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Explore the different the languages of the ancient world!

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For this installment of the “Languages of the World” series, we’re doing something a little bit different. Normally, I focus on one single country and explore all the languages sp…

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Map of Ancient Egypt (includes land features and surrounding cities)

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In this 8 minute interactive video, you will learn about what is a civilization! You will brainstorm ideas and learn about what makes a good civilization.

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What Is a Civilization? - Ancient World History for Kids!

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Watch this 3 minute rap video to review basic knowledge on Ancient Civilizations!

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Introduction to Ancient Civilizations: Review Rap - Ancient World History for Kids!

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In this quick, 5 minute video, you will learn all about the Silk Road. This video uses cartoons and drawings to showcase what the Silk Road was and basic facts about it!

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The Silk Road: Connecting the ancient world through trade - Shannon Harris Castelo

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Brush up on your knowledge about Ancient Civilizations! This article has a lot of information about each of the different civilizations (including some extra that we haven't learned about!). Please take some time to look at the Ancient Civilizations that we've gone over (Ancient Egypt, China, Mesopotamia and India). Feel free to explore other ancient civilizations if you have time!

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The term civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities. Ancient civilization refers specifically to the first settled and stable communities that became the basis for later states, nations, and empires.

The study of ancient civilization is concerned with the earliest segments of the much broader subject called ancient history. The span of ancient history began with the invention of writing about 3100 bc and lasted for more than 35 centuries. Humankind existed long before the written word, but writing made the keeping of a historical record possible ( see human origins).

The first ancient societies arose in Mesopotamia and Egypt in the Middle East, in the Indus valley region of what are now Pakistan and India, in the Huang He (Yellow River) valley of China, on the island of Crete in the Aegean Sea, and in Central America. All these civilizations had certain features in common. They built cities and invented forms of writing. They learned to make pottery and use metals. They domesticated animals, and they created fairly complex social structures with class systems.

Apart from written records and carved inscriptions, the knowledge about ancient peoples is derived from the work of archaeologists. Most of the significant archaeological findings have been made in the past 200 years. The Sumerian culture of Mesopotamia was discovered in the 1890s, and some of the most important archaeological digs in China were made after the late 1970s.

The single, decisive factor that made it possible for humankind to settle in permanent communities was agriculture. A turning point in human history, the invention of farming and the tremendous changes it brought about have been called the agricultural revolution. After farming was developed in the Middle East about 6500 bc, people living in tribes or family units did not have to be on the move continually searching for food or herding their animals. Once people could control the production of food and be assured of a reliable annual supply of it, their lives changed completely.

People began to found permanent communities in fertile river valleys. They settled around rivers for a number of reasons. Rivers were an important source of fresh water for drinking. They could be used for transportation. Settlers also learned to use the water supply to irrigate the land for farming. Sedentary settlement, or being settled in one place, made it possible to domesticate animals in order to provide other sources of food and clothing.

Farming was indeed a revolutionary discovery. It not only made settlements possible-and ultimately the building of cities-but it also made available a reliable food supply. With more food available, more people could be fed. Populations therefore increased. The growing number of people available for more kinds of work led to the development of more complex social structures. With a food surplus, a community could support a variety of workers who were not farmers. The agricultural revolution thus resulted in a division of labor, with some people farming, while others worked at various crafts, such as making pottery, cloth, or tools. Craftspeople traded the goods they made to farmers for food.

Farming the world over has always relied upon a dependable water supply. For the earliest societies this meant rivers and streams or regular rainfall. The first great civilizations grew up along rivers. Later communities were able to develop by taking advantage of the rainy seasons.

All the ancient civilizations probably developed in much the same way, in spite of regional and climatic differences. As villages grew, the accumulation of more numerous and substantial goods became possible. Heavier pottery replaced animal-skin gourds as containers for food and liquids. Cloth could be woven from wool and flax. Permanent structures made of wood, brick, and stone could be built.

