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존 F. 케네디와 리처드 닉슨

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존 F. 케네디와 리처드 닉슨

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존 F. 케네디와 리처드 닉슨

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60년대 미국 음악 문화: 브리티시 인베이전

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60년대 미국 음악 문화: 브리티시 인베이전

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당시의 영국은 문화적인 면에선 여러모로 미국보다는 개방적인 나라였다. 이 시기는 영국 본토 항공전으로 런던이 쑥대밭이 되는 등 엄청난 타격을 입고 한때 배급제를 시행해야 했을 정도로 참담했던 2차 세계대전 직후의 폐허를 벗어난 시대로 당시 영국은 마셜 플랜을 통한 물자 지원도 크게 받았지만 나치의 폭격이 본토 전체에 미치지 않아 프랑스, 독일 등 경쟁국가에 비해 상대적으로 산업시설이 정상 작동했고 비록 식민지는 다 내주었지만 영연방 경제블록은 유효했기 때문에 지속적인 자원 확보는 물론 영국의 유럽 내 수출이 매우 활발했다. 그래서 이시기 영국의 경제성장률은 상승곡선을 그렸고 1960년대까지 호황기를 누릴수 있었다. 그 덕에 영국은 상대적으로 사회, 문화적으로 여유가 있었고 마셜 플랜을 위해 부지런히 물자를 나르던 미국과의 교류를 통해 미국과의 문화적 교류도 용이했다.

정작 로큰롤의 종주국이자 본토였던 미국에선 1950년대 후반~1960년경을 전후해서 로큰롤 열기가 급작스럽게 꺼져 버렸고 이후에도 부활의 기미조차 안 보여서 이젠 생명력을 다해 죽어 버린 장르 취급을 받았으며 로큰롤을 하는 음악인 자체가 없어서 씨가 말라버렸다. 그러나 영국에선 여전히 생명력이 남아있던 로큰롤의 짜릿함을 잊지 못하고 로큰롤을 계속 연주하는 청소년들이 여전히 남아 있었다. 그 대표적인 예가 바로 비틀즈 로서 쿼리맨이라는 고교 스쿨밴드로 시작해서 졸업 후엔 1950년대 후반부터 60년대 초반까지 리버풀과 독일의 함부르크에서 클럽 연주 활동을 하며 실력을 다지고 있었다. 이후 비틀즈 외에도 리버풀 출신 밴드들이 여럿 나오며 이런 리버풀 출신 밴드들을 가리켜서 머시 비트라는 별칭이 붙기도 했다. 제리 앤 더 페이스메이커스, 서쳐스, 허먼즈 허미츠, 러빈 스푼풀[19], 프레디 앤 더 드리머스 등이 있다. 그리고 런던에서도 1963~4년경에 더 후, 롤링 스톤즈, 스몰 페이시스 같은 밴드들이 막 활동을 시작하려 하고 있었다. 이렇게 영국의 여기 저기서 다양한 밴드들이 활동하기 시작하면서 바야흐로 영국식 로큰롤 음악이 태동하게 된 것이었다.

어느 분야에서나 마찬가지로 대중음악계에서도 세계로 뻗어나가려면 먼저 세계 문화계의 중심이라고 할 수 있는 미국에서 성공하는 것이 필요하다. 그러나 당시까지 클래식 음악과 재즈의 영향력은 어마무시했고 미국의 대중음악 시장은 로큰롤쪽과는 거리가 먼 팝 음악이나 R&B/소울 위주였으며 대학가에서도 그때까지만 해도 "로큰롤은 철없는 10대나 듣는 생각없는 양아치 노래" 취급하며 무시하던 사회참여적인 포크 음악계가 큰 영향력을 행사하고 있었기 때문에 미국에서 이미 생명이 꺼진 지 수년이나 되는 로큰롤 음악이 성공할 수 있을지에 대해 회의적인 시각이 많았다.

