy at the board meeting in January 1870. The main central building, now called Chapel Hall, was partially completed, with rooms in the basement and on the first floor first being used. Plans were being made to purchase Amos Kendall's estate, which adjoined the grounds of the school. Gallaudet cautioned Congress that Kendall's heirs had plans to subdivide the property if it was not sold to the Columbia Institution, and hence the land would never again become available for purchase as a whole.

In 1881, Laura Sheridan, a hearing woman, inquired about the school accepting women. She was told that deaf women could not enter the institution at the time. In 1887 Gallaudet agreed to allow women to matriculate for the 1887-1888 and 1888-1889 academic years with the understanding that it would be considered an experiment. Temporary living arrangements were made for the 11 students who initially entered. Five female students remained when the school announced in 1889 that the college would be permanently coeducational, with two graduating. One of the students was Agatha Tiegel in the class of 1893, who later married the well-known deaf architect Olof Hanson.

In 1894, the collegiate division was officially renamed Gallaudet College from the National Deaf-Mute College in honor of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, President Gallaudet's father.

In 1911, Congress amended the charter of the institution, changing the corporate name to Columbia Institution for the Deaf. It would remain the legal name for the institution until 1954, when Congress amended the charter to rename it Gallaudet College, which had been the official name of the collegiate department since 1894.

In 1986, Congress again amended the charter of the institution, renaming it Gallaudet University.

Student strikes at Gallaudet University starting March 6, 1988, revolutionized the perception and education of Deaf culture. Deaf students were outraged at the selection of another hearing president, Elisabeth Zinser; the university had never selected a deaf person for this position. Alumni, faculty, staff, and students demanded that the next president of the university be deaf. After a week of protest and activism, Zinser resigned and was replaced by I. King Jordan. This movement became known as Deaf President Now (DPN).

Jordan announced his retirement in September 2005. On May 1, 2006, the university's board of trustees announced that Jane Fernandes, the university's then-current provost, would be the university's next president. This was met with protests from the student body - in person, on campus, and in internet blogs and forums.

Initially, students cited the lack of racial diversity among finalists, Fernandes's lack of warmth, and her lack of fluency in American Sign Language.

The Washington Post reported that Fernandes "would like to see the institution become more inclusive of people who might not have grown up using sign language," stating that Gallaudet must embrace "all kinds of deaf people." Those who opposed her said that they feared a "weakening of American Sign Language at an institution that should be its standard-bearer." Protesters said Fernandes distorted their arguments and that the protest centered on her inability to lead, an unfair selection process and longstanding problems at the school.

In the spring 2006 protest, students blocked entrances to the Gallaudet campus, held rallies, and set up tents near the university's main entrance. Fernandes, appointed to serve as president-designate until Jordan retired, said that she would not step down. On May 8, the faculty gave a vote of no confidence for Fernandes.

When the fall 2006 academic year resumed, some students, faculty, staff, and alumni continued their protest, calling for Fernandes to step down and for the presidential search to be done again. On October 11, a group of protesting students shut down the campus. On October 16 at a regularly scheduled meeting, faculty members voted 138 to 24 to block Fernandes from becoming president of Gallaudet University.

Fernandes said, "I really don't understand so I have to believe it's not about me. ... I believe it's about evolution and change and growth in the deaf community."

On October 29, the university withdrew the appointment of Fernandes. In an opinion piece in The Washington Post, Jordan defended Fernandes's remarks and denounced the board's decision and the actions of the protesters, saying, "I am convinced that the board made a serious error in acceding to the demands of the protesters by terminating Fernandes's presidency before it began."

On December 10, 2006, the Board of Trustees announced that Robert Davila would serve as interim president for a period of up to two years. He was formally installed on May 9, 2007, during a ceremony that included a speech by D.C. Congressional Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton, who spoke positively of the 2006 protest. He stepped down on December 31, 2009.

On June 29, 2007, in the aftermath of the controversy over the university's presidency, Gallaudet was temporarily placed on probation by its accreditation organization, the Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. It was also reported that in 2006, the Office of Management and Budget had found that "Gallaudet failed to meet its goals or showed declining performance in key areas, including the number of students who stay in school, graduate and either pursue graduate degrees or find jobs upon graduation." In January 2007, former president Jordan wrote an editorial on the topic that appeared in the Washington Post. The Middle States Commission later reaffirmed Gallaudet's accreditation on June 27, 2008.