The science of mathematics was an early outgrowth of agriculture. People studied the movements of the Moon, Sun, and planets to calculate seasons. In so doing they created the first calendars. With a calendar it was possible to calculate the arrival of each growing season. Measurement of land areas was necessary if property was to be divided accurately. Measurements of amounts-for example, of seeds or grains-was also a factor in farming and housekeeping. Later came measures of value as commodity and money exchange became common.

The use of various ways of measuring led naturally to record keeping, and for this some form of writing was necessary. The earliest civilizations all seem to have used picture-writing-pictures representing both sounds and objects to the reader. The best known of the ancient writing systems is probably Egyptian hieroglyphics, a term meaning "sacred carvings," since many of the earliest writings were inscribed on stone.

All the major ancient civilizations-in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus valley, and China-emerged in the 4th millennium bc. Historians still debate over which one emerged first. It may well have been in the Middle East, in an area called the Fertile Crescent. This area stretches from the Nile River in Egypt northward along the coast of the historical region of Palestine, then eastward into Asia to include Mesopotamia. In this area people settled along the riverbanks and practiced field agriculture. This kind of farming depended on the reproduction of seed, normally from grain crops.

Mesopotamia (from a Greek term meaning "between rivers") lies between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, a region that is today part of Iraq. By about 5000 bc, small tribes of farmers had made their way to the river valleys. On the floodplains they raised wheat, barley, and peas. They cut through the riverbanks so that water for their crops could flow to lower lying soil.

These early irrigation systems were more fully developed by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia. They drained marshes and dug canals, dikes, and ditches. The need for cooperation on these large irrigation projects led to the growth of government and law. The Sumerians are thus credited with forming the earliest of the ancient civilizations.

The land of the Sumerians was called Sumer (Shinar in the Bible). Their origins are shrouded in the past. They were not Semites, like most of the peoples of the region. The Sumerians spoke a language unrelated to other known tongues. They may have come to southern Mesopotamia from Persia before 4000 bc.

Sumerian towns and cities included Eridu, Nippur, Lagash, Kish, and Ur. The cities differed from primitive farming settlements. They were not composed of family-owned farms but were ringed by large tracts of land. These tracts were thought to be "owned" by a local god. A priest organized work groups of farmers to tend the land. The farmers provided barley, beans, wheat, olives, grapes, and flax for the community.

These early cities, which existed by 3500 bc, were called temple towns because they were built around the temple of the local god. The temples were eventually built up on towers called ziggurats (holy mountains). The ziggurats had ramps or staircases winding up around the exterior. Public buildings and marketplaces were built around these shrines.

The temple towns grew into city-states, which are considered the basis of the first true civilizations. At a time when only the most basic forms of transportation and communication were available, the city-state was the most governable type of human settlement. City-states were ruled by leaders called ensi s. They were probably authorized to control the local irrigation systems. The food surplus provided by the farmers supported these leaders as well as priests, artists, craftsmen, and others.

The Sumerians contributed to the development of metalworking, wheeled carts, and potter's wheels. They may have invented the first form of writing. They engraved pictures on clay tablets in a form of writing known as cuneiform (meaning "wedge-shaped"). The tablets were used to keep the accounts of the temple food storehouses. By about 2500 bc these picture-signs were being refined into an alphabet.

The Sumerians developed the first calendar, which they adjusted to the phases of the Moon. The lunar calendar was adopted by the Semites, Egyptians, and Greeks. Trade increased between Sumerian cities and between Sumer and other, more distant regions. This led to the growth of a merchant class.

The Sumerians organized a complex mythology. It was based on the relationships among the various local gods of the temple towns. In Sumerian religion, the most important gods were seen as human forms of natural forces-sky, Sun, earth, water, and storm. Each of these gods was originally associated with a particular city. The gods were worshiped not only in the great temples but also in small shrines in family homes.

Warfare between cities eventually led to the rise of kings, called lugals, whose authority replaced that of city-state rulers. Sumer became a more unified state, with a common culture and a centralized government. This led to the establishment of a bureaucracy and an army. By 2375 bc, most of Sumer was united under one king, Lugalzaggisi of Umma.

The Sumerians were conquered by their Semitic neighbors. But their civilization was carried on by their successors-the Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Chaldeans.

