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When speaking on John Dewey's intelligent action, he spoke on encouraging people to have personal interest in the subject matter (Bates, 2019). This is something I try to do with my students when reading different material for ELA. When we keep the topics revenant to their life and the real world, it becomes more enticing for them to want to listen and comprehend it all. Also, I love the idea that we should be open-minded and honest when we as teachers have learned new information from them. They need to know we are all learning and sharpening one another in every way possible. We build off one another.

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This concept needs to be utilized more often than not. Pausing for a moment in the day to reflect on why a certain result wasn't achieved is the best thing anybody can do in this world. We have to reflect and understand what happened right and what went wrong. This was apart of Wolfgang's gestalt movement (Bates, 2019). I try to help my athletes assess their mistakes with reflection after they mechanically do something wrong. They need to understand the result and how to create a better and new result.

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I love the mention of failing does not make you a failure. We live in an emotionally vulnerable world now, and so many students stop themselves from learning after they feel like they have been labeled as a failure. As teachers we are to use our talents to reveal failure is a tool we have if we use it correctly. Failure strengthens our skills and talents. Failure creates tears that rebuild into a stronger version of ourselves. They are needed to grow us and get better. If someone is re-evaluating the situation and getting better then they will never be known as a failure.

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I loved that this chapter mentioned creative thinking because I aspire to do this for students when it comes to writing. They need to express their creative ways through writing. They should feel the freedom to do so when it is a safe place for them to begin this process. This is apart of the Eureka moment mentioned (Bates, 2019). We has teachers are the ones who can create environments for the students to feel safe to be creative and insightful.

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Vygotsky believed that learning was acquired through many avenues of social interaction (Bates, 2019). Lev referred to development being in a zone of proximal development. I half way agree with this because we do learn so much through social interaction, but I also know there are other ways we acquire knowledge. I do agree with his theory of scaffolding as teachers support the student's development during thier ZPD zone (Bates, 2019).

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There are apparently four stages of development. Im not sure if these steps make sense to me compared to other theories. The first one is the sensorimotor stage where you learn through touch and feel (Bates, 2019). Pre-operational stage is the second one where students have the ability to arrange objects logically (Bates, 2019). The third stage is concrete operational where students have the ability to logically contemplate objects and events. They become more structured than before (Bates, 2019). Formal operational is the fourth stage that involves abstract thinking and verbal thoughts are organized. The different stages listed make sense to a degree, but sometimes I am finding it difficult to make connections of how students learn with those different stages. I do think learning and cognitive processing does happen in stages because there are others in different stages of learning at different ages.

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Piaget discusses that teachers should take an active, mentoring position toward their students (Bates, 2019). This is a very true statement because we need to be engaging with the students so they are more willing to receive the lessons. They are more than likely able to retain it if they are truly learning it when the teacher mentors the students in the right manner. This also allows us to teach the students they can use their mistakes to get better at the task we ask of them. We can model this with writing. When we first write anything, it needs to be edited. Moreover, the editing process strengthens the essay and builds it to be a stronger paper. We can mentor our students to understand this concept.

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I agree with Piaget about all kids being at different levels in their cognitive development (Bates, 2019). There may be students who have been earlier with certain things they comprehend and then others later. My son is a great example of this when he was in Kindergarten trying to read. He just wasn't ready to truly become a reader. He needed another year and a half before it all clicked for him. My daughter on the other hand was developing faster and was reading early in Kindergarten. They all develop at different paces and seasons; it is okay to be later than others.

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Piaget discusses how to use this way of learning. He used football as a way to engage students with a learning process. The team helped their Asperger's syndrome friend with engaging in a sport they love to help them all learn. This is a great way to engage those with behavioral issues (Bates, 2019). People will react differently according to their cognitive development stage they are in (Bates, 2019). I do think that engagement of students who are at different levels of cognitive development will have a better chance of learning when it's a common interest they all have. I think engagement is a great way of helping all students grow in whatever knowledge they need to acquire. I like that Piaget's theory rest heavily on making mistakes, re-evaluating the mistakes, and then trying it again. Changing what you did before to make something better is what helps us grow and get stronger with whatever task it may be. This can apply to everything in life.

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Constructivism was developed through theorist Jean Piaget. He believed that people constructed knowledge rather than receiving it (Bates, 2019). I do believe that once we receive thoughts, we have access to internalize the information and create new and improved ways of thinking. I think the four stages of development are very well put together in terms of knowledge growth and development. Piaget discusses that knowledge comes from someone's experiences that become heavily influenced by emotions (Bates, 2019).

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Push learners to take risk and know that it is okay to mess up when trying out new thoughts (Bates, 2019).

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Taking Responsible Risks | Habits of Mind

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The concept of a ping moment is having one of those "aha" thoughts as you are working through formulating a resolution to an obstacle (Bates, 2019).

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Gestalt Theory: This is the concept such as perception, learning, understanding and thinking should be viewed as engaging relationships (Bates, 2019).

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The Gestalt Principles | Basics for Beginners

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Learning should not be separate from life itself (Bates, 2019).

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John Dewey Learning should not be separate from life itself  

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"Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself." – John Dewey

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When you accept responsibility for the consequences of action in the application of learning it is known as mature approach to the intelligent actions (Bates, 2019).

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Accepting responsibility for the consequences of applying learning 

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The Importance of Accepting Responsibility

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The second intelligent action is absorbed interest. This is the wholehearted approach to receive knowledge over the topic (Bates, 2019).

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One of the key aspects of each attitude toward Dewey's intelligent actions (Bates, 2019).

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Being open-minded | What does it mean to be open-minded? | Open-minded for kids

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Not all people want to spend too much time processing information (Bates, 2019).

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deeper understanding and reasoned thinking 

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Comparison Chart

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This is a principle based on actively processed information inside our minds when connecting relationships between information (Bates, 2019).