# data[].attributes.body
- Watergate led to greater oversight of presidential power. Legislative measures, such as the War Powers Act and the Ethics in Government Act, were enacted to limit executive authority and increase transparency.

- The scandal established a precedent for impeachment as a tool to hold presidents accountable for misconduct, influencing future political crises.

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“For several months, Woodward and Bernstein continually wrote front page stories exposing links between Watergate and the CRP, but were unable to directly connect the burglars to anyone close to Nixon. One of Woodward's sources, identified on May 31, 2005, as FBI Associate Director Mark Felt, provided deep background information, on the condition that Woodward never identify, quote, or use him as a sole source of the information. Deep Throat, as Felt was labeled by Howard Simons, confirmed the reporters' suspicions and leads, and helped focus their investigation on the trail of money from the burglars to the CRP to the White House. Eventually, in an October 10, 1972 story, Woodward and Bernstein were able to disclose in detail that the Watergate break-in was part of a larger effort to sabotage Nixon's political opponents--paid for through the CRP under the direction of some of Nixon's closest aides”.

The investigative reporting by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of the Washington Post was instrumental in uncovering the details of the Watergate scandal. Their articles provide firsthand accounts of the investigation and the connections between the Nixon administration and the break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters.

https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00365

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Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein: An Inventory of Their Watergate Papers at the Harry Ransom Center

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- Watergate significantly eroded public trust in the government. The revelation of high-level corruption and the abuse of power by President Nixon's administration led many Americans to feel disillusioned and skeptical about their leaders.

- Polls taken after Watergate indicated a decline in trust that persisted for decades, with many citizens believing that politicians are corrupt or self-serving. This long-term effect shaped the future of political races and candidate personability.

-The scandal highlighted the importance of investigative journalism. Reporters like Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein from The Washington Post played crucial roles in uncovering the truth, which bolstered the media's credibility as a watchdog.

- Conversely, the media's role in exposing the scandal also led to increased scrutiny and skepticism about media biases and the accuracy of reporting. This dual effect created a more complex relationship between the public and the press.

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“Thus began one of the most intriguing and dramatic political events in American history, as President Nixon, under the threat of impeachment, ultimately resigned from the Presidency two years later, on August 9, 1974.”

https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/news/watergate-break-50th-anniversary

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Dear Educators,

The Education and Public Programs Team at the Nixon Library is pleased to remind you that the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) continues to be an excellent source for entertaining and historical content! Simply follow the links below for additional information.

Watergate Break-in, 50th Anniversary

June 17 marks the 50th anniversary of the break-in of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters located on the 6th floor of the Watergate Hotel and Office complex in Washington, DC. The investigation into the break-in exposed a number of controversial actions (collectively known as "Watergate") that led to the highest levels of the Nixon administration and ultimately to the President himself.

The June 17 break-in was not the first burglary conducted by the intruders (also known as the " Plumbers"). They had successfully gained access to the DNC offices on May 28, during which they planted listening devices and photographed documents.

Government Exhibits One and Two: Two Photographs of the Watergate Complex (1 of 2 shown). NAID 304965

Security guard Frank Wills worked the midnight to 7 a.m. shift at the Watergate Complex. Wills sensed something was wrong shortly after starting his rounds on Saturday, June 17, 1972. According to his entries in the Watergate security record, he found paper-stuffed doors on levels B2 and B3 of the office complex. Wills also discovered tape covering the latches on some of the doors leading from the underground parking structure to multiple offices, allowing doors to close but remain unlocked. Wills thought the tape was left by the maintenance or custodial crew and removed it, thinking it was useless. Wills then "cut all lights out in hall" at 12:30 a.m. and began an investigation. He phoned the police when he arrived a short time later and saw that the latches had been re-taped. It was around 2 a.m.