The Babylonians made distinct contributions to the growth of civilization. They added to the knowledge of astronomy and mathematics. They built the first great capital city, Babylon. The Babylonian King Hammurabi set forth the Code of Hammurabi in the late 18th century bc. This was the most complete compilation of Babylonian law and one of the first great law codes in the world.

Egyptian farmers had settled in the long and narrow valley of the Nile River by 5000 bc. Within 2,000 years Egyptians had invented writing and built massive irrigation works. They had established a culture that bequeathed the pyramids and other magnificent monuments to posterity.

The ancient Egyptians depended heavily on the Nile River. The river created an oasis in the surrounding desert, providing water for drinking and for farming. Each year, the river rose, flooded, and fell. Its flooding deposited sediments along the riverbank, making the land good for farming. The fertility of the land and the general predictability of the Nile's flooding ensured farmers a high yield from a single annual crop. Eventually, the Egyptians could store large surpluses of grain, to trade and to keep in reserve in case of crop failures. Surplus crops would form the chief basis of ancient Egypt's great wealth. The Nile was also the society's most important transportation route.

Most of the ancient Egyptians lived in the Nile valley and delta, and nearly all were farmers. The primitive farming settlements of Egypt were concerned with the raising of grains, fruits and vegetables, and animals. These settlements slowly gave way to larger groupings of people. Probably the need to control the Nile floodwaters through dams and canals eventually led to the rise of government in the region.

By the end of the prehistoric period before about 2925 bc, Egypt was divided into two kingdoms. Lower Egypt had its capital at Buto, while Upper Egypt was centered at Hierakonpolis. In this period travelers brought in ideas from Sumer, including the concepts of writing and the pottery wheel.

Egyptian civilization began with the unification in the 3rd millennium bc of the upper and lower regions by King Menes. He established a new capital at Memphis. In this era the Egyptians developed the first 365-day calendar. They invented the plow and made use of copper. They developed hieroglyphic writing and began to build with stone. Trade and exploration flourished.

The Egyptians were ruled by kings known as pharaohs who claimed to be descended from the god Horus. These kings, supported by a priestly class, lived in splendor, and they saw to it that after their deaths they would be buried in splendor. The tombs built for them were designed as storehouses to hold all the things that the kings would need in the afterlife.

The earliest royal tombs foreshadowed the later great monuments, the pyramids. By about 2700 bc the first pyramid was built, in Saqqarah. The three great Pyramids of Giza still standing near Cairo were built in the 26th and 25th centuries bc.

Early Egyptian history is divided into three major eras: the Old Kingdom (about 2575-about 2130 bc), the Middle Kingdom (1938-about 1630 bc), and the New Kingdom (about 1539-1075 bc). By the dawn of the Old Kingdom, the characteristics of Egyptian civilization had already been firmly established. The periods not accounted for by the dates are believed to be times of decline known as the Intermediate periods.

The valley of the Indus River is considered to be the birthplace of Indian civilization. Located on the Indian subcontinent, largely in what is now Pakistan, the Indus valley civilization was not discovered by archaeologists until 1924. The ancient history of this region is obscured by legend. It appears, however, that by 4000 bc primitive farmers were raising vegetables, grains, and animals along the riverbank. By 2700 bc two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, and numerous smaller towns had emerged.

There is some evidence that Mesopotamian traders reached the early people of the Indus valley by sailing there from Sumer. The Indus valley people shared some developments-such as complex irrigation and drainage systems and the art of writing-with the people of Sumer. However, the people of the Indus valley also developed a unique cultural style of their own.

What little is known of the Indus civilization suggests that it had large cities that were well laid out and well fortified. There were public buildings, palaces, baths, and large granaries to hold agricultural produce. The many artifacts and artworks found by archaeologists indicate that the residents of the Indus had reached a fairly high level of culture before their civilization was destroyed.

The Vedic people, who were nomads from the Eurasian steppes, migrated to the Indus valley beginning about 1500 bc. They introduced a caste system, which persists to the present day. The caste system divides all people into social classes with differing rights and obligations. It was a formal expression of the interdependent labor division seen in all civilizations. By the 6th century bc at least 16 states had been established on the Indian subcontinent.

