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Anya

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Affan

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Justin

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Qno

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Sichen Liu

Email: 10045210@network.rca.ac.uk

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Ancient Mexican people harvested latex from indigenous rubber trees to make large solid balls for a sacred ball game as well as rubber figurines to represent dieties.

In comparison, in the Western context rubber is associated with industrialisation, with rubber being used for automotive industries for tires as well as in the medicine industries for protective gear like gloves.

The material rubber can then perhaps be a symbol that holds different meanings historically and culturally from those who produce it to those who have industrialized the material.

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Delta Rubber supply Rubber Matting | Rubber Sheet | Washers | Extrusions | Viton | Neoprene - bespoke and custom rubber products in the UK

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Rubber washers in a choice of rubber, CNAF and more, all available with fast UK wide delivery. Custom or bespoke washer manufacturing and supply to order.

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The primary source of natural rubber is cultivated from the latex in Hevea Brasiliensis trees. Hevea Brasiliensis is a species native to the Amazon rainforest in South America which is housed by nine different countries. To this day, we still have not found another plant species that produces a higher quality latex.

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The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is a deciduous species native to the rainforests of the Amazon basin and found in Brazil, Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia and Peru.

These trees were non-existent anywhere else in the world until 1876, when a British explorer, Henry Wickham smuggled 70,000 seeds out of Brazil where the majority of the Amazon rainforest is held. Wickham negotiated a deal to sow these seeds at Kew Gardens in London. Most of these seeds were shipped over and used to grow rubber plantations in the British Colonies including Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia.

Centered in the Amazon Basin, the boom resulted in a large expansion of colonization in the area, attracting immigrant workers, generating wealth, causing cultural and social transformations, and disrupting local indigenous societies.

When the British established rubber plantations in East Asia, using Hevea brasiliensis seeds taken from South America. With the collapse of the rubber industry in South America, the Madre de Dios region’s economic importance quickly declined.

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Design something for the indeginious people

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Design something for the indeginious people

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since the discovery of our primary material i.e. RUBBER took place in the Amazon jungles of Brazil and MesoAmerica which includes Mexico, why not create 12 samples for the local people where the original material was discovered. For example, utility products for Mesoamerican people which could include all kinds of household tools for them.

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Analyzing cultural practices, techniques, interactions of the indigenous people of south America can help us decide what kind of objects/structures/ products (12) can be beneficial for them (made with rubber and straw).

things we could consider for inspiration from their day-to-day life:

interaction with animal

food habits

clothing

transport systems

storage

self-defense

Rituals

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Waste and Pollution:

Deforestation,

bio-diversity loss due man-made production of rubber

Resource Depletion

colonization

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The infinity symbol (∞) is often associated with concepts like eternity, empowerment, and the idea of limitless possibilities. Seeing rubber bands or loops shaped like the infinity symbol could reflect several cultural or personal reasons

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1. The word rubber comes from the Indian word cau-uchu, meaning "weeping tree".

Rubber can be divided into synthetic rubber and natural rubber two kinds.

The latex from the three-leaf rubber tree solidifies into an elastic substance called natural rubber.

Synthetic rubber is a synthetic high elastic polymer, with coal, oil and natural gas as the main raw materials.

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2. Synthetic rubber: Material preparation → Plasticizing → mixing → molding → vulcanization → dressing → inspection

natural rubber: Cut glue→ collect latex→ set→ dry

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3. Natural rubber can be highly stretched under normal conditions and has good resilience, so natural rubber is often made into fibers. Rubber fabrics were widely manufactured.

There are two types of synthetic rubber, universal rubber can be used in part or in whole instead of natural rubber, such as in the manufacture of tires. Special rubber has strong resistance and can be used in aviation, nuclear industry and other aspects.

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4. Mechanical behavior is the main behavior of rubber, which is characterized by greater extensibility and resilience. When rubber is subjected to load, its molecular chain tears, folds and other changes, forming a variety of different structures, so that its activity is enhanced and gradually reflects the super-elastic property.

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1. Straw usually refers to the remaining parts of wheat, rice, corn and other crops (usually coarse grains) after harvest. It is characterized by high crude fiber content.

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2. Weaving after air drying is the main production process of wheat straw products.