그러나 1964년 캐피톨사에서 발매한 첫 비틀즈 미국 앨범 'Meet the Beatles'가 그 철없는 10대들의 열광적 호응에 힘입어 미국에서 대히트를 쳤고, 'I Want To Hold Your Hand'를 비롯한 여러 싱글곡들이 역사적인 인기를 얻으면서 너무 많이 봐 질린 올드한 흑인 뮤지션 대신 20대 초반의 서글서글한 잘생긴 외모에 단정한 차림을 한 영국 미청년들이 보여주는[21] 기존의 흑인 음악 원류와는 또다른 진화한 로큰롤 사운드에 대한 미국 청소년들의 관심이 폭발적으로 고조되었다. 드디어 비틀즈의 첫 미국 공연이 결정되었고 1964년 2월 7일 비행기를 타고 뉴욕 JFK 공항에 내려 당시 유명한 쇼 프로그램이었던 에드 설리반 쇼(Ed Sullivan Shows)에 출연하였다.

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After reading Atticus's closing statement, I was deeply impressed by his courage and sense of responsibility. He persevered through hardship and adversity for his beliefs, clearly articulating our duty to stand against racial discrimination and prejudice. His words went beyond a mere courtroom speech; they carried a profound awareness and sense of accountability toward society. Atticus emphasized the importance of treating all individuals equally and with respect, regardless of whom we worship. With this understanding, we realize the imperative of coming together for a better society ahead.

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I had never thought deeply about the discrimination caused by differences in skin color. This is because there were few opportunities to meet people of different races, and even if they did, there were only a few. That's why I was indifferent to the issue of racism, and I was able to think about the seriousness of the issue of racism through this book, which presents a specific situation where I can immerse myself. I want to be a person who can help others even when they are discriminated against, not only when I am angry when I am racist. I think it is an important procedure to live in a globalized society.

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Although I had read this book before, it was my first time watching the movie. Since I already new the story, I thought that it would not be as interesting as the book. However, seeing the scenes in this book that I had only thought of in my mind helped me get a better understanding of the historical background. Also, during the court scene, I experienced many emotions that I could not in the book.

This court scene also made me wonder if the white people in the audience felt guilt that they were willing to kill a human being just because he is black.

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After reading Atticus' speech, I thought a lot. I think it's great that Atticus came out to defend black people in the racist society of the time. Atticus' belief that the law should be applied equally to everyone and that all human beings, regardless of race, should have dignity was impressive. In defense of Tom Robinson, he thought it was also worthy of emulation that he kept to the end what he believed was right even when his safety and social reputation could be threatened. I think it would be very reliable if there was at least one such righteous person around us. It's difficult to become someone like Atticus, but I should live with his attitude in my heart.

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Atticus's defense not only functions as a cool-headed argument as a lawyer, but is also an insight into human dignity and a speech that penetrates the contradictions and essence of American society.

Despite the perception that all people with different skin colors are equal, it points out that distinguishing and dividing people based on skin color is not consideration, but functions as violence in itself.

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I want to work with someone like atticus later. I don't think there's anything to worry about if he is by my side. I wish I were a jury when he talk to people in court. Then I must have heard his opinion. I hope he don't feel helpless about Tom. If he lived without bending his will, he would find someone who thought the same way as him. Society needs someone like him. If a man like him reappears after death, i will surely be by his side then. I hope he'll be happy to read my essay. I hope he will continue to live his life without bending his will.

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<Motown and Soul music>

The Supremes

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Supremes

<R&B, Early Funk>

James Brown https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown

<Social impact>

These two categories encapsulate the profound influence and enduring legacy of Black music in the 1960s, highlighting its role in both musical innovation and social transformation.

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The Supremes were an American girl group and a premier act of Motown Records during the 1960s. Founded as the Primettes in Detroit, Michigan, in 1959, the Supremes were the most commercially successful of Motown’s acts and the most successful American vocal band, with 12 number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100. Most of these hits were written and produced by Motown’s main songwriting and production team, Holland–Dozier–Holland. It is said that their breakthrough made it possible for future African-American R&B and soul musicians to find mainstream success. Billboard ranked the Supremes as the 16th greatest Hot 100 artist of all time.[1]

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I was impressed by what Atticus did.

Nigroes were treated like a stuff at the time.

However he repected Tom Robinson, the negro who was presumed guilty.

And he did his duty as a lawyer.

His speech was a direct attack on people's conventional thought.

It reminded people that everyone is equal.

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When everyone else says yes, having the courage to say no is remarkable. I admire Atticus for confidently expressing his opinion, even in public. Sometimes, I lack the courage and let things pass without expressing myself. I want to be courageous like Atticus. I want to be someone who is not ashamed of myself.