By about 2500 bc a civilization had emerged on the island of Crete in the Aegean Sea. Excavations in 1900 at the site of Knossos revealed the existence of a culture named by archaeologists as Minoan after a mythical king, Minos. Minoans probably settled in Crete before 3000 bc.

There is evidence of outside influence in Crete; apparently Egyptian traders reached the Aegean Sea soon after the Minoans did. Nevertheless, Minoan civilization developed its own unique features. By about 2000 bc, great cities with elaborate and luxurious palaces were built, and sea trade was flourishing.

The Minoans had a picture-writing system, as had other ancient peoples. The Minoan religion seems to have centered on a mother goddess and on the figures of the bull and the snake. The Minoans are known for their beautiful and colorful wall paintings and their fine pottery. About 1400 bc Minoan civilization began to decline. The end was hastened by invasions from mainland Greece. ( See also Aegean civilization.)

The Chinese had settled in the Huang He, or Yellow River, valley of northern China by 3000 bc. By then they had pottery, wheels, farms, and silk, but they had not yet discovered writing or the uses of metals.

The Shang Dynasty (1600?-1046 bc) is the first documented era of ancient China. The highly developed hierarchy consisted of a king, nobles, commoners, and slaves. The capital city was Anyang, in what is now north Henan province. Some scholars have suggested that travelers from Mesopotamia and from Southeast Asia brought agricultural methods to China, which stimulated the growth of ancient Chinese civilization. The Shang peoples were known for their use of jade, bronze, horse-drawn chariots, ancestor worship, and highly organized armies.

Like other ancient peoples, the Chinese developed unique attributes. Their form of writing, probably developed by 2000 bc, was a complex system that used characters that stood for words or parts of words. Such early forms of Chinese became known through the discovery by archaeologists of oracle bones, which were bones with writings inscribed on them. They were used for fortune-telling and record keeping in ancient China.

The Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 bc) saw the full flowering of ancient civilization in China. During this period the empire was unified, a middle class arose, and iron was introduced. The sage Confucius (551-479 bc) developed the code of ethics that dominated Chinese thought and culture for the next 25 centuries.

Meso-America is the term used to describe the ancient settlements of Mexico and Central America. The earliest elaborate civilization known in the Americas is that of the Olmec of central Mexico. The Olmec lived in the lowlands of what are now Veracruz and Tabasco states from about 1200 bc. They left artifacts ranging from tiny jade carvings to huge monuments such as the volcanic rock statues at San Lorenzo. These monuments suggest the existence of an organized and diverse society with leaders who could command the work of artisans and laborers. Among the many other complex pre-Columbian civilizations in Central and South America were the Chavín, Nazca, Moche, and Inca of Peru, the Chibcha and Tairona of Colombia, the Marajoara and Tapajó of Brazil, the Maya of the Yucatán Peninsula, and the Aztec of Mexico. ( See also American Indians; Middle American Indians; Central American and Northern Andean Indians; Central Andean Indians; Rainforest Indians; South American Nomadic Indians.)

Only four ancient civilizations-Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus valley, and China-provided the basis for continuous cultural developments in the same location. After the Minoan society on Crete was destroyed, its cultural traditions and legends passed into the life of mainland Greece. As for Meso-America and South America, their cultures were submerged by the Spanish conquerors of the 16th century.

Brier, Bob, and Hobbs, Hoyt. Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians (Greenwood, 2008).Chrisp, Peter. Atlas of Ancient Worlds (DK, 2009).Connolly, Sean. The Americas and the Pacific (Zak, 2009).Croy, Anita, ed. Ancient Aztec and Maya (Brown Bear, 2010).Dalal, Anita, ed. Ancient Egypt; Ancient Mesopotamia (Brown Bear, 2009).Fletcher, Joann. Exploring the Life, Myth, and Art of Ancient Egypt (Rosen, 2010).Grant, Neil. Ancient Egypt and Greece (Zak, 2009).Hazen, W.A. Everyday Life: Ancient Times (Good Year, 2006).Hurdman, Charlotte, and others. Life in the Ancient World (Lorenz, 2008).Long, C.J. Ancient America (Lucent, 2002).McNeill, W.H. The Rise of the West (Univ. of Chicago Press, 2001).Martell, Hazel. The Kingfisher Book of the Ancient World (Kingfisher, 2006).Morris, Neil. Asian Civilizations; Mesopotamia and the Bible Lands (Zak, 2009).Nardo, Don. Ancient Egypt; Ancient India (Lucent, 2007; 2008).Nemet-Nejat, K.R. Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia (Hendrickson/Roundhouse, 2003).Shaughnessy, E.L. Exploring the Life, Myth, and Art of Ancient China (Rosen, 2010).

