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Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced.

Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and guaranteed equal protection under the law, effectively overturning the Dred Scott decision. It also included provisions for the apportionment of representatives, the disqualification of former Confederates from office, and the validity of public debt following the Civil War.

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The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.

The 11th Amendment limits the ability of individuals to sue states in federal court. Specifically, it prohibits citizens of one state or foreign countries from suing another state in federal court. This amendment was designed to protect states from being sued by individuals, either within the U.S. or from other countries.

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The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not have been an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. They shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; — the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted: — The person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.

The 12th Amendment modified the process of electing the President and Vice President. It established that electors would vote separately for President and Vice-President, rather than casting two votes for President. It also set out how the President and Vice President are chosen if no candidate wins a majority of electoral votes: the House of Representatives selects the President, and the Senate selects the Vice President. This amendment was passed to prevent confusion and potential conflicts in the election process, like the tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr in 1800.

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Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

The 13th Amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States, except as punishment for a crime. This landmark amendment, ratified in 1865, marked the end of legal slavery and was a key achievement of the Reconstruction era following the Civil War.

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The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

The 16th Amendment gave Congress the authority to collect income taxes without distributing the tax burden based on state population. This allowed for a federal income tax system, which was a significant shift in how the government raised revenue.

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The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the people thereof; for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. (The preceding words in parentheses were superseded by the 20th Amendment, section 2.) The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature.

When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the Legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.

This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

The 17th Amendment established the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people, rather than being chosen by state legislatures. This reform aimed to make the Senate more responsive to the will of the people and reduce corruption in state legislatures.

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After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof is hereby prohibited.

The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

The 18th Amendment initiated Prohibition, banning the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the U.S. This was a significant moment in American history, aiming to curb social problems caused by alcohol, though it ultimately led to increased crime and was repealed by the 21st Amendment.

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The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote, marking a major victory in the women's suffrage movement. It was a monumental step toward gender equality and political participation.

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Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.

Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President-elect shall have died, the Vice President-elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President-elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President-elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President-elect nor a Vice President-elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.

Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.

Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article.

Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission.

The 20th Amendment, called the "Lame Duck Amendment," shortened the time between the election and the start of the President's and Congress's terms. It moved the presidential inauguration from March 4 to January 20, and the start of Congress's terms to January 3. The goal was to reduce the time that outgoing officials stayed in office after an election.

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Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.

Section 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or Possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.

The 21st Amendment repealed the 18th Amendment, ending Prohibition in the United States. It allowed the legal sale and distribution of alcohol again, though individual states were still permitted to regulate alcohol as they saw fit.

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Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of the President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once.

Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission.

The 22nd Amendment limits the President to two terms in office. It was passed after Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to four terms, setting a cap on the number of terms any individual could serve as President.

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Section 1. The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as Congress may direct: A number of Electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall not be entitled to more than one Elector for each member of Congress to which the District would be entitled.

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

The 23rd Amendment gave residents of Washington, D.C., the right to vote in presidential elections by granting the District electors in the Electoral College, though they cannot have more electors than the least populous state.

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Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

The 24th Amendment prohibited poll taxes, which had been used to prevent African Americans and poor people from voting. This was a significant victory for voting rights in the Civil Rights Movement.

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Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.

Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.

Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.

Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President; and when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office.

The 25th Amendment clarified the procedures for presidential succession and the filling of vacancies in the office of the Vice President. It also addressed the situation in which the President may be incapacitated and unable to perform their duties.

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Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of age.

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

The 26th Amendment lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, allowing younger citizens to participate in elections. It was passed in response to arguments that those old enough to be drafted into military service should also have the right to vote.

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Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

The 15th Amendment granted voting rights to African American men, prohibiting racial discrimination in voting. It was a significant step in the fight for civil rights and was a direct response to the post-Civil War era, ensuring former slaves could participate in elections.

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No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.

The 27th Amendment prevents any law that increases or decreases the salary of members of Congress from taking effect until after the next election. This amendment ensures that lawmakers cannot immediately benefit from pay increases they pass for themselves.