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After reading Atticus' speech, I was very impressed. Even though he is white, he felt great in that he defended for black people in the 1960s, when black racism was severe. Also, the most impressive thing was that Atticus criticized black racism very logically and calmly. Even in our current society, social minorities exist, and they are also discriminated against. In order to help them, I thought that we need a person like Atticus in our society now. I think society seems to be a little bright because there are people who are working hard for social minorities. In order to move forward to a better society, I think it is important to change into a society where we can all respect social minorities.

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After watching Atticus' speech, I felt that he was a sincere person. When the majority expressed a common opinion, he gave a different answer. His words were logical and calm. He also relieved the defendant of something that was extremely unfair. However, despite these efforts, the jury decided to ignore his words. No one person can stop the flow of the times.

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Atticus' words were impressive to me because I knew how difficult it was to assert racial equality at that time. In particular, in the part of saying "all men are created equal", I could feel Atticus' tremendous courage. Everyone knows the truth but they couldn't tell it, and I think Atticus has a lot of credit for bringing the uncomfortable truth to the surface. Now, racial discrimination has decreased a lot, but it is still common to see Asians discriminated against when they go abroad. That's why I think people like Atticus are needed even in this day and age. Until everyone can know that all humans are equal, it will take many people's efforts.

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Atticus, you're a real man. I respect you 100 times. You look so cool doing your job no matter what anyone says. I want to be a man like you. You're my role model, my friend. Take care

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책 272쪽~275쪽 읽고 감상문 올리기

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To Kill a Mockingbird | Atticus Finch's Closing Argument

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The 1960s 배경 (3)

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💙앵무새 죽이기 관련 수행평가 총 세 가지 안내 💜

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💙앵무새 죽이기 관련 수행평가 총 세 가지 안내 💜

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1) 소설책 272쪽~275쪽을 보면서 자신의 생각을 영어로 적습니다. 문장은 6개 이상. 영어로 완성. 각자의 section을 찾아서 적습니다. (10점) --14일까지

2) 수업 중 다룬 영상 3개 보고, 1960년대에 대한 퀴즈 (20점)- 12일에 이루어집니다

3) 1960년대 정치 경제 문화 음악 미술 과학 스포츠 등등에 대한 조사를 해서 PPT올리고 발표하면 (10점) ___PPT없는 조사내용만 올리면 (5점) - 17일 이후 anytime [슬라이드는 3-4개로 제한]

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The 1960s 배경 (2)

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The 1960s 배경 (1)

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가사가 좋다.

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[Lyrics Video] Epitone Project(에피톤 프로젝트) - Cactus(선인장) (Song By Lucia(심규선))

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마음이 편하다. 속상한 마음도 토닥토닥. :)

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음악을 펼쳐 보여드리는 뮤직큐레이터 피아쌤

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[Playlist] 봄에는🌱모차르트지 | 임윤찬 모차르트 소나타➕임윤찬 협주곡➕바렌보임➕손열음➕트리포노프➕소콜로프➕아믈랭➕또모 윤아인

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Yunchan Lim 임윤찬 – BEETHOVEN Piano Concerto No. 3 in C Minor, op. 37 – 2022 Cliburn Competition

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Yunchan Lim 임윤찬 – BEETHOVEN Piano Concerto No. 3 in C Minor, op. 37 – 2022 Cliburn Competition

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Handel: Suite No. 2 in F Major, HWV 427 - II. Allegro

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https://m.blog.naver.com/ol1sfmfx/223477585947

https://youtu.be/3CjcZ1WMY_Y?feature=shared

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네이버 블로그 | 투자를 통한 다양한 이야기...

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- Emergence of a new generation: The 1960s were sometimes called the "era of youth" as 700,000 post-war baby boomers grew into teenagers or adults. This new generation has begun to consume culture differently from their parents' generation.

- Cultural change: Due to movements opposing the conservative thinking of the 1950s, the way of thinking finally began to change in a revolutionary way in the 1960s, and real changes began to occur in the cultural structure of Americans.

- Media influence: Over the past 10 years, a culture completely different from that of their parents' generation has taken root as they have adapted from the musical culture that their parents were familiar with to the new medium of TV.

- Changes in music: Beginning in the mid-1950s, the popularity of rock and roll music brought about new changes along with the decline of musicals.

- Changes in musicals: In response to these changes, starting in the 1960s, new musicals featuring fast-paced stories emerged to keep up with the fast-paced scene development of TV and movies through quick transitions on multi-purpose stages.