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The term civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities. Ancient civilization refers specifically to the first...

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Check out this website for some more information about ancient civilizations! There are different sections for the different civilizations. This website has pictures, timelines, maps, and more!

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Humans have a long and mysterious history. Many different types of people have worked together to figure out the mysteries of our past. Archeologists study early human history and ancient history by discovering artifacts that give us clues about our past. Historians study primary and secondary resources and connect ideas and make theories. Scientists use experiments to examine artifacts and test historical theories. Students, teachers, and citizens around the world study all the published work of archeologists, historians, and scientists to develop the current theories we have today. Millions of people of all ages have explored the past and tried to make new connections to understand our history. All of this work has put together a more clear idea of our past, but there are still many mysteries left to solve! New artifacts and discoveries are made every year, some of them make huge changes to our knowledge of the past.

Usually, the farther we go back in history the more mysterious the story. Humans lived for hundreds of thousands of years before civilization. Our pre-human ancestors lived for millions before that. Civilization was a new way of life. A civilization is an advanced society with agriculture, division of labor, multiple cities, organized religion, science/technology, some form of government, and a written language.

The achievement of "Civilization" happened at different times in different places around the world. There is not an official date when a group of people become a "civilization", so historians often choose different start dates, but most of them are close. The timeline above show the four earliest places where civilization began. The modern countries of , , India/Pakistan, and became ancient cultural hearths that still influence life peoples' lives today. A cultural hearth is a place where a culture first developed. This website is designed for kids. Ancient history for kids tries to provide a consistent history of early civilizations in basic language for students to understand. Hope you enjoy!

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Ancient Civilizations | Ancient History for Kids

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Humans have a long and mysterious history. Many different types of people have worked together to figure out the mysteries of our past. Archeologists study early human history and ancient history by discovering artifacts that give us clues about our past. Historians study primary and secondary resources and connect ideas and make theories.

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Brush up on your knowledge about the Silk Road! This article has some fun information about the Silk Road, and even has pictures, videos and interactive maps of the Silk Road. Check this one out!

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The Silk Road wasn't a road made of silk, but an important trade route that connected the ancient world. The route stretched for thousands of miles, linking Asia with Europe. Traders and travelers began using the Silk Road more than 2,000 years ago. It remained in use until the late Middle Ages.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc./Kenny Chmielewski

So why was this famous route called the Silk Road? Because silk was such a valuable product in ancient times, the route along which it was transported came to be known by that name. Silk came westward to Europe. Other prized goods went east to China. The Silk Road also had branches that connected with routes in India.

The Silk Road was much more than a bustling trade route, however. Ideas as well as goods were carried over the route. People from different cultures met, shared their knowledge and traditions, and learned about one another.

Read on to hear more about the Silk Road and its fascinating history! In this article, you'll learn about:

The origins of the Silk Road

The vast territory covered by the Silk Road and its western connections

The famous adventurer Marco Polo and his journey along the road

Why use of the Silk Road declined

How the Silk Road helped shape the world we know today

Before the era of modern transportation, traders and other people journeyed together in groups called caravans when crossing deserts or other hostile regions. This was to help ensure their safety. Camels were often used by these groups to carry heavy loads. Beginning in the 2nd century bc, caravans traveled the path of the Silk Road. Trade began to flourish along the route. Eventually, China developed trade relations with the Roman Empire by using the Silk Road.