On October 18, 2009, the Board of Trustees announced that Gallaudet's tenth president would be T. Alan Hurwitz. He began his tenure on January 1, 2010, and served until he retired on December 31, 2015, succeeded by Roberta Cordano, the eleventh president.

The university acknowledges that it "is a congressionally created corporation that serves governmental objectives." The university and the US Department of Education explain that Gallaudet has been structured by the Federal Government to take the form of a "federally chartered, private, non-profit educational institution." The federal government plays various roles within the institution:

Congress incorporated the Columbia Institution in 1857, significantly amended its charter in 1954, and authorized permanent congressional appropriations. In 1986, Congress passed the Education of the Deaf Act and amended it in 1992. These Congressional acts are part of "the supreme law of Gallaudet University."

Gallaudet must obtain authorization from the secretary of the US Department of Education in order to sell or transfer title of any of its real property.

The diplomas of all Gallaudet graduates are signed by the current U.S. president, which dates from President U.S. Grant signing students' diplomas in 1872.

Three members of Congress are appointed to the university's board of trustees as "Public Members."

Gallaudet must provide annual reports to the secretary of education.

"Gallaudet receives the bulk of its income in the form of an annual appropriation from Congress, and the Department of Education oversees the University's appropriation for the Federal government."

Gallaudet University (and the National Technical Institute for the Deaf) are authorized to make purchases through the General Services Administration.

Gallaudet's Fifty-Fifth Annual Report contains an appendix that includes the text of 99 Federal Acts related to Gallaudet/Columbia which were enacted between 1857 and 1912.

There have been 15 occasions to date in Gallaudet's history when a US president has visited either the campus or attended an official function off campus. President Johnson's second visit, in 1966, was unannounced and impromptu. President Taft had promised to attend President Percival Hall's installation on May 10, 1911, and give an address, but cancelled at the last minute before the ceremony. President Kennedy had planned to attend the centennial celebration at Gallaudet in 1964, but was assassinated.

Several programs and majors are offered at Gallaudet University. The five most popular majors are business, visual and performing arts, communication studies, physical education, and psychology. Gallaudet University offers thirty graduate programs in ten Departments as well as on-line and on-campus continuing education courses. Over 90 percent of the classes offered at Gallaudet University contain fewer than 20 students. The freshman retention rate at the university is 69-77 percent, the four-year graduation rate is 17-27 percent, and the six-year graduation rate is 43-53 percent (for freshmen entering 2008-2012).

Classes are conducted in ASL with no spoken English, and curriculum materials are designed in both ASL and English. The classrooms are visually-oriented, and are organized around the philosophy of DeafSpace, such as all the desks arranged in a circle so that all students and teachers can see one another for discussions. If a professor needs to get the attention of the classroom, they will flash a light signal.

The Gallaudet campus, comprising the Gallaudet College Historic District, has been designated a historic place on several registries and surveys:

Gallaudet College Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites (listings added in 1964 and 1973).

National Historic Landmarks designation (added 1965).

Historic American Buildings Survey (added 1933).

The campus is shared with Kendall Demonstration Elementary School, a day school serving deaf and hard of hearing students from birth through grade 8, and the Model Secondary School for the Deaf, a day and residential high school for deaf and hard of hearing students.

Gallaudet also operates a child development center with admissions priority for children of faculty, staff, and students. Separate from the KDES Early Childhood Program, the child development center is inclusive of, but not exclusively for, deaf and hard-of-hearing children.

In October 2014, the Gallaudet University board of trustees announced a 10-year, $450 million development of its campus along 6th Street NE. The development, which includes both campus property as well as college-owned residential and retail property across the street, will be overseen by JBG Smith.

Gallaudet is a member of NCAA Division III and the United East Conference (known before the 2021-22 school year as the North Eastern Athletic Conference). Teams that play in the United East are men's and women's basketball, cross country, and soccer teams, along with baseball for men, softball for women, and women's volleyball. However, since the United East does not sponsor football (with Gallaudet as one of only two members with football teams), the Bison play in the Eastern Collegiate Football Conference. Men's and women's teams in swimming & diving and track & field, sports also not sponsored by the United East, compete as independents. The Bison compete in baseball, basketball, cross country running, football, indoor and outdoor track and field, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, volleyball, and wrestling. Their colors are buff and blue, which were chosen after Union soldiers' uniforms in the Civil War.

