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This is a short text written by Ash Alves that has been chosen by both of us for our speakers to speak in their own accents.

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This one beautiful lady here is apparently a friend of Ishika's senior who is currently furthering her study in United Kingdom. Her name is Ellie McDonald and she has already turned 20 years old this year. A mechanical engineering student in a university that is located in Nottingham, this lady is actually from Wales, United Kingdom but also residing in Nottingham for now.

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WhatsApp Video 2022-05-10 at 7.02.14 PM (Wan Nur Ishika Dayini)

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/juː maɪt nɒt biː weə juː wɒnt tuː biː raɪt naʊ bʌt juː wɪl ɪˈvɛnʧəli:. θɪŋz ɑːr əˈlaɪnɪŋ ɪn jɔː ˈgreɪtə gʊd. juːv ʤʌst gɒt tuː hæv feɪθ ðæt θɪŋz wɪl ˈmænɪfɛst æt ðə raɪt taɪm/.

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In the geographical territory of Wales, English has been spoken from the beginning of the Old English period. The English parliament issued two acts of Union in 1535 and 1543, legally unifying Wales and establishing English as the region's official language. The number of Welsh speakers inevitably dropped as Wales grew more industrialised and its infrastructure increased. Although early census data are only approximations, they reveal a linguistic loss, at least among monolinguals (Welsh English, 2022).

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Most of the vowels that are pronounced by the speaker, Ellie McDonald tend to be longer, such as 'e' vowel.

This can be heard when she started to pronounce the 'be' word that sounds /bi:/ with a longer 'i' sound at the end which produced the 'ee' sound instead of /bɪ/, with a shorter end of 'i' sound. Thus, the 'be' word can also be heard pronounced similarly as the 'bee' from the video above.

The word 'manifest' is pronounced as /mænɪfɛst/ in which there is a different case for the 'i' vowel in this word since the speaker comfortably used /ɪ/ which is shorter in producing the /nɪ/ sound, and not /ni:/ in the middle of the word.

Meanwhile, here we can obviously hear that Miss Ellie pronounced the 'got' word normally, which sounds pretty similar to how most Americans pronounce it, /gɒt/. /ɒ/ is being used here instead of /ʌ/ to produce the 'o' vowel.

Moreover, the 'eventually' word is pronounced as /ɪˈvɛnʧəli:/ in which two different IPA symbols have been used to produce different sounds as well. The starting of the 'e' vowel there is being represented by /ɪ/, in contrast with at the end of the word which is 'ly' that is being represented by /li:/ and not just /lɪ/ since Miss Ellie ended the 'eventually' word slightly longer that can be heard as 'lee'.

Last but not least, the 'u' vowel like the 'you' word is pronounced longer here by Miss Ellie since she would produce /u:/ sound at the end of the word instead of /ʊ/. But for 'your' word, it is in a different category as the 'u' vowel in the word tend to be pronounced /ɔː/ instead of /u:/ or /ʊ/ to produce the 'our' sound at the same time.

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There are several diphtongs that have been used by our first speaker in her speech such as /aɪ/, /eə/ and /æ/.

First thing first, the /aɪ/ sound that represented the 'ight' sounds for both 'might' and 'right' words. The 'g' and 'h' consonants are both unvoiced consonants here so there are no pronunciation for both of them. Thus, Miss Ellie produce the /aɪ/ sound out of these two words to replace the 'ght' in the middle which produce /maɪt/ and /raɪt/.

As for the /eə/ diphtong, it can be found in 'where' word as our first speaker pronounced the 'where' word as /weə/. This is probably due to the fact that /eə/ diphtong is used to represent the last three letters in this specific since this diphtong also produces sound like air in which the 'where' word is usually pronounced like that. It somehow sounds like 'wear' where the /eə/ also represent the r sound at the end of the word.

Not to mention, there is also /æ/ diphtong found in certain words' pronunciation such as 'that', 'at', 'manifest' and also 'have'. The 'a' vowel in the each word is pronounced as /æ/ instead of /ə/ or /a:/. This diphtong produces sound like (a + e) vowels that have been combined and being used often to represent the 'a' vowel in most of the words.

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As for the syntactic variation, the British people like our first speaker here can be said to prefer more on emphasizing in their sentence like when someone is talking about an action that has been done before or in the past. The text given to her is in the future tense and also present tense.

As an example, they will say “I’ve had enough, I have eaten a lot,” instead of “I’ve had enough, I ate a lot,” which sound more simple that will be preferred by the Americans instead.

Plus, the British do not really care much about the singular or plural forms before any collective nouns in a sentence. Both forms seem to be accepted and comprehensible for any British accent speakers. For instance, “Where is your friends?” instead of “Where are your friends?”

That might sound a little bit ridiculous for the Americans to understand but it is not a big deal at all for the British to use it in their daily life with one another as they are pretty comfortable with that.

Needn’t or need not is usually used by them to further explain something such as an absence in which the British will put it in a sentence like “Your family need not to come to the parents’ meeting tomorrow.” This is absolutely not the same for the Americans as this will sound a little bit weird for them since they often use don't need or do not need.

Notice that ‘shall’ is often used by the British people to start a question instead of ‘should’ that is commonly used by the Americans. “Shall we join them for a concert?” instead of “Should we join them for a concert?”

The usage of 'might' word can also be replaced with 'may' since the British prefer to use 'may' instead of 'might', just like the case mentioned above.

(Article of Differences in American and British English Grammar by Kerry Maxwell and Lindsay