The easternmost edge of the Silk Road began at Xi'an, China, in the east-central portion of the country. The 4,000-mile (6,400-kilometer) road crossed mountains and deserts before reaching the Mediterranean Sea in the West. The main route basically followed the Great Wall of China into the area of northwestern China. It then bypassed the Takla Makan Desert, climbed the Pamir Mountains, and crossed Afghanistan. The route continued west through the modern-day countries of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey. The merchandise being transported could then be shipped across the Mediterranean Sea to Rome. At the height of the Silk Road trade in ad 200, this route and its western connections over Roman lands made up the longest road on Earth.

Caravans transported goods between many towns and trading centers along the Silk Road. Few people traveled the entire route, however. Instead, goods were carried in stages by different groups. After traders transported their goods along part of the route, they passed the merchandise on to others for the next leg of the journey.

Besides fine Chinese silk, what other items did these ancient traders carry? Here are just a few examples:

Tea, porcelain, spices, and precious stones were among the valuable goods sent to Europe from Asia.

Wool, gold, silver, and glassware were some of the items carried east along the route.

The Silk Road also served as an important means of cultural exchange. As people from different cultures and places met during their journey, they shared their various traditions, customs, and beliefs. For example, several major religions spread by way of the Silk Road. By the beginning of the 1st century ad Buddhism had followed the route from India into Central Asia and China. Later, Christianity and Islam expanded westward along the Silk Road from the Middle East.

Roman control of territory in Asia and the Mediterranean area gradually decreased. As this occurred, travel on the Silk Road became less safe, and traffic declined. The Mongol Empire revived the route for a while, in the 13th and 14th centuries. During that time the Italian merchant and adventurer Marco Polo used the Silk Road to travel to Cathay (northern China). Polo would spend many years in China and write a book about his experiences. His book helped Europeans learn about Asian peoples and goods.

In part because of Polo's accounts of the riches of Asia, Europeans became eager to find sea routes to the East. The search for new trade routes led to a major period of exploration throughout the world. Sea routes to Asia were discovered as a safer and faster means of trade than the overland route. In the 1400s the Silk Road fell into disuse.

Although the days of the Silk Road are long past, its influence can still be seen. Many modern-day cities trace their history back to the Silk Road. A number of towns or stops along the old route developed into major urban centers with diverse cultures and populations.

Many efforts have been made to preserve what remains of the Silk Road. For example, certain areas and structures along the route have been declared UNESCO World Heritage sites. Such sites are special places that have been set aside to be protected.

In recent years the United Nations has made plans for a highway system and railroad across Asia. The Silk Road served as the inspiration for these projects. The road also inspired famed cellist Yo-Yo Ma to start an arts organization known as Silkroad. The organization explores cultural traditions along the route and helps artists from around the world to meet and work together.

For articles related to the Silk Road, check out the following!

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The Silk Road wasn't a road made of silk, but an important trade route that connected the ancient world. The route stretched for thousands of miles, linking Asia with Europe....

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Take a look at this website for some more information about the Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt

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Map of Ancient India

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Map of Ancient China

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Map of Ancient Mesopotamia

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Practice your knowledge about Ancient Mesopotamia

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Join a game of kahoot here. Kahoot! is a free game-based learning platform that makes it fun to learn – any subject, in any language, on any device, for all ages!

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Silk Road Trade Route

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Practice your knowledge about Ancient India

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Join a game of kahoot here. Kahoot! is a free game-based learning platform that makes it fun to learn - any subject, in any language, on any device, for all ages!

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Practice your knowledge about Ancient Egypt (and surrounding areas)

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Join a game of kahoot here. Kahoot! is a free game-based learning platform that makes it fun to learn – any subject, in any language, on any device, for all ages!

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Practice your knowledge about The Silk Road

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Join a game of kahoot here. Kahoot! is a free game-based learning platform that makes it fun to learn – any subject, in any language, on any device, for all ages!

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Mixed Questions about Ancient Civilizations

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Mixed Questions about Ancient Civilizations

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Practice your knowledge about Ancient Civilizations!

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Join a solo game of kahoot here. Kahoot! is a free game-based learning platform that makes it fun to learn - any subject, in any language, on any device, for all ages!