The football and soccer teams play at Hotchkiss Field with the track and field teams using Berg Track located within Hotchkiss Field for track meets. Basketball and volleyball use the GU Field House for home games. Hoy Field is home to the baseball team and the GU Softball Complex hosts the softball team.

Gallaudet women's basketball made its biggest splash in 1999, with a group of players from the Minnesota State Academy for the Deaf among those leading the way. Ronda Jo Miller, most certainly the greatest women's basketball player in the program's history, was a three-time Division III All-America selection, as well as one of the top women's volleyball players.

Under the leadership of coach Kitty Baldridge, Miller, Touria Ouahid, Ronda Johnson and Jenny Cooper led the Bison to the NCAA Tournament for the second time in three seasons. Receiving one of the lowest seeds as an at-large team into the Division III NCAA Tournament field, which numbered just 48 teams, the Bison traveled to St. Mary's College (Md.), the school which had just defeated them in the Capital Athletic Conference tournament, and came away with an 80-73 win. In the second round, Gallaudet faced a team from The College of New Jersey which had received a first-round bye and was highly favored, but Miller poured in 38 points, using a variety of impressive shots. The Bison advanced to the Sweet 16 round of the 1999 tournament before falling to host school Salem State College (Mass.).

Miller finished with 2,656 points scored, 1,545 rebounds and 373 blocked shots, and was called "one of the best basketball players in Division III history" by the NCAA.

Kevin Cook coached the team briefly to success. The team had not won a conference game in five years and even lost a game by 75 points in Cook's first year in charge. Cook's persistence on defense and discipline turned the program around. Gallaudet began the 2010-11 season on a 20-game winning streak and finished the season 24-4 (20-2 in conference play). Cook was named North Eastern Athletic Conference Coach of the Year, and senior Easter Faafiti was voted NEAC Player of the Year. The 2010-11 season ended in the first round of the Division III NCAA Championships with a loss to Juniata.

After a victory over Penn State-Berks in the 2010-11 season, Penn State guard Corin Bishop "said that she views the Gallaudet team as a great basketball team, not a team of deaf players." Hayes of Gallaudet later said, "I feel like there are people who stereotype us as deaf players, I'm just like everyone else who plays basketball". In an interview with Lydia Lum of Diverse, he said, "Because of us, there's a growing awareness that there are differences between deaf people, but we're all the same."

The football huddle originated at Gallaudet when the team noticed that their opponents were trying to see and read their signs in order to try to guess their plays.

After an undefeated season in 2005, which was achieved after 122 years, head coach Ed Hottle began his campaign to return Gallaudet to the NCAA ranks. With support from the Gallaudet administration, the Bison played their last season of club football in 2006 and played a full NCAA slate of eight games in 2007.

In the fall of 2013, Gallaudet's football program began a remarkable run for the Division III playoffs and garnering a considerable amount of publicity, winning the regular season with a 9-1 record, before falling to Hobart College in the first round of the playoffs and ending the season with a 9-2 (.818) overall record.

Notable athletes that have attended the university include:

The campus Greek community is relatively small with only 4 fraternities and 4 sororities. The four fraternities are Kappa Gamma, Alpha Sigma Pi, Kappa Sigma, and Delta Sigma Phi. The four sororities are Delta Epsilon, Phi Kappa Zeta, Alpha Sigma Theta, and Delta Zeta.

After photos emerged in June 2020 of members wearing robes with pointed hoods which resembled Ku Klux Klan garb, Gallaudet University suspended the Kappa Gamma fraternity as part of the university's "work of dismantling racism". A 1989 photograph of Kappa Gamma members in appearing to give the Nazi salute had also recently resurfaced, though the school said the photograph did not contribute to the suspension.

This was the fourth time the chapter had been suspended. The president of the school said "[Kappa Gamma] have become the face of systemic racism in our community, with photographs of the salute and use of robes being shared on social media. This behavior is unacceptable.... We are in the process of reviewing other organizations and the status of their histories and their efforts to determine if further steps will need to be taken."

