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Complex society including goverment, specialized workers and communication such as a writing system.

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An economic system used by European nations to increase prosperity through trade

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A global trade of plants, animals, culture, people, technology, disease, and ideas between the Old World and the New World.

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Someone who signs a contract to work for a certain period of time in exchange for something.

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A system where human were treated as personal property, to be bought or sold.

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English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who wanted to reform the Church of England by removing perceived Catholic practices and establishments.

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A historical trade network linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas from the 16th to the 19th centuries.

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A spanish labor system in the Americas that required to provide labor and tribute in exchange for protection and religious instructions. This gave conquerors control over Indigenous populations.

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The English settlement of the 13 English colonies in North America, including Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. They relied on cash crops such as tobacco, rice, indigo, and later cotton because they had great conditions and fertile soil. They had fewer towns and schools and were dominated by wealthy landowners who had land and political power.

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English settlements, a group of four British colonies in colonial America, such as New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. They were known for their diverse population and fertile soil that helped them farm. They were the most culturally and economically diverse colonies, combined with agricultural and trade.

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A group of English settlements in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. These colonies developed economies based on farming, fishing, and trade. This area was known for town meetings and a focus on education.

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A British decree that created a boundary, known as the Proclamation Line, along the Appalachian Mountains, forbade American colonists from settling.

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Patriots were American colonists who fought for and supported independence from British rule.

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A Tory was a colonist who remained loyal to the British Crown and opposed the rebellion against Britain.

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A written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen original states.

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A supporter of shared power between central and state governments.

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Opposed the ratification of the U.S. Constitution because they feared a strong national government and a lack of protection for individual rights.

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An eighteenth-century intellectual and cultural movement.

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A 1754 proposal by Benjamin Franklin and other colonial delegates for a unified government to manage colonial defense and relations with Native American tribes.

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Established a framework for the governance of the Northwest Territory and a method for its division into new states.

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Where Continental Army officers, frustrated by unpaid wages and promised pensions, threatened to use force against the Confederation Congress or abandon their posts.

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Created a two-house Congress where the Senate has equal representation and the House of Representatives has proportional representation.

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For every five enslaved people, only three would be counted when determining a state's total population for congressional representation and taxation.

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The British policy from the early 1600s to the mid-1700s of loosely enforcing trade laws and regulations in its American colonies allowed them to develop a high degree of political and economic independence.

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A political party is an organized group of people who come together to exercise political power.

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The Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States, which is the power of the federal courts to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional.

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Campaigned for the voluntary reduction or total prohibition of alcoholic beverages, due to religious and social concerns.

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19th-century social and political efforts to end slavery in the United States

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Political equality for women.

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A machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1794 that efficiently separated cotton fibers from their seeds.

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Steam engine, early republic. This led to factory production.

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A method of manufacturing that centralized production in large facilities (labor)

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Private investment to reduce transportation costs and stimulate economic growth

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A foreign policy position opposing European colonialism in the Western Hemisphere. It stated that the Americas were closed to further European colonization of any political affairs.

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Left leaning political party in the United States

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A major political party in the United States that existed from the mid-1830s until the mid-1850s.

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A device that converted messages into electric impulses that traveled by wires and were converted back to readable text.

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Components manufactured allowing one to directly replace another in a device or assembly without custom fitting

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The act of forcing people to serve in the military against their will.

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The belief that the United States was destined to expand westward across North America, spreading democracy and civilization.

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A set of laws to help ease tension between free and slave states. California was admitted as a free state.

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The 1854 law allowed settlers in Kansas and Nebraska to decide on slavery through popular sovereignty, leading to Bleeding Kansas.

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Its the idea that people should decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery.

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A law that required people to help capture and return escaped enslaved people to their owners, even from free states.

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Being loyal to their own region, such as the north, south, or west, rather than the country as a whole.

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The Southern states left the Union to form their own government, the Confederacy, starting in 1860 with South Carolina.