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3. Weaving daily necessities and crafts

Returning to the field

Make feed

Generate electricity

Refined alcohol

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4. Straw has excellent wear resistance, but the fiber is poor and easy to break. Sraw has the following physical characteristics: the axial and radial distribution of different structures, there is a certain difference in mechanical properties.

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They all come from nature, have been artificially processed to give human and historical value, are functional, have fiber properties and similar mechanical properties, and can be used in weaving.

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Both rubber and straw have their own historical significance, which can reflect the development process of human society, and I think they can also play their respective roles: for example, straw plays primitive and traditional, rubber plays industrial society and technological development, and the combination of the two can show the collision across historical dimensions.

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1.directly as a decoration

2.rope/string for binding

3.data recording

4.directly or after segmentation as a flexible knitting material such as baskets, as a frame structure

5.cut into a specific shape of small pieces as a collage material for decorative painting

6.after fibrosis single use (paper, etc.)

7.fermentation

8.composite with other materials

9.use as covering

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Straw is seen as a light, almost negligible thing, representing the final step in causing qualitative change

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A lottery for elimination, in which the person who draws the short straw will have to make sacrifices, take on bad tasks and consequences

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A substitute for human beings, commonly seen in voodoo, sacrifice, blessing ceremonies, scarecrows are regarded as things that can store souls, refer to souls, and have external perception. It is used as a substitute equivalent to human beings, as a scapegoating agent to transfer bad luck and as a fate symbiont to transmit disaster.

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1.remian (phsical things,identity/character,soul,message)

2.saperate

3.link

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The symbiont of destiny that delivers the disaster

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The symbiont of destiny that delivers the disaster

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Nagoro, Village of Dolls - Shikoku Tours

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Nagoro is known as the Village of the Dolls for its scarecrows scattered around the village.

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A carnival-type festival called "The Carnival Burial" ( Farsang temetés) takes place each year just before the beginning of Lent. Early in the morning, participants from villages across the valley will go by bus or car to a nearby village. In the Ciuc Valley, a Catholic and ethnic Hungarian enclave in Transylvania, each year a different village hosts this festival and organizes the festivities for visiting groups. Village groups will walk around the village and stop in front of houses that have prepared a table of sweets and liquor. The processions are loud and raucous; each group is led by a brass band, fiddlers, and drums loudly announcing the approaching revelers. There is a general air of freedom and gender-based role-reversal. Participants dress up in costumes, portraying Catholic Cardinals and priests, shepherds, goats, ghosts, monsters, and witches. The ghosts and monsters - usually young men - will rush out into traffic and stop oncoming cars, dancing around them to the amusement of onlookers. The drivers will oblige the festival-goers with donations or simply a handshake. Men often dress as women, and a few women will put on men's clothing, too.

The "burial" refers to a man made of straw with arms and legs, often named "Isaiah," whose passing the group laments at each station. Isaiah is draped over a wagon and dragged from station to station. Heightening the feeling of overt sexuality, Isaiah wears a carrot and two potatoes on the outside of his pants. When the group stops before a house with a table of sweets and liquor waiting in front, the group stands around this figure and loudly laments Isaiah's passing. Women take turns stepping forward to kneel beside Isaiah while pronouncing over-exaggerated laments. The laments are often ribald or insulting, making fun of Isaiah's foibles or character flaws. After this overt revelation of internal family conflicts that plague women's lives, the groups reaffirm the gendered status quo: they pair up, women and men, and do a few rounds of a traditional dance. At the final stop, they light fire to the straw and sing dirge-like hymns while Isaiah burns.

Many families will bring "Easter baskets" of food and drink to their parish priest for a blessing. In big cities, churches buildings can't hold all the people who come for this blessing, so the main town square is taken over with lines of people standing behind their Easter basket. Unlike other rituals, such as first communion or baptism, individuals and families need not prepare extensively in order to participate in this ritual. Preparing food is already an important part of Easter; Catholic families serve an elaborate meal on the evening of Easter Sunday. It is one of the most popular rituals because it is an easy way to ask for a blessing for one of the most important aspects of everyday life: cooking and eating food.

Coloring and decorating eggs is also a popular Easter time tradition, practiced in both rural and urban settings. Catholics draw designs with wax on hard-boiled eggs and then dye them a shade of red. The eggs are then displayed in the kitchen or living room.

