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A stage in human society where advanced levels of culture, science, and governance have been achieved.

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Mercantilism is an economic policy where nations aim to increase their wealth by exporting more than they import, often through government control and trade restrictions.

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The exchange of plants, animals, foods, diseases, wealth, and culture between Europe and the Americas, starting with Christopher Columbus and continuing through the age of exploration and expansion.

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To attract English subjects to the colonies, parties offered legal bonded contracts that covered the cost of passage across the Atlantic in exchange for up to seven years of labor in America.

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Total ownership of one person over another.

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A religious reform movement in the 16th and 17th centuries aimed at "purifying" the Church of England.

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Economic exchange amongst three markets and geographies.

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Spain granted large tracts of conquered land in Spanish America, including entire villages of indigenous people, to court favorites, including many conquistadors. These landlords were supposed to educate the natives in the Roman Catholic faith, but the system was often abused, with landlords exploiting the natives as forced labor instead.

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Colonies focused on cash crops.

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Colonies with a strong agricultural focus that served as key distribution centers in the English Mercantile System due to their location.

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Colonies established by the Puritans for religious reasons, with the aim of creating a society that aligned with their interpretation of God's will.

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A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

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Before the American Constitution, this established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes.

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An eighteenth-century philosophical movement that began in Western Europe with roots in the Scientific Revolution.

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Near the end of the Revolutionary War, the Continental Army had not received pay for many years and threatened to abandon the fight if they were not compensated.

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A colonist who rebelled against British rule.

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Supporters of the new Constitution and a strong federal government. They fear a weak government. Generally very wealthy.

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A plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the British Crown.

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The decision to have a bicameral legislature, one house based on population, and one house with an equal number of representatives for every state.

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A colonist who supported British rule.

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Supporters of the Articles of Confederation, not the Constitution. They fear a tyrannical national government with too much power and strongly advocate for the Bill of Rights.

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One of the biggest accomplishments of the Articles of Confederation. This established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union.

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Determined that each slave would be counted as three fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation.

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A period from the early 1600s to the mid-1700s where British Parliamentary laws were not enforced on the colonists.

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A group of people working together to win elections and control the government.

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The effort to secure equal rights for women, especially the right to vote.

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Man-made waterways that connect rivers or lakes to help with travel and shipping.

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An early communication device that sent coded messages through electrical wires.

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Supreme Court case that established the court’s power to decide if laws are legal under the Constitution.

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A machine that quickly removed seeds from cotton, making cotton production faster and easier.

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A U.S. policy telling European countries to stay out of the Americas' business.

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Identical pieces made so that they can easily replace broken ones in machines.

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A movement aimed at reducing or eliminating the use of alcoholic drinks.

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A machine that uses steam to create power and drive machines or vehicles.

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In the 1800s, this party supported states' rights, farming, and slavery, and wanted low taxes and less involvement in foreign affairs.

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The British Navy forcing American sailors to work for them, even if they were no longer British citizens.

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The movement focused on ending slavery in the U.S.

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A way of organizing manufacturing where all the work happens in one place with workers doing specialized tasks to produce goods faster.

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A political party that opposed President Andrew Jackson’s policies and wanted a stronger national government and more government-funded improvements like roads.

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The belief in the 1800s that Americans were destined by God to expand their territory across the continent.

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A law that required runaway slaves to be returned to their owners, even if they were found in a free state.

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The southern states that seceded from the Union, mainly over issues related to slavery.

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A set of proposals by Henry Clay aiming to settle disputes between the North and South, which included revising the Fugitive Slave Act and other key decisions.

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Favoring the interests of a specific region or section of the country over the interests of the nation as a whole.

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The constitutional amendment that abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States.

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Legislation that allowed residents of Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery, nullifying the Missouri Compromise.

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The act of a state withdrawing from the nation to which it belonged.

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An amendment granting African Americans citizenship and ensuring equal protection under the law.

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The idea that people living in a territory should have the right to decide whether slavery would be legal there.

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The northern states during the Civil War, which opposed the secession of the southern states.

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The amendment that provided African American men with the right to vote.

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An economic system where private ownership of property allows individuals to exchange goods, labor, and money for profit.

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Journalistic efforts aimed at uncovering corruption in large corporations and the government.

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A railroad tycoon who connected Chicago and New York with his rail lines. He introduced the use of steel tracks, making trains safer and more cost-effective.

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The movement of people across the country, including waves of immigrants and formerly enslaved individuals relocating to cities.