These changes marked the 1960s in America as a time of widespread sexual, cultural, and political liberalism.

In the 1960s, a new generation emerged as the "baby boom" generation grew up. This generation began to consume culture differently from their parents' generation, and in particular, as they adapted to a new medium called TV, a completely different culture from their parents' generation took root over the next 10 years. Young people in their 20s and younger who drove this new culture made up half of the U.S. population in the 1960s. They actively expressed their new desires, and especially from the mid-1950s, the popularity of rock and roll music brought about new changes along with the decline of musicals. In response to these changes, starting in the 1960s, new musicals featuring fast-paced stories emerged to keep up with the rapid scene development of TV and movies through quick transitions on multi-purpose stages.

Changes in culture are caused by a variety of factors. This includes key factors such as:

- Emergence of new generations: Each generation has cultural experiences specific to their time, which influence their values, attitudes, behavior, etc. These changes impact culture as new generations become leading members of society.

- Advances in technology: Advances in technology promote cultural change. In particular, advances in information and communication technologies promote the spread and sharing of culture, which accelerates cultural change.

- Social and economic changes: Social and economic changes have a significant impact on cultural changes. For example, industrialization, urbanization, globalization, etc. promote cultural change.

- Cultural contact: Contact with other cultures causes cultural change through the spread of new cultural elements. This happens through immigration, trade, intermarriage, political alliances, and more.

- Changes in needs: Culture is a system of needs and their satisfaction. Therefore, a culture can change as the needs of the people living in that culture change.

These factors interact with each other, which promotes cultural change in complex ways.

The influence of media in the United States in the 1960s was significant:

- The advent of TV: Over the past 10 years, a culture completely different from that of their parents' generation has taken root as they have adapted from the musical culture that their parents were accustomed to to a new medium called TV. Young people in their 20s and younger who drove this new culture made up half of the U.S. population in the 1960s.

- Spread of popular culture: TV has been popularized since the British BBC began the world's first black-and-white television broadcast in 1936, and has remained a major medium for transmitting information through audio and video. The United States expanded and grew, showing scenes from the Korean War in 1950-3, the Kennedy era in the 1960s, and the moon landing in 1969.

- Political influence: In the 1960 U.S. presidential election, Republican candidate Nixon was ahead in popularity, but young candidate Kennedy succeeded in winning the public's favor by creating a fresh and reformative image in a debate broadcast on TV. 35 He was elected president.

These changes marked the 1960s in America as a time of widespread sexual, cultural, and political liberalism.

In the 1960s, American music culture experienced the following changes:

- Rock 'n' roll music epidemic: Beginning in the mid-1950s, the rock 'n' roll music epidemic brought about new changes along with the decline of musicals. In response to these changes, since the 1960s, new musicals have appeared that tell fast-paced stories to keep up with the rapid scene development of TV and movies through quick transitions on multi-purpose stages.

- Hippie culture and music: Hippie culture emerged in the 1960s, which had a great influence on music. Hippie culture's motto was peace, love, and freedom, which was also reflected in its music. Due to the influence of hippie culture, many musicians such as Jimi Hendrix, Bob Dylan, The Beatles, and the Rolling Stones were loved by the public.

- Music and drugs: As part of the hippie culture, music and drugs were closely linked. Hippies expressed their philosophy and thoughts through music, which had a great influence on music.

These changes marked the 1960s in America as a time of widespread sexual, cultural, and political liberalism.

In the 1960s, American musical culture experienced the following changes:

- Influence of TV: Over the past 10 years, a culture completely different from that of their parents' generation has taken root as they have adapted from the musical culture that their parents were familiar with to the new medium of TV. Young people in their 20s and younger who drove this new culture made up half of the U.S. population in the 1960s.

- Emergence of musicals of various genres: In response to these changes, starting in the 1960s, new musicals featuring fast-paced stories appeared in order to keep up with the rapid scene development of TV or movies through quick transitions on multi-purpose stages.

- Use of band music: Since the 1960s, most musicals have used band music instead of traditional orchestra. The reason was economics and spontaneity.

- Jules Stein's works: Jules Stein was the most prolific composer of his time. His works had a great influence on the change and development of musicals.

These changes marked the 1960s in America as a time of widespread sexual, cultural, and political liberalism.

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1960년대 미국의 문화적 변화는 다음과 같습니다: - 새로운 세대의 등장: 1960년대는 전후 70만 명에 이르...