At Easter time, it is commonplace for groups of young men to go visiting women in their neighborhood in a tradition called, "watering" or " locsolás." The groups of young men will knock on the door and ask to speak with the women in the home. Once the women have arrived, the young men will "water" them by sprinkling them with water or perfume. In return, they will receive a small amount of money before moving on to the next house.

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Romania's Lenten rituals include straw man's burial and Easter basket blessings

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Just before Lent, villagers in the Ciuc Valley hold a raucous procession called the "Carnival Burial," which ends with the burning of a straw man. At Easter, families present their food baskets for blessings by the parish priest, while young men go "watering" neighborhood women like flowers with water or perfume.

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Voodoo dolls are a part of the spiritual practice of Haitian Vodou. In this practice, dolls are believed to represent individuals and can be used for various purposes, including healing, protection and revenge. The dolls are often made from materials such as cloth, straws and papers. While dolls are often associated with the practice of dark magick or curses, it’s important to note that they can also be used for positive purposes. They are also used in various rituals which may involve the insertion of pins or other objects into the doll to represent a physical harm, illnesses and torture. One of the common dark magick applied is a Puppet Magick Curse, it awakens the doll and controls it at the user’s will. In some traditions, dolls are used for healing or protection and may be accompanied by specific rituals or prayers to invoke the desired outcome. It’s important to approach this practice with respect, caution and to seek the guidance of a trusted spiritual advisor or practitioner if you are interested in learning more about it. *Spells are sold separately *Personalized barbie dolls are quoted separately

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Project MUSE - Drawing the Short Straw: Casting Lots and Cannibal Democracy in Antebellum Maritime Literature

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a measure or remedy that one turns to in desperation

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Straw is an agricultural byproduct consisting of the dry stalks of cereal plants after the grain and chaff have been removed. In terms of weight, half of the crops of rice, oats, barley, rye, and wheat are straw.

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1. great thermal resulting in minimal heating requirements. 2. acoustical insulation due to its relatively high mass. 3. energy efficiency low embodied carbon emission low-cost renewable material

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Nebraska method

The infill method

Straw can be stored in bales, which are bundles held tightly together with wire or twine. Bales come in many shapes, depending on the baler used. Rectangular bales are used most often for building

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Straw is a representation of the dead in all its forms. Whether it is the person who gets the short straw, who will take on additional tasks and disasters, or even be eaten, or the functions performed by various straw dolls, the scarecrow who is broken by the big cannon in the scarecrow fallacy is the legacy of the deceased person or the victim of a society, through the sacrifice of the scarecrow, people vent their emotions and get rid of bad luck. Deflect conflicts and problems to specific goals and make a ceremonial break with the past

Straw is a measure, not only in itself as a knotted tool for measuring quantities, but also because of its universality is considered to be of extremely low value and weight. But also because of its small size, it also often represents the last step before qualitative change, the calm before the storm. At either end of the straw, or on both sides, or before and after the behavior of the straw, separate two very different worlds.

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There is no such thing as an immortal ffower

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There is no such thing as an immortal ffower

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A funeral, a funeral for the victims of the past, a funeral for the witnesses of the age to come, a funeral for the changers of the present

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A funeral, a funeral for the victims of the past, a funeral for the witnesses of the age to come, a funeral for the changers of the present

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Rubber is an elastic material that can be either natural or synthetic.

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Rubber is an elastic material that can be either natural or synthetic.

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Natural Rubber:

Source: Obtained from the latex of rubber trees, primarily Hevea brasiliensis.

Process: The latex is tapped from the tree and then processed to create solid rubber. This involves coagulating the latex and then refining it.

Properties: Highly elastic, waterproof, and flexible. It has good tensile strength and is resistant to wear and abrasion.

Synthetic Rubber:

Source: Made through chemical processes, primarily using petroleum-based monomers like styrene and butadiene.

Types: Includes various types like styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), neoprene, nitrile rubber, and silicone rubber, each with specific properties for different applications.

Properties: Can be tailored to exhibit specific characteristics like improved temperature resistance, chemical resistance, or electrical insulating properties.

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Straw is the dried stalks of cereal plants, such as wheat, barley, oats, and rye, left over after the grain and chaff have been removed. It is a byproduct of cereal crop production.