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A leading figure in the steel industry, he controlled every step of production through "Vertical Integration" to increase efficiency and cut out middlemen.

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The belief that wealth and power naturally belong to those who are more capable and deserving.

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An oil magnate who started with little and built the Standard Oil Company. By 1877, he dominated 95% of the U.S. oil refineries.

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The period after the Civil War and before WWI, marked by rapid economic growth and the rise of monopolies that allowed individuals to gain massive wealth.

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A financier who played a key role in restructuring railroads, insurance firms, and banks. He acquired Carnegie's steel business and founded the U.S. Steel Corporation in 1901.

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Worker organizations that use collective bargaining to secure better working conditions.

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A complimentary term for wealthy business leaders during the Gilded Age, suggesting their efforts contributed to America's strength and growth.

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The philosophy that very wealthy individuals have a duty to use their fortunes for the benefit of society.

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A critical term for Gilded Age business leaders who amassed wealth through questionable practices, often creating monopolies.

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The movement advocating for women to gain the right to vote.

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A naval officer and strategist who strongly supported expanding U.S. influence through Imperialism.

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An international organization established in 1919 to foster global peace and cooperation, though its effectiveness was undermined by the U.S. refusal to join. It is often seen as a precursor to the United Nations.

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A financial practice where investors paid only a portion of a stock's price upfront and borrowed the rest, typically at high interest rates.

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A legal ban on the production and sale of alcoholic beverages, enforced from 1920 to 1933.

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A U.S. policy advocating for equal trading rights for all nations in Chinese ports that were open to international commerce.

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The peace agreement that ended World War I, imposing harsh penalties on Germany, including reparations and restrictions on its military.

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Taxes imposed on imported goods.

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A foreign policy approach advocating for the U.S. to avoid involvement in international conflicts, alliances, and politics, focusing instead on domestic interests.

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A policy or belief emphasizing the importance of a strong military and its readiness to be used aggressively to defend or advance national goals.

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The large-scale relocation of African Americans from the rural South to industrial cities in the North and Midwest.

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A shorthand for the goals of the New Deal: relief for the needy, economic recovery, and reforms to prevent future crises.

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A strategy where a powerful nation seeks to exert control over other regions politically, socially, and economically.

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A belief system centered on loyalty and devotion to one’s nation, often promoting national interests over others.

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A secret communication from Germany to Mexico during WWI, encouraging Mexico to attack the U.S. in exchange for German support to reclaim territory lost in the Mexican-American War.

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A WWII strategy used by U.S. forces to capture specific Pacific islands, gradually advancing toward Japan to secure victory.

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A set of domestic programs launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson aimed at improving the social welfare system in the United States.

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A groundbreaking weapon first deployed in Hiroshima, Japan, demonstrating unprecedented destructive capabilities.

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Extremely destructive devices capable of annihilating entire cities and leaving lasting radioactive effects, surpassing atomic bombs in power.

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The belief that if one nation falls to communism, its neighboring countries will also succumb.

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A military alliance formed by the USSR and Eastern European nations during the Cold War.

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An international organization established as a successor to the League of Nations to address global political issues.

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An economic framework that led to the creation of the World Bank and IMF to tackle global financial challenges.

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The landmark Supreme Court decision that declared school segregation unconstitutional.

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The concept that any use of nuclear weapons would provoke a retaliatory response, ensuring catastrophic global consequences.

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A U.S. foreign policy strategy aimed at stopping the spread of communism, including through military action.

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A term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the ideological divide between communist and democratic nations in Europe.

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Globally-focused entities working to address and resolve international issues.

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The systematic genocide of six million Jews and five million others by the Nazi regime during World War II.

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NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

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NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

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A military alliance primarily involving the USA and Western European nations to counter Soviet influence.

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NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

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A 1980s political group driven by religious conservatives, promoting traditional values and influencing U.S. politics through moral and faith-based principles.

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A steady rise in the overall cost of goods and services, which diminishes the buying power of money over time.

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Advocates for equitable social and economic structures, proactive government roles in economic affairs, and progressive societal reforms.

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Strategies employed by a nation’s central bank to regulate the supply of money and control interest rates to stabilize prices, boost employment, and support economic growth.

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Governmental use of revenue collection and expenditure to shape the economy, aiming for objectives like reduced unemployment and price stability.

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The economic agenda of President Reagan, focusing on cutting taxes, minimizing regulations, and promoting economic expansion at higher income levels to benefit society broadly.