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업무하면서 듣기 너무 좋습니다. 집중하기도 좋고 마음에 평화가 옵니다. 이 음악을 추천해준 2023년도 김승민학생 감사해요.

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【Playlist】  지브리의 피아노 OST 모음은 제가 공부하면서들을 수있어서 좋았어요 💖 (나우시카에서 아리에 티까지)

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1. 조셉 헬러 (Joseph Heller) - Catch-22 (1961)

: 이 작품은 제2차 세계대전을 배경으로 한 블랙 코미디 소설로, 전쟁의 부조리와 비합리성을 풍자합니다. "캐치-22"라는 용어는 바로 이 소설에서 유래한 것입니다.

2. 커트 보네거트 (Kurt Vonnegut) - Slaughterhouse-Five (1969)

: 이 소설은 드레스덴 폭격을 배경으로 시간 여행과 초현실적 요소를 결합하여 전쟁의 참상과 인간 존재의 무의미함을 탐구합니다.

3. 하퍼 리 (Harper Lee) - To Kill a Mockingbird (1960)

: 인종차별과 정의, 도덕적 성장에 대한 이야기를 담고 있으며, 미국 남부의 인종 문제를 강력하게 고발한 작품입니다. 이 작품으로 하퍼 리는 퓰리처상을 수상했습니다.

4. 실비아 플라스 (Sylvia Plath) - The Bell Jar (1963)

: 이 자전적 소설은 주인공 에스더 그린우드의 정신적 쇠약과 자살 시도, 그리고 그녀의 치유 과정을 그립니다. 1960년대 여성의 억압된 삶을 생생하게 묘사했습니다.

5. 토마스 핀천 (Thomas Pynchon) - V. (1963)

: 복잡한 구조와 다층적인 스토리라인을 통해 현대 사회의 무질서와 혼돈을 탐구하는 포스트모더니즘 소설입니다.

6. 앤서니 버지스 (Anthony Burgess) - A Clockwork Orange (1962)

: 폭력과 자유 의지, 사회적 통제에 대한 문제를 다룬 이 소설은 독특한 언어와 강렬한 주제로 많은 논란을 불러일으켰습니다.

7. 켄 키지 (Ken Kesey) - One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1962)

: 정신병원을 배경으로 한 이 소설은 권위와 자유, 사회의 규범에 도전하는 이야기를 담고 있습니다. 이후 동명의 영화로도 만들어져 큰 인기를 끌었습니다.

공통점

: 1960년대 영미 문학은 사회적, 정치적 변화와 개인의 내면적 갈등을 반영하고 있습니다. 이 시기의 작가들은 기존의 문학적 전통을 넘어서는 새로운 형식과 주제를 탐구하며, 독자들에게 강렬한 메시지를 전달하려 했습니다.

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After the mid-1960s, psychedelic rock symbolized by the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band was popular, and hippie culture was popular along with it. The hippie culture, represented by All You Need Is Love, became a big success with the support of the hippie people. The 1960s was an era when various ideologies were expressed in many ways, and the music industry was no exception.

Typically, the Beatles were the most iconic in the music world, and ideologically since the mid-1960s, even the incarnation of the social and cultural movement at the time, the Beatles have recognized various ideologies such as pacifism, secularism, egalitarianism, and individualism as a kind of imposing mainstream.

Detroit's Motown Records emerged during this period as a major change occurred in the black music industry, where white people took the initiative in rock and roll. Instead of being based on authentic black music genres such as R&B, jazz, and blues, they quickly analyzed trends in the pop music industry and released different and popular songs.

They led black music, which had been declining in rock and roll, to its second heyday, and were influenced by Motown musicians to create funk, and based on this, new genres such as disco and dance pop will be born later on. The people from this place are also colorful, including Marvin Gay, Stevie Wonder, and Supremes, and Michael Jackson, who appeared like a comet in the 1980s, also debuted in Motown as a group called the Jackson 5, and began his musical career with popularity. In addition to Motown musicians, veteran black musicians such as Aretha Franklin, Ray Charles, and James Brown maintained the R&B genre in the 1950s, contributing greatly to the development of soul and the creation of the punk genre in the 60s.

It was also a time when avant-garde jazz and free jazz, including John Coltrane and Impulse! Records, were in their heyday. In the late '60s, Miles Davis created Fusion Jazz.