The Gallaudet Office of Research Support and International Affairs (RSIA) (formerly Gallaudet Research Institute or GRI) is internationally recognized for its leadership in deafness-related research. RSIA researchers gather and analyze data concerning the social, academic, and perceptual characteristics of deaf and hard of hearing populations, primarily to provide information needed by educators in the field. Staff are skilled in various research methodologies including surveys, test norming and assessment, ethnographic studies, clinical studies, and information management. In 2016, RSIA began hosting the Gallaudet Research Expo, to give students, faculty, and staff "the opportunity to share ideas and showcase scholarly pursuits and achievements." Presentations represent "education, linguistics, STM, neuroscience, interpretation and translation, computer science, audiology, psychology, deaf studies, and other fields that reflect Gallaudet's research priorities." The third Gallaudet RExpo will be held in October 2018.

Gallaudet University Press publishes two academic journals, American Annals of the Deaf (est. 1847) and Sign Language Studies (est. 1972). The Annals are "the oldest and most widely read English-language journal dealing with deafness and the education of deaf persons."

The Department of Psychology's chapter of Psi Chi publishes the journal Gallaudet Chronicles of Psychology. The journal is managed and edited by graduate student members of the chapter. The Chronicles are designed to "mimic professional, peer-reviewed journals" and provides graduate students with an opportunity disseminate their original psychology research. In 2018, the chapter will be publishing the fifth volume of the Chronicles.

In the fall of 2010, the university's Department of Deaf Studies launched the Deaf Studies Digital Journal (DSDJ), the first peer-reviewed academic and creative arts journal in American Sign Language and English. The DSDJ itself is published in entirely video-based content and is available online. To date, only four issues of DSDJ have been released, the most recent being published in 2014.

Ben Bahan, actor, professor and researcher

Linda Bove, actress

Bernard Bragg, actor

Gary Brooks, actor and filmmaker

Robert R. Davila, 9th President of Gallaudet (Undergraduate, 1953)

Nyle DiMarco, American actor, model and activist

Andrew Foster, missionary, first self-identified Black Deaf person to earn a bachelor's degree at Gallaudet

Phyllis Frelich, actress

Gertrude Scott Galloway, educator

Tyrone Giordano, actor

Alice Lougee Hagemeyer, librarian

Olof Hanson, American architect

Russell Harvard, actor

Bruce Hlibok, playwright, author, actor

I. King Jordan Jr., 8th President of Gallaudet (Undergraduate, 1970)

Ella Mae Lentz, poet

Marlee Matlin, actress, activist, author, and Academy Award winner

Dorothy Miles, British poet and activist

Wilma Newhoudt-Druchen, South African politician

Louise Stern, writer and artist

Shoshannah Stern, actress

George Veditz, teacher, American Sign Language filmmaker, preservatist of American Sign Language

1. ^ Profiles of Existing Government Corporations-A Study Prepared by the U.S. General Accounting Office for the Committee on Government Operations Archived April 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. 1988. (Document: H402-4) Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. 18, 125

2. ^ "Gallaudet's new mascot, Gally, debuts during 150th Reunion Week". Gallaudet University Athletics. Gallaudet University. July 10, 2014.

3. ^ "Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup". carnegieclassifications.iu.edu. Center for Postsecondary Education.

4. ^ Marschark, Marc, Lang, Harry G. and Albertini, John A. "Educating Deaf Students". Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 31

5. ^ "Gallaudet College Hearing Before the Committee on Education and Labor" (PDF). 83rd Congress, Second Session. Save Our Deaf Schools. May 5, 1954. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2013.

6. ^ The Chronicle of Higher Education: "Student Protests Over Presidential Pick Return to Gallaudet U." Archived October 13, 2011, at Wikiwix

7. ^ Gallaudet Chooses Interim President Archived March 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Washington Post, December 11, 2006

8. ^ Centennial Souvenir Book Committee. 1965. "Presidents Who Came To Our College," in: Our Heritage-Gallaudet College Centennial, Graphic Arts Press: Washington, D.C., page 28

9. ^ The Installation of President Hall. Volta Review, Vol 13, No. 3, p. 171

10. ^ Gallaudet, Edward Miner; Fischer, Lance J.; De Lorenzo, David L. (1983). History of the College for the Deaf, 1857-1907 - Edward Miner Gallaudet, Lance J. Fischer, David L. De Lorenzo - Google Boeken. ISBN 9780913580851.