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The Northern states that remained loyal to the U.S. government during the Civil War.

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The Southern states that left from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America, led by Jefferson Davis.

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In 1865, slavery was abolished in the United States.

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In 1868, it granted citizenship to all people born in the U.S., which included enslaved people and guaranteed equal protection under the law.

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In 1870, it gave African American men the right to vote.

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An economic system where private individuals own and operate businesses for profit.

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An industrial leader who built a railroad empire for shipping. This was one of the first great industrialists.

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A steel magnate who built the Carnegie Steel Company.

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Founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and became one of the wealthiest.

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Powerful banker who financed railroads, organized U.S. Steel, and helped stabilize the U.S. economy during financial crises.

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Power industrialists who contributed to the economic growth and innovation in the late 1800s.

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This was considered a negative term for industrialists who were accused of exploiting workers and corrupting government to gain wealth.

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Organization of workers to protect and gain rights by fighting for better wages and working conditions.

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This was the movement of people where immigrants came to the U.S for industrial jobs during the Gilded Age.

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This was a term coined by Mark Twain to describe the late 1800s as a period of wealth and industrial growth.

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This was a belief that in society, only the strongest and most capable individuals or businesses succeed.

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Carnegie's ideas that the rich have a duty to use their wealth to help improve society.

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This was an investigative journalism exposing the corruption, poor working conditions, and social injustices.

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The movement for the right of women to vote.

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This was a nationwide ban on the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States.

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Someone who advocates for a policy of remaining apart from the affairs of other countries , who focuses on domestic issues and avoids any international involvement.

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When a country expands its power and influence over other nations and territories.

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A U.S. naval officer who argued that strong nations need a stronger navy.

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This was a U.S. policy that provided equal trading rights in China and prevented any one nation from controlling Chinese markets.

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Building a strong armed force in preparation for war.

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Pride in one's nation (thinking your nation is the best).

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An international peacekeeping organization that was created after World War 2.

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A peace treaty that ended World War 1 and punished Germany harshly.

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A movement in which millions of African Americans from the South moved to northern cities for industrial jobs.

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This was a secret message from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance against the U.S.

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Buying stocks with borrowed money. This led to market instability, which later led to the 1929 stock market crash.

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Taxes on imported goods.

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These were goals of FDR's New Deal program to fight the Great Depression.

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This was the U.S. strategy during WWII of capturing specific Pacific islands to move closer to Japan.

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The genocide during World War II, in which Nazi Germany murdered many Jews.

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Groups made up of different countries that work together on global issues.

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An international organization created after WWII to promote peace and cooperation.

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A post-WWII economic system that set rules for money and trade to stabilize the global economy.

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A military alliance formed by the United States and Western countries to defend against the Soviet Union.

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The division between communist Eastern Europe and democratic Western Europe.

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A military alliance of the Soviet Union and Eastern European allies.

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A U.S. policy to stop the spread of communism.

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The idea that if one country fell to communism and nearby countries would follow.

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The idea that nuclear war would destroy both sides so no one started one.

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A powerful nuclear weapon was first used by the US in WWII.

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Weapons that use nuclear reaction and create massive destruction.

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President Lyndon B. Johnson's program to reduce poverty and improve education and civil rights.

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Supreme Court case that ended segregation in public schools.

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The economic policy of President Rondalde Reagan, which focused on tax cuts, decreased government spending on domestic programs, and strengthened the military.

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A political ideology that supports government action to promote social welfare, protect civil rights, and regulate business to promote fairness.

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A political ideology that favors limited government involvement in the economy, traditional social values, and a strong national defense.

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A Christian conservative political organization that wanted to influence public policy on issues like abortion and school prayer.

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The theory that tax cuts and economic benefits for businesses and the wealth that will eventually go down to the rest of society through investments.

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This is an action that is taken by a national central bank to control the money supply, interest rates, and inflation.