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Digestive Enzymes:

The digestive system contains various enzymes including, but not limited to, amylase, lipase, and protease, that breakdown carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into smaller molecules so they are ready for absorption.

Peristalsis:

The digestive tract utilizes peristalsis, which are rhythmic contractions of muscles, to help send food down the digestive tract and facilitate its movement through various digestive organs.

Absorption:

The small intestines is responsible for the absorption of nutrients, where the walls are lined with tiny finger-like structures called villi and microvilli to increase surface area.

Interaction with Another System:

The Digestive System interacts closely with the Circulatory System. After nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine, they enter the bloodstream and are transported to various cells and tissues for energy production and other metabolic processes.

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professional, C. C. medical. (n.d.). Your immune system: What you need to know. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21196-immune-system

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1. White Blood Cells: The immune system is composed of various types of white blood cells, including lymphocytes and phagocytes, which defend the body against infections and foreign invaders.

2. Antibodies: The immune system produces antibodies, proteins that recognize and neutralize specific pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

3. Lymphatic System: The lymphatic system, including lymph nodes and vessels, plays a role in filtering and circulating lymph (a fluid containing white blood cells) throughout the body.

Interaction with Another System:

1. The Immune System interacts with the Reproductive System. During pregnancy, the immune system undergoes changes to tolerate the presence of the developing fetus, preventing the rejection of the embryo. Additionally, immune cells play a role in protecting the reproductive organs from infections.

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1. Heart:

Description: The heart is a muscular organ that acts as the central pump of the circulatory system. It consists of four chambers – two atria and two ventricles. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation, while the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

2. Blood Vessels (Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries):

Description: The circulatory system comprises a network of blood vessels. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's tissues, veins return deoxygenated blood back to the heart, and capillaries facilitate the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues.

3. Blood:

Description: Blood is a vital component of the circulatory system, carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It consists of red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (part of the immune system), platelets (assist in blood clotting), and plasma (fluid component containing water, electrolytes, and proteins).

Interaction with Another System:

The Circulatory System interacts closely with the Respiratory System. Oxygenated blood from the lungs is transported by the circulatory system to tissues and organs, providing them with the oxygen needed for cellular respiration. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration, is carried by the blood back to the lungs, where it is expelled during exhalation. This exchange of gases between the circulatory and respiratory systems is essential for maintaining proper oxygen levels in the body and eliminating carbon dioxide.

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Gas Exchange: The primary function of the respiratory system is to facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the external environment. This occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.

Bronchial Tree: Airways, including bronchi and bronchioles, conduct air into the lungs. The branching structure helps in distributing air to different parts of the lungs.

Diaphragm: The diaphragm, a muscular structure, plays a key role in the process of breathing by contracting and relaxing to change thoracic cavity volume.

Interaction with Another System:

The Respiratory System interacts with the Circulatory System. Oxygen from the lungs is transported by red blood cells, bound to hemoglobin, and then delivered to tissues throughout the body. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide produced by cells is transported back to the lungs for exhalation. This exchange is essential for cellular respiration and maintaining proper blood gas levels.

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U.S. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Endocrine system. MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/endocrinesystem.html 

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1. Hormones: The endocrine system uses hormones, chemical messengers produced by glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands. These hormones travel through the bloodstream to target organs and regulate various physiological processes.

2. Pituitary Gland: Often referred to as the "master gland," the pituitary gland produces and releases hormones that control the functions of other endocrine glands and influence growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

3. Homeostasis Regulation: The endocrine system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating processes such as blood sugar levels, electrolyte balance, and metabolism.

Interaction with Another System:

1. The Endocrine System closely interacts with the Nervous System. The hypothalamus, a part of the brain, communicates with the pituitary gland to release hormones that influence the activity of other endocrine glands. This interaction helps coordinate responses to stress, growth, and reproduction.

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Guy-Evans, O. (2023, September 14). Autonomic nervous system (ANS): What it is and how it works. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/autonomic-n

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Neurons:

Neurons are cells that transmit signals in the form of electrical impulses, which the nervous system consists of.

Brain and Spinal Cord:

The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, which play a significant role in the processing of information, coordination of responses, and regulation of bodily functions.

Synaptic Transmission: Communication between neurons occurs at synapses, where neurotransmitters transmit signals from one neuron to another or to target cells (muscles or glands).

Interaction with Another System:

The Nervous System interacts with the Musculoskeletal System. Motor neurons from the nervous system stimulate skeletal muscles to produce movement. The nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary and involuntary muscle actions, allowing for coordinated movements and responses.

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Villa-Forte, A. (2023, November 12). Muscles - bone, joint, and Muscle Disorders. MSD Manual Consumer Version. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/bone,-joint,-and-

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1. Bones and Joints: The musculoskeletal system includes bones and joints, providing structural support, protection of internal organs, and the framework for movement.

2. Muscles: Muscles, connected to bones by tendons, enable movement through contraction and relaxation. Skeletal muscles also play a role in maintaining posture and stability.

3. Bone Marrow: Bone marrow within bones is responsible for the production of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Interaction with Another System:

1. The Musculoskeletal System interacts with the Nervous System. Motor neurons from the nervous system stimulate muscle contraction, allowing for voluntary movements. Additionally, sensory neurons provide feedback on muscle length and tension, contributing to reflexes and coordination.

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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Reproductive health. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health

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1. Gonads (Testes and Ovaries):

Description: The reproductive system includes gonads—testes in males and ovaries in females. These organs are responsible for producing sex cells (sperm in males and eggs in females) and sex hormones (testosterone in males and estrogen and progesterone in females).

2. Fertilization and Embryonic Development:

Description: One of the primary functions of the reproductive system is the process of fertilization, where a sperm cell from the male fuses with an egg cell from the female to form a zygote. This zygote undergoes subsequent divisions, leading to embryonic development and eventually the formation of a fetus.

3. Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle:

Description: In females, the reproductive system regulates the menstrual cycle. This involves the monthly release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation), preparation of the uterine lining for potential pregnancy, and subsequent shedding of the uterine lining (menstruation) if fertilization does not occur. Hormones such as estrogen and progesterone play crucial roles in orchestrating these events.

Interaction with Another System:

The Reproductive System interacts closely with the Endocrine System. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland release hormones (e.g., GnRH, FSH, LH) that stimulate the ovaries and testes, influencing the production of sex hormones and the regulation of the menstrual cycle. This intricate hormonal interplay is essential for the proper functioning of the reproductive system, ensuring fertility and the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

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Circulatory System Review . Khan Academy. (n.d.-a). https://support.khanacademy.org/hc/en-us/articles/226452988-How-to-translate-the-text-in-an-image-

U.S. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Endocrine system. MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/endocrinesystem.html

Brittany Poulson, M. (n.d.). Digestive system diseases: Common, rare, serious types. Verywell Health. https://www.verywellhealth.com/digestive-system-diseases-7

Respiratory system. Respiratory system | Canadian Lung Association. (n.d.). https://www.lung.ca/lung-health/lung-info/respiratory-system

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Reproductive health. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health

professional, C. C. medical. (n.d.). Your immune system: What you need to know. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21196-immune-system

Guy-Evans, O. (2023, September 14). Autonomic nervous system (ANS): What it is and how it works. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/autonomic-n

Villa-Forte, A. (2023, November 12). Muscles - bone, joint, and Muscle Disorders. MSD Manual Consumer Version. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/bone,-joint,-and-