11. ^ Roosevelt, Theodore (March 23, 2018). "Presidential addresses and state papers". New York : The Review of Reviews Company - via Internet Archive.

12. ^ Our Heritage: Gallaudet College Centennial. Washington, D.C.: Graphic Arts Press. 1964. OCLC 3215893.

13. Gannon, Jack. 1981. ^ Deaf Heritage-A Narrative History of Deaf America, Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf, p. 319 (PDF)

14. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1966/06/14/archives/uninvited-guest-named-johnson-is-graduation-speaker-for-deaf.html

15. ^ Bauman, H-Dirksen L; Murray, Joseph M. (January 2009). "Reframing: From Hearing Loss to Deaf Gain" (PDF). Deaf Studies Digital Journal. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 11, 2019 - via DSDJ.

16. ^ Gormally, Cara L.; Marchut, Amber (January 2017). ""Science is not my thing": Exploring Deaf Non-Science Majors' Science Identities" (PDF). International Journal of Science Education. 20 (1) - via Educational Resources Information Center.

17. ^ "FAQ: Gallaudet Bison: This guide offers background on Gallaudet University's Bison mascot". Gallaudet University. August 2006.

18. ^ "National Register of Historical Places, District of Columbia : Galluadet University". National Park Service. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017.

19. ^ "National Register of Historical Places - Inventory Nomination Form" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2017.

20. ^ "HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY INDEX TO PHOTOGRAPHS" (PDF). Library of Congress. October 1970. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2017.

21. ^ Clabaugh, Jeff (October 10, 2014). "Gallaudet Selects JBG for Campus Development". American City Business Journals. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017.

22. Lumpkin, Lauren (June 12, 2020). "Gallaudet University suspends fraternity after anti-Semitic photo resurfaces". Washington Post.

Media related to Gallaudet University at Wikimedia Commons

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Gallaudet University is a private federally chartered research university for the education of the deaf and hard of hearing. It is located in Washington, D.C., on a 99-acre (0.40 km 2) campus. Founded in 1864, Gallaudet University was originally a grammar school for both deaf and blind children.

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Hovedprest for døve i 35 år. Spesielt aktiv og engasjert under 2.verdenskrig.

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På 1950-tallet tok alle døveskolene hørselsmålinger av elevene. Et audiogram viste elevens hørselsrest, og var viktig for å velge riktig høreapparat. 1954 begynte det første sykehuset i Norge med hørselsmålinger (Namsos sykehus). Selv om høreapparatene ble mindre og mindre, ble de store hørselsklokkene brukt i klasserommet hele 50-tallet.

Venner for livet (erher.no)

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Flere store byer begynte på 1950-tallet med barnehagetilbud til hørselshemmede barn. Her vi døve og tunghørte trening i språk, samspill og kommunikasjon. Hjelp til bruk av høreapparat ble gitt, og foreldre fikk veiledning.

Venner for livet (erher.no)

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1960-tallet: De første kursene i norsk tegnspråk

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1960-tallet: De første kursene i norsk tegnspråk

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I 1960-årene forberedte Norske Døves Landsforbund de første kursene i tegnspråk i Norge. Det ble kalt tegnspråkkurs, men senere rettet til kurs i "tegnspråk-norsk". Tegnene skulle følge norsk tale. Det mente Døveforbundet på denne tiden. "Tegnspråk-norsk" hadde ikke en egen grammatikk, men fulgte grammatikken i norsk.

Venner for livet (erher.no)

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De statlige spesialskolene ble nedlagt. Flere av spesialskolene ble omorganisert til regionale kompetansesentre som skulle bistå lokalskolene i arbeidet med integrering av vanskeligstilte elever. Andre ble nedlagt eller overført til kommuner og fylkeskommuner.

Spesialskolenes historie (utdanningsnytt.no)

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Rett til tegnspråkopplæring ble vedtatt i 1997, først som § 2-4 i opplæringsloven, senere som § 2-6. Retten var, jamfør Læreplanverket L97, primært forbeholdt døve elever med tegnspråk som førstespråk, men ble i 2008 utvidet til også å gjelde andre elever som etter sakkyndig vurdering har behov for slik opplæring.

rapport-kartlegging-av-tegnsprakopplaring-i-barnehage-og-grunnskole-16.12.2019.pdf (statped.no)

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Mye av innholdet i den gamle loven videreføres, samtidig som det er gjort endringer knyttet til tegnspråk i den nye opplæringsloven. Paragrafene knyttet til opplæring i og på tegnspråk bytter nummer og noe innhold i barnehage, grunnskole og videregående.