Security Officer's Log of the Watergate Office Building Showing Entry for June 17, 1972, 06/17/1972; Collection RN-SMOF: White House Staff Member and Office Files (Nixon Administration), 01/20/1969 - 08/09/1974; Records of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force, 1971 - 1977; Record Group 460; National Archives and Records Administration. NAID 304970

Not long afterward, the police apprehended five men: Virgilio Gonzalez, Bernard Barker, James McCord, Eugenio Martinez, and Frank Sturgis. They were accused of attempted burglary and telephone and other communications eavesdropping. "Police found lock-picks and door jimmies, nearly $2,300 in cash, most of it in $100 bills with serial numbers in sequence... a short-wave receiver that could pick up police calls, 40 rolls of unexposed film, two 35-millimeter cameras, and three pen-sized tear gas guns," according to the Washington Post.

Handi-Talkie #49691, on display at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library, Yorba Linda, CA; RG 21, National Archives, Washington, DC.

Two "z" shaped tension wrenches on display at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library, Yorba Linda, CA; RG 21, National Archives, Washington, DC.

Watergate Burglars - from left to right: James W. McCord, Vergilio R. Gonzalas, Frank Sturgis, Eugenio R. Martinez, and Bernard L. Barker

As news of the break-in unfolded, a group of Washington Post reporters, including Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, who helped identify the five burglars the next day, discovered that James W. McCord was linked to President Nixon's reelection campaign - the Committee to Reelect the President (CRP). The reporters described McCord as a "salaried security coordinator for President Nixon's reelection committee."

Washington Post journalists Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein

Thus began one of the most intriguing and dramatic political events in American history, as President Nixon, under the threat of impeachment, ultimately resigned from the Presidency two years later, on August 9, 1974.

For contextual understanding as well as extracting vital information to make informed judgments when using primary sources for research, we invite you and your students to use these downloadable worksheets for better document and photo analysis.

Additionally, we encourage you to further explore Watergate through the Nixon Library's Watergate Exhibit Evidence. The website section contains Watergate-related material such as photographs, scanned documents, audio, and video snippets that come directly from our collections.

Stayed tuned for regular updates from the Nixon Library Education and Public Programs Team.

Please feel free to contact us at NixonEducation@nara.gov if you have any questions.

Sincerely,

The Nixon Library Education and

Public Programs Team

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Dear Educators, The Education and Public Programs Team at the Nixon Library is pleased to remind you that the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) continues to be an excellent source for entertaining and historical content! Simply follow the links below for additional information.

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While not directly part of the Watergate scandal, the Pentagon Papers played a crucial role in the events leading up to it. This top-secret report on the Vietnam War was leaked to the press, leading to significant political fallout and the creation of the "Plumbers" unit, which was involved in the Watergate break-in. Understanding the context of the Pentagon Papers can provide insight into the motivations behind the Nixon administration's actions [[2]](https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/richard-nixon-and-watergate).

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The Watergate scandal had profound and lasting effects on public trust in the U.S. government, legal and ethical standards for presidential conduct and executive power, and greatly influenced the relationship between the press and presidency.

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The Watergate scandal had profound and lasting effects on public trust in the U.S. government, legal and ethical standards for presidential conduct and executive power, and greatly influenced the relationship between the press and presidency.

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-Like Watergate, the Clinton scandal involved questions of personal integrity and abuse of power. It also raised issues of truthfulness and accountability, with President Clinton facing impeachment for perjury and obstruction of justice.

-Unlike Watergate, which involved a broad conspiracy to undermine democracy, the Clinton scandal was more focused on personal misconduct. While both scandals damaged public trust, the context and nature of the wrongdoing differed significantly.

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### 2. **Barbara Jordan's Speech on Impeachment**

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### 2. **Barbara Jordan's Speech on Impeachment**

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On July 25, 1974, Congresswoman Barbara Jordan delivered a powerful speech during the House Judiciary Committee hearings on impeachment. Her address emphasized the importance of constitutional checks and balances and the responsibility of Congress to hold the president accountable. This speech is considered one of the most important political speeches of the 20th century and is a compelling example of the political climate during the Watergate scandal [[2]](https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/richard-nixon-and-watergate).