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Straw is the dried stalks of cereal plants, such as wheat, barley, oats, and rye, left over after the grain and chaff have been removed. It is a byproduct of cereal crop production.

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Characteristics:

Material: Straw consists of the dried stems of cereal plants, which are hollow and lightweight.

Structure: It's generally yellowish or golden in color and has a rough texture.

Composition: Made primarily of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.

Differences from Hay:

Straw vs. Hay: While straw is the stalk left after harvesting grains, hay is a crop grown specifically for animal feed and consists of the entire plant, including leaves and stems. Hay is more nutritious than straw because it contains more protein and other nutrients.

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Rubber has a wide range of uses due to its unique properties such as elasticity, water resistance, and durability. Here are some common uses for rubber:

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Rubber has a wide range of uses due to its unique properties such as elasticity, water resistance, and durability. Here are some common uses for rubber:

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Tires: Used in the manufacture of vehicle tires due to its durability, elasticity, and ability to provide traction.

Footwear: Used for making soles of shoes, boots, and flip-flops for its non-slip and shock-absorbing properties.

Gloves: Used in medical, industrial, and household gloves for its waterproof and elastic nature, providing protection in various settings.

Toys: Rubber is used to make various toys due to its safe, non-toxic, and bouncy properties.

Gyms, Playgrounds, Industrial Floors: Rubber flooring provides cushioning, slip resistance, and sound insulation.

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Straw is the dried stalks of cereal plants, such as wheat, barley, oats, and rye, left over after the grain and chaff have been removed. It is a byproduct of cereal crop production and has several uses:

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Straw is the dried stalks of cereal plants, such as wheat, barley, oats, and rye, left over after the grain and chaff have been removed. It is a byproduct of cereal crop production and has several uses:

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Agriculture:

Animal Bedding: Commonly used as bedding for livestock because it is absorbent and provides insulation.

Mulch: Used in gardening and farming to protect soil from erosion, retain moisture, and suppress weed growth.

Construction:

Straw Bale Construction: Bales of straw can be used as an eco-friendly building material, particularly in sustainable building practices.

Crafts and Decorations:

Used to make straw hats, baskets, mats, and other crafts.

Fuel: In some regions, straw is used as a biofuel for heating or energy production.

Composting: Straw can be composted and used as organic matter to improve soil fertility.

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Rubber is not commonly associated with traditional ceremonies, but it does have a role in some modern and cultural practices:

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Rubber is not commonly associated with traditional ceremonies, but it does have a role in some modern and cultural practices:

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Sports Ceremonies: Rubber balls are used in various sports, and during ceremonial events like the opening of a tournament or a league, a symbolic rubber ball might be used to mark the occasion.

Environmental and Cultural Awareness: In some regions, ceremonies involving rubber trees highlight sustainable practices and the importance of natural rubber. These can include tree-planting ceremonies or rituals performed by communities that depend on rubber cultivation.

Modern Rituals: Rubber wristbands and bracelets are often used in modern ceremonial contexts, such as awareness campaigns, charity events, or remembrance ceremonies, to symbolize unity, support, or remembrance for a cause.

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Straw has been used ceremoniously in various cultures, often tied to agricultural practices and seasonal celebrations:

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Straw has been used ceremoniously in various cultures, often tied to agricultural practices and seasonal celebrations:

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Harvest Festivals: In many agrarian societies, straw is a symbol of the harvest season. During harvest festivals like the European Harvest Home or Thanksgiving, straw is used to create decorations such as corn dollies or straw figures, representing fertility and abundance.

Religious and Cultural Rituals: In some cultures, straw is used in religious ceremonies. For example, in Eastern European Christmas traditions, straw is often spread on the floor or table as a symbol of the manger where Jesus was born, representing humility and the connection to the earth.

Wedding Ceremonies: In certain cultures, straw is used in wedding rituals. For instance, in some Slavic traditions, a bride and groom might be seated on straw to symbolize prosperity and fertility.

Pagan and Folk Traditions: Straw figures or effigies, such as the Wicker Man in some pagan rituals, are created and burned to symbolize the cycle of life, death, and rebirth, often marking seasonal transitions like solstices or equinoxes.