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Bergen og Kristiansand fikk sine første døveskoler(1850)

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Bergen og Kristiansand fikk sine første døveskoler(1850)

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Skolene ble startet opp etter mønster fra Balchens skoler. Elevene skulle lære seg å snakke og få yrkeserfaring. De bodde i eksternater, som oftest fosterhjem.

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Undervisningen på døveskolen frem til 1850 ca

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Undervisningen på døveskolen frem til 1850 ca

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Skolen brukte tegnmetoden Andreas C. Møller hadde lært i Danmark, å undervise elevene på tegnspråk med håndalfabet og skrift på tavlen. Det var ikke tale- eller munnavlesning på denne tiden, og elevene ble døvstumme fordi de lærte ikke å tale.

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NOU 2009 foreslår å avvikle de statlige døveskolene. Begrunnelsen var at antallet heltidselever ved skolene hadde gått kraftig ned, og at det ville være dårlig bruk av statlige midler å fortsette å drive dem.

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1920- Første landsmøte for Norges Døveforbund

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1920- Første landsmøte for Norges Døveforbund

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De la inn et forslag om å få tegnspråk inn i skolene igjen. De mente det var vanskelig for elevene å munnavlese. Forslaget ble forkastet.

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2014-2017 Statlige døveskoler legges ned

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2014-2017 Statlige døveskoler legges ned

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I perioden 2014-2017 legges statlige døveskoler ned og ansvaret for opplæring av elevene i og på tegnspråk overføres til kommunene.

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Braidwood etablerte seg opprinnelig som skrivelærer, og instruerte barna til velstående hjemme hos ham i Canongate i Edinborg.

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Conrad Svendsen kjøpte og opprettet et hjem for døve. Hjemmet var et pleiehjem og arbeidshjem. Etterhvert ble også hjemmet en spesialskole for døve barn, i 1948 Elevene fikk opplæring i yrkene skredder og skomaker.

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Norsk tegnspråk for status som nasjonalt tegnspråk den 25.mars. Likeverdig med norsk som språk og kulturellt uttrykk.

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I 1871 beviste Balchen at man kan utdanne seg til hva som helst ved rett undervisning

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I 1871 beviste Balchen at man kan utdanne seg til hva som helst ved rett undervisning

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Fredrik Glad Balchen beviste at med riktig undervisning kunne man utdanne seg til hva som helst. Balchen ønsket å gi døve enda flere muligheter og startet derfor en egen "artiumklasse" for å gi døve høyere utdanning i teoretiske fag. Resultatet av dette ble at to døve studenter (Lars Havstad og Halvard Aschehoug) gjennomførte artiumeksamen på universitetet i Oslo i 1871 med utmerkede karakterer.

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Skavlans skrev i 1875 rammene for den pedagogiskd praksisen ved døveskolen i Trondheim

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Skavlans skrev i 1875 rammene for den pedagogiskd praksisen ved døveskolen i Trondheim

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Sigvald Skavlan, bestyrer ved Thronhjems døvstummeinstitut. Skavlans arbeid pr 1875 viser noe av rammene for en pedagogisk praksis utviklet i løpet av døveskolens første femti år

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Den første døvelærerkongressen holdes i Paris. Diskusjonstema var «den rene orale metoden»

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Den andre døvelærerkongressen holdes i Milano. Hete diskusjoner rundt taleundervisning. Enkelte foreslo en blanding av tegn- og taleundervisning, men det var taleundervisningen som gikk seirende ut

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Loven om skoleplikt for døve blir vedtatt, og det blir satt i gang et enormt arbeid for å etablere døveskoler over hele landet

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Loven om skoleplikt for døve trådte i kraft, og alle barn i skolepliktig alder blir sendt på døveskole

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Norges døvstummelærerforening opprettes. Pedagogiske utfordringer ved opplæring debatteres, blant annet ved de større “Nordiske abnormskolemøter”