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### 5. **United States v. Nixon (1974) Supreme Court Decision**

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### 5. **United States v. Nixon (1974) Supreme Court Decision**

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The Supreme Court's unanimous decision in United States v. Nixon was a landmark ruling that established the principle that no person, not even the president, is above the law. This case arose from Nixon's refusal to release the tapes, claiming executive privilege. The court's ruling ultimately led to Nixon's resignation and is a critical moment in the history of American constitutional law [[3]](https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Watergate-scandal/599601).

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### 3. **Herblock's Watergate Cartoons**

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### 3. **Herblock's Watergate Cartoons**

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Herbert Block, known as Herblock, was a political cartoonist whose work during the Watergate scandal captured public sentiment and criticism of the Nixon administration. His cartoons provide a visual commentary on the events of the scandal and reflect the growing disillusionment with political leadership. Analyzing these cartoons can help you understand how the media portrayed the scandal and influenced public opinion [[2]](https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/richard-nixon-and-watergate).

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The Nixon tapes are a collection of audio recordings made by President Richard Nixon during his time in office. These tapes include conversations that reveal the inner workings of the Nixon administration and its attempts to cover up the Watergate scandal. The best-quality digital audio and selected transcripts are available online, making them accessible for study. The tapes are particularly significant because one of them, known as the "smoking gun" tape, contains evidence of Nixon's involvement in the cover-up [[1]](https://cnu.libguides.com/primarymajorevents/watergate).

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“After journalists reported a series of stories connecting payments for the Watergate burglary to Nixon’s Committee to Re-elect the President, a special prosecutor was appointed. The prosecutor obtained a subpoena that required Nixon to deliver audio recordings of meetings he had with various assistants to the district court. Nixon refused to turn over all the tapes and transcripts, claiming executive privilege within the Executive Branch and that the court had no jurisdiction.

The dispute went all the way up to the United States Supreme Court in the case US v. Nixon. On July 24, 1974, the court unanimously ruled that the case should go before the courts and that the president’s claim of executive privilege was not absolute. He had to turn over all the tapes and transcripts.”

https://www.journalisminaction.org/case/watergate

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“I think journalism gets measured by the quality of information it presents, not the drama or the pyrotechnics associated with us.”
—Bob Woodward, investigative journalist who along with Carl Bernstein uncovered the Watergate scandal

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https://news.northeastern.edu/2012/06/13/watergate-burgard/

“This was a new kind of jolt to the American psyche about government, and it came on top of the already disconcerting experience of the Vietnam War, which really got people thinking about American government and policy. You had a whole new scrutiny that grew out of the Vietnam era and Watergate that changed tremendously how people — especially young people — looked at government.”

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Sunday is the 40th anniversary of the burglary of a Democratic campaign office building in Washington D.C.'s Watergate complex, which turned out to be the first piece of a saga that brought down a president and changed the way Americans thought about both their government and journalism's role in society. So says Stephen Burgard, director of Northeastern's School of Journalism in the College of Arts, Media and Design, who we asked to discuss the Watergate scandal and its lasting influence on American reporting.

How did the Watergate case influence a generation of journalists?

The Watergate story was gripping for several years in the mid-70s. Central to this was the role of the Washington Post and its reporters' remarkable persistence on a story a lot of people weren't on at the beginning. And as the story was beginning to take root, a lot of young people at the same time were beginning to think in idealistic ways about their careers. This story was so attention-getting that many were attracted to the idea that journalism could really make a difference, and that this would be a career path that could be rewarding and meaningful.