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The history of rubber spans thousands of years and involves contributions from indigenous cultures, scientific advancements, and industrial innovations:

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The history of rubber spans thousands of years and involves contributions from indigenous cultures, scientific advancements, and industrial innovations:

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1. Ancient Origins: Indigenous peoples in the Americas, particularly in Mesoamerica, were the first to use natural rubber. As early as 1600 BCE, the Olmecs, Mayans, and Aztecs harvested latex from rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) and mixed it with other materials to create items like waterproof textiles, rubber balls for ritual games, and adhesive substances.

2. European Discovery: Rubber was introduced to Europe in the 16th century when explorers encountered indigenous peoples using rubber. The substance intrigued Europeans, but its potential was not immediately recognized. In 1770, the British chemist Joseph Priestley coined the term "rubber" after observing that it could "rub" out pencil marks.

3. Early Uses and Challenges: In the 18th and early 19th centuries, rubber saw limited use due to its tendency to become sticky in hot weather and brittle in cold conditions. These properties made it unreliable for many applications.

4. Vulcanization: The turning point came in 1839 when American inventor Charles Goodyear discovered the process of vulcanization. By heating natural rubber with sulfur, Goodyear transformed it into a more durable and elastic material that retained its properties across a wide range of temperatures. This breakthrough revolutionized the rubber industry, enabling the production of items like waterproof shoes, tires, and hoses.

5. Rubber Boom: The vulcanization process led to the "rubber boom" in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Demand for rubber surged, particularly for bicycle and automobile tires. This boom significantly impacted regions like the Amazon rainforest, where wild rubber trees were tapped extensively.

6. Synthetic Rubber: During World War II, natural rubber supplies from Southeast Asia were disrupted. In response, synthetic rubber was developed using petrochemical processes. The production of synthetic rubber, such as styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), became essential for military and industrial uses, leading to rapid advancements in rubber chemistry.

7. Modern Developments: Today, rubber is produced in both natural and synthetic forms. It is used in a vast array of products, from everyday items like footwear and gloves to specialized applications in medicine, industry, and aerospace.

The evolution of rubber from an ancient material used by indigenous peoples to a crucial component of modern industry reflects its versatility and the impact of scientific innovation on its development.

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The history of straw is closely tied to the development of agriculture and human civilization:

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The history of straw is closely tied to the development of agriculture and human civilization:

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1. Ancient Agriculture: Straw has been used since ancient times, as it is the byproduct of harvesting cereal crops like wheat, barley, and oats. Early agricultural societies recognized its usefulness in daily life, utilizing straw for animal bedding, fodder, and thatching roofs to protect homes from the elements.

2. Construction and Thatching: As early as 4,000 BCE, straw was used in construction. In ancient Egypt, straw was mixed with mud to create bricks for building homes and structures. In Europe and Asia, thatched roofs made from straw became common due to their insulation properties and availability. This technique has endured for thousands of years and is still used in some rural areas.

3. Agricultural Uses: Throughout history, straw has played a vital role in farming. It was used as animal bedding, mulch to protect crops, and even as a natural fertilizer. The use of straw in farming helped improve soil quality and provided a renewable resource for various agricultural needs.

4. Cultural and Ceremonial Uses: Straw has also had cultural and ceremonial significance. In many agrarian societies, straw was used in harvest festivals and religious rituals as a symbol of abundance and fertility. In European folklore, straw was often crafted into figures or ornaments during harvest celebrations, representing the spirit of the crop.

5. Crafts and Everyday Items: Beyond its functional uses, straw was also used to create everyday items. In many cultures, straw was woven into baskets, hats, mats, and other goods. Straw weaving became a traditional craft, with techniques passed down through generations.

6. Modern Uses: In modern times, straw remains an important agricultural byproduct. It is still used for animal bedding, composting, erosion control, and as a building material in sustainable construction. Straw bale construction, which uses tightly packed straw bales as building blocks, has gained popularity for its eco-friendly and energy-efficient qualities.

The history of straw reflects its versatility and essential role in human development. From ancient construction methods to modern sustainable practices, straw has been a valuable resource that continues to find new applications in various aspects of life.

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Alice Seeley Harris's 1904 photograph of Nsala, looking at his five-year-old daughter's severed hand and foot