# data[].attributes.headline
Ancient Civilizations BC-1200 A.D. (Alyssa)

# data[].attributes.subject
Ancient Civilizations BC-1200 A.D. (Alyssa)

# data[].attributes.body
1.  How much air pollution was there?  Where did it come from?

Found in pre-industrial cities, came from runoff garbage, sewage, and industries of smelting/tanning.

2. How much water pollution was there?  Where did it come from?

The water pollution was less severe yet more localized. Came from human waste, sewage, and industries.

3. How did humans get most of the energy they needed to survive?

Humans gained most energy by natural sources and animal intelligence.

4. Was conservation being practiced anywhere in the world?  How?

In ancient civilizations early conservation was practiced as cultural and religious beliefs.

5. Why was lead poisoning a problem?

Lead was a poisoning problem due to the use of it being in preparation for food, household items, and health issues especially in ancient Rome.

# data[].attributes.body
1. How much water pollution was there?

Water pollution was present as agriculture and urbanization expanded due to the widespread of waste being dumped into the water

2. How much wood was being harvested?  What effects was this having?

Much wood was being harvested because of fuel, construction, and agriculture. The effects of this were that it led to deforestation, soil erosion, and biodiversity loss.

3. In what ways was disease affecting the world?

The bubonic plague was affecting the world.

# data[].attributes.body
1.  What causes did people begin to take up to improve the world?

Deforestation, water, and air pollution increased significantly, causing harm and damage to land and people.

2. What did Thomas Malthus predict?

Thomas Malthus predicted that the future would end up in a disaster as he believed that poverty and famine were the main problems in society.

3. Give examples of new pollution affecting the world.

Motor vehicles have been damaging to the environment since the 1800's.

4.  Why did sanitation become so important?

Sanitation was important during this time because diseases could be easily caught anywhere, especially from working in factories.

5. How was the air pollution at this time?

Air pollution was quickly spread due to many factories being built and the use of coal.

6. How was the water pollution at this time?

Water pollution was rising due to emerging companies dumping waste into public bodies of water.

7. What happened when the “Mother of the Forest” was cut down?

The bark was stripped. The remains were sent to England to become a display, but the public held different opinions. Multiple magazine businesses talked about their view on the situation, majority disagreeing with deforestation.

# data[].attributes.body
1. What types of reforms were occurring?

Worker rights, food checking, and overall progressive reforms were occurring from the late 1800’s to the early 1900’s.

2. What did Theodore Roosevelt fight for?

Roosevelt fought for domestic policies, fairness between citizens, and environmental safety.

3. What new organizations were formed?

Organizations such as the NAACP, labor unions, and professional and civic groups.

# data[].attributes.body
1. What was the purpose of the National Coast Anti-Pollution League?

The National Coast Anti Pollution League was formed by state and municipal officials to stop oil dumping.

2. What type of gasoline was used for the first autos?

The first autos ran on a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. Yet in the 1920’s, 9 million vehicles were powered by gasoline. The market was dominated by leaded gasoline but there was also ethyl alcohol blended with gasoline too.

3. What was the chemurgy movement fighting for?

The Chemurgy movement offered a strategy for industries and governments interested in reviving the agricultural economy and reducing dependence on the U.S. Department of Agriculture to give greater attention to crop utilization research. The Chemurgy movement was fighting for greater use of renewable raw materials in the industry.

# data[].attributes.body
1. What lead people to believe there was a air pollution crisis

In the 19th century, there were many episodes in major cities which resulted in many deaths. Many people slowly started to realize the significance of air pollution.

# data[].attributes.body
1. What was the “burning river?”

The burning river was the Cuyahoga River which was very polluted and caught fire many of times. The event of the burning river caused the spark of the environmental movement in the U.S. This led to many of acts such as the Clean Water Act (CWA), National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and the  US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

2. What is the name of Rachel Carson’s book that started modern environmentalism?

Silent Spring developed the modern environmental movement. The Silent Spring by Rachel Carson focused on the Environmental impact of the use of pesticides.

# data[].attributes.body
1. What government agency is founded?

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was founded on July 9, 1970

2. How was air pollution reduced?

EPA and the State of California reduced air pollution by increasingly applying strict standards to vehicles and industrial sources by applying the Clear Air Act of 1970.

3. How was water pollution reduced?

The Clear Water Act of 1972 established requirements to lessen/limit the cause and source of pollution. Alongside the Water Quality Improvement Act, its main purpose is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation’s waters.

4. What two new sources of pollution begin causing concern?

Nitrogen oxide

Non-methane volatile organic compound

# data[].attributes.body
1.  What major disasters occurred during this time?

Chernobyl disaster at a nuclear power plant in Ukraine on April 26, 1986

Loma Prieta earthquake with a magnitude of 6.9 on October 17, 1989

Exxon Valdez oil spill of 38m gallons of crude oil on March 24, 1989

Nevado Del Ruiz volcanic eruption launching magma over 30km on November 13, 1985

Mount St. Helen’s as America’s most significant volcanic eruption on May 18, 1980

2. What two major issues involving the Earth’s atmosphere arise?

Increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activity and melting of polar ice caps in Antarctica.

# data[].attributes.body
1.  How did the Gulf War create pollution?

Over 700 oil wells were blown up and gas emissions have risen to 20k tons daily.

2. What does China construct that causes much controversy?

The Three Gorges Dam, which unintentionally deposited over 265b gallons of sewage into the Yangtze River every year.

# data[].attributes.body
1.  What final act did President Clinton sign into law?

Clinton signed the Energy Policy Act of 2005 to establish renewable fuel standards and energy efficiency.

2. How does the Bush presidency handle global warming and climate change?

Bush opposed the Kyoto Protocol and instead proposed an alternative plan to reduce greenhouse gasses by 18% over 10 years.

3. How does the world react to leaded gasoline?

Many countries began to stop the use of leaded gasoline because of its harmful effects on the human body once exposed.