What you got was a lot of bright and capable people choosing journalism as a career. Just as it happens whenever some of the brightest people of a generation enter a field, they brought a lot of drive, persistence and ambition. But people still had to pay their dues in journalism - you didn't get to do the big story right away. Many followed a predictable career progression before getting to one of these great national papers like The Washington Post or The New York Times. Many found themselves scurrying around town halls covering school board meetings and the budget and working their way up. The good reporters weren't discouraged by that, though; they rolled up their sleeves and did tremendous work. By the 1990s, you had a whole generation of journalists and editors doing some of the best work that newspapers have ever done. I would describe that decade as a kind of 'Golden Age of Newspapers,' just before many of the industry's current problems hit. You could trace the career paths for a lot of those journalists back to the Watergate era.

What is the legacy of the Watergate case and the reporting by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward?

As Woodward and Bernstein wrote in their Washington Post piece over the weekend, this was a much bigger story than the burglary it was first passed off as. That was just a piece of a much broader campaign by the Nixon campaign to essentially wage war by illegal means on a number of fronts against the people it considered its enemies.

This was a new kind of jolt to the American psyche about government, and it came on top of the already disconcerting experience of the Vietnam War, which really got people thinking about American government and policy. You had a whole new scrutiny that grew out of the Vietnam era and Watergate that changed tremendously how people - especially young people - looked at government.

How might the Watergate case be covered if it broke in today's media environment?

One of the things you have to measure is whether the news organizations are paying attention and whether they would have the resources to follow the story wherever it might lead. You don't have newspapers with the same resources to allow a reporter to follow a single story from the depths of the municipal court system to wherever it might lead. It takes an extra effort, from reporters and editors to owners and publishers, to commit to that kind of story.

You're still going to get very good ambitious, enterprising young reporters who will pursue stories that will lead them to bigger stories, but it's harder to do that now, and it requires the commitment and devotion of higher-level owners and managers to make sure that still gets done.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
3Qs: How Watergate changed journalism - and the nation

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Stephen Burgard, chair of Northeastern's School of Journalism, explains how the Watergate scandal, which marks its 40th anniversary on Sunday, has influenced a generation of journalists.

# data[].attributes.body
https://news.northeastern.edu/2012/06/13/watergate-burgard/

“The Watergate story was gripping for several years in the mid-70s. Central to this was the role of the Washington Post and its reporters’ remarkable persistence on a story a lot of people weren’t on at the beginning. And as the story was beginning to take root, a lot of young people at the same time were beginning to think in idealistic ways about their careers. This story was so attention-getting that many were attracted to the idea that journalism could really make a difference, and that this would be a career path that could be rewarding and meaningful.”

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Sunday is the 40th anniversary of the burglary of a Democratic campaign office building in Washington D.C.'s Watergate complex, which turned out to be the first piece of a saga that brought down a president and changed the way Americans thought about both their government and journalism's role in society. So says Stephen Burgard, director of Northeastern's School of Journalism in the College of Arts, Media and Design, who we asked to discuss the Watergate scandal and its lasting influence on American reporting.

How did the Watergate case influence a generation of journalists?

The Watergate story was gripping for several years in the mid-70s. Central to this was the role of the Washington Post and its reporters' remarkable persistence on a story a lot of people weren't on at the beginning. And as the story was beginning to take root, a lot of young people at the same time were beginning to think in idealistic ways about their careers. This story was so attention-getting that many were attracted to the idea that journalism could really make a difference, and that this would be a career path that could be rewarding and meaningful.

What you got was a lot of bright and capable people choosing journalism as a career. Just as it happens whenever some of the brightest people of a generation enter a field, they brought a lot of drive, persistence and ambition. But people still had to pay their dues in journalism - you didn't get to do the big story right away. Many followed a predictable career progression before getting to one of these great national papers like The Washington Post or The New York Times. Many found themselves scurrying around town halls covering school board meetings and the budget and working their way up. The good reporters weren't discouraged by that, though; they rolled up their sleeves and did tremendous work. By the 1990s, you had a whole generation of journalists and editors doing some of the best work that newspapers have ever done. I would describe that decade as a kind of 'Golden Age of Newspapers,' just before many of the industry's current problems hit. You could trace the career paths for a lot of those journalists back to the Watergate era.

