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Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms. They contain essential components such as the nucleus (which holds genetic material), cytoplasm, and organelles that perform specific functions. They are responsible for carrying out life processes, including growth, energy production, and reproduction.

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The Golgi Apparatus processes, modifies and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other cells.

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the golgi apparatus would assist in directing proteins synthesised by the rough ER for export of the cell

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and sacs that plays a crucial role in protein and lipid synthesis, intracellular transport, and cellular detoxification.

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Synthesis proteins, particularly those destined for secretion or membrane insertion.

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Synthesises and produces lipids such as phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroid hormones (important in liver and reproductive cells).

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The nucleus is the control center of the cell, responsible for storing and regulating genetic information (DNA) and coordinating cellular activities such as growth, metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell division.

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The cytosol is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm, where various cellular activities occur. It is a gel-like substance composed mainly of water, dissolved ions, proteins, and small molecules.

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The plasma membrane (also known as the cell membrane) is a semi-permeable barrier that separates the internal contents of the cell from the external environment.

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Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They are small, non-membranous organelles composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. Ribosomes exist either freely in the cytosol or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in eukaryotic cells.

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Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for producing energy (ATP) through cellular respiration. They are double-membraned organelles found in most eukaryotic cells, playing a crucial role in energy metabolism, cell signalling, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

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It plays a vital role in protecting the cell, regulating transport, and enabling communication.

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Different methods of transport within the cell

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Different methods of transport within the cell

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Secretory vesicles store and transport molecules (such as proteins, hormones, or neurotransmitters) out of the cell through exocytosis. They are crucial for cell communication, secretion, and waste removal.

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Allows the passage of substance to enter in and out of the cell

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refers to the inability of certain substances to pass through the membrane without the assistance of transport proteins or specific mechanisms.

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Selective permeability in the plasma membrane refers to its ability to regulate the passage of substances, allowing certain molecules to enter or exit the cell while restricting others, maintaining homeostasis.

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No ATP is needed for this transport, directs substances within the cell down the concentration gradient

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Requires ATP, moves substances within the cell against the concentration gradient

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Substances have little restricted movement through the phospholipid bilayer

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the passive movement of molecules across a cell membrane through transport proteins, without requiring energy, following the concentration gradient (from high to low concentration).

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The process of diffusion involving water

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The process by which a cell engulfs external substances by enclosing them in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane.

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An active transport mechanism that uses ATP to move sodium (Na⁺) out of the cell and potassium (K⁺) in, maintaining cellular ion balance and membrane potential.

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The process by which a cell transports large molecules or waste out of the cell by vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents.

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The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance inside a cell, excluding the nucleus, that contains organelles and is the site of various cellular processes.