What is the legacy of the Watergate case and the reporting by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward?

As Woodward and Bernstein wrote in their Washington Post piece over the weekend, this was a much bigger story than the burglary it was first passed off as. That was just a piece of a much broader campaign by the Nixon campaign to essentially wage war by illegal means on a number of fronts against the people it considered its enemies.

This was a new kind of jolt to the American psyche about government, and it came on top of the already disconcerting experience of the Vietnam War, which really got people thinking about American government and policy. You had a whole new scrutiny that grew out of the Vietnam era and Watergate that changed tremendously how people - especially young people - looked at government.

How might the Watergate case be covered if it broke in today's media environment?

One of the things you have to measure is whether the news organizations are paying attention and whether they would have the resources to follow the story wherever it might lead. You don't have newspapers with the same resources to allow a reporter to follow a single story from the depths of the municipal court system to wherever it might lead. It takes an extra effort, from reporters and editors to owners and publishers, to commit to that kind of story.

You're still going to get very good ambitious, enterprising young reporters who will pursue stories that will lead them to bigger stories, but it's harder to do that now, and it requires the commitment and devotion of higher-level owners and managers to make sure that still gets done.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
3Qs: How Watergate changed journalism - and the nation

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Stephen Burgard, chair of Northeastern's School of Journalism, explains how the Watergate scandal, which marks its 40th anniversary on Sunday, has influenced a generation of journalists.

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“Richard M. Nixon was the first U.S. president ever to resign. He did so under threat of impeachment in the wake of the Watergate investigation, named for the hotel and office complex that housed the Democratic National Committee headquarters, which individuals connected to his administration had broken into and tried to bug (i.e., electronically eavesdrop) in advance of the 1972 election. When the burglars were caught, their White House handlers engaged in a criminal cover-up, including perjury and obstruction of justice, in an effort to insulate the administration from the investigation. These efforts had the opposite effect, however, making the Nixon administration even more complicit and reflecting badly on a president under whose watch such criminality appeared to flourish. Since then, ‘Watergate’ became the symbol of high-level political scandal”

https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/richard-nixon-and-watergate

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What events led to the resignation of President Nixon?

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- Watergate fundamentally altered the relationship between the press and the presidency. It established the media as a critical check on executive power, leading to a more adversarial dynamic.

- The events surrounding Watergate set the stage for ongoing tensions between journalists and political leaders. Subsequent administrations have often viewed the press with suspicion, which has influenced how both entities interact.

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“Daniel Ellsberg was as an analyst for Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara's classified study of the war in Vietnam, a report which became known as the Pentagon Papers. Believing that the war was unwinnable and immoral, Ellsberg and his co-defendant Anthony Russo secretly copied the 7000-page report and provided it to the New York Times and Washington Post. After articles about the papers were published, Ellsberg surrendered to the authorities on June 28, 1971. When the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the newspapers' right to publish the articles, the Nixon administration brought criminal charges against Ellsberg and Russo. After a lengthy break in the proceedings while the Supreme Court considered the implications of the wiretapping of one of the defendants and his lawyer by the government, the trial court judge Matthew Byrne declared a mistrial”

Ellsberg and the consequences he faced as a result of the pentagon papers reinforced the dangers of investigative journalism.

https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/drawing-justice-courtroom-illustrations/about-this-exhibition/crime-corruption-and-cover-ups/daniel-ellsberg-and-the-pentagon-papers/#:~:text=After%20articles%20about%20the%20papers,charges%20against%20Ellsberg%20and%20Russo.

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“In all my years of public life, I have never profited off public service, I have never obstructed justice … I am not a crook, I have earned everything in life.”

Nixons address to U.S citizens after watergate robbery emerges as a wide-scale scandal in the country.

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Immediate impact and Government tightens the reins

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Immediate impact and Government tightens the reins

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The years immediately following President Richard Nixon’s resignation in 1974 are often seen today as an era of good government, reform, and transparency. Stung by the Watergate scandal and other perceived presidential excesses, both Congress and the White House put in place novel laws and norms aimed at curbing future crimes and abuses of power, some inspired by the break-in and coverup and many others not.

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1. Video Richard Nixon Says 'I'm Not a Crook'

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2. Bernstein, Carl, et al. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein: An Inventory of Their Watergate Papers at the Harry Ransom Center. https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00365. Accessed 18 Oct. 2024.

3. Collette, Matt. “3Qs: How Watergate Changed Journalism — and the Nation.” Northeastern Global News, 13 June 2012, https://news.northeastern.edu/2012/06/13/watergate-burgard/.

4. “Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers | Crime, Corruption, and Cover-Ups | Explore | Drawing Justice: The Art of Courtroom Illustration | Exhibitions at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress.” Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/drawing-justice-courtroom-illustrations/about-this-exhibition/crime-corruption-and-cover-ups/daniel-ellsberg-and-the-pentagon-papers/#:~:text=After%20articles%20about%20the%20papers,charges%20against%20Ellsberg%20and%20Russo. Accessed 18 Oct. 2024.

5. “Richard Nixon Watergate Scandal.” Bill of Rights Institute, https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/richard-nixon-and-watergate/.

6. “Watergate-scandal”. Britannica.com,

7. https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Watergate-scandal/599601%0A%0A

8. Watergate Scandal | Summary, History, Timeline, Deep Throat, & Facts | Britannica. 14 Oct. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/event/Watergate-Scandal.

9. CNU, Trible Library at. LibGuides: Primary Sources: Major Events: Watergate. https://cnu.libguides.com/primarymajorevents/watergate.

10. The Watergate Files | Gerald R. Ford. https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/exhibits/watergate-files.

11. “Watergate, The Tapes & The Fall Of The Nixon White House.” NPR, 29 June 2021. NPR, https://www.npr.org/2021/06/29/1011290180/watergate-the-

12. tapes-the-fall-of-the-nixon-white-house.

13. Watergate Scandal and Investigation | C-SPAN Classroom. https://www.c-span.org/classroom/document/?8247.

14. Exhibit: Nixon and Watergate. https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals/nixon.

15. “What Exactly Was Watergate and Is It Happening Again?” Brookings, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-exactly-was-watergate-and-is-it-happening-again/.

16. Watergate | The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/watergate.

17. “Watergate-Era Reforms 50 Years Later.” Harvard Law School, https://hls.harvard.edu/today/watergate-era-reforms-50-years-later/.

18. Watergate: The Aftermath | Miller Center. 27 July 2017, https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/educational-resources/watergate/watergate-aftermath.

19. Watergate Break-in, 50th Anniversary | Richard Nixon Museum and Library. https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/news/watergate-break-50th-anniversary.

20. PBS Newshour Extra. https://www.journalisminaction.org/case/watergate.

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Video Richard Nixon Says 'I'm Not a Crook'

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President says he never illegally benefitted from public service in this 1973 news conference.

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Vitality of persistence in investigative journalism 

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Vitality of persistence in investigative journalism 

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“For the next twenty-six months, an incredible story of political corruption emerged. Federal investigators and grand juries gathered evidence which gradually connected the Watergate break-in to the Oval Office. Throughout it all, reporters played an essential role keeping the story in the public eye. From the initial burglary trial to Senate hearings to President Nixon’s resignation from office, the public watched as a constitutional crisis unfolded.” Gerald R Ford

The persistence require to maintain public interest as well as credibility in a direct confrontation between reporters and the Nixon Administration investigative journalism played an integral role to the full affects of Watergate coming into fruition.

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- Both Watergate and the Iran-Contra affair involved covert actions that circumvented established laws and norms. Each scandal resulted in significant political fallout and public mistrust in government.

-Watergate was primarily about domestic corruption and abuse of power, whereas Iran-Contra involved foreign policy decisions and illegal arms sales, with a focus on national security rather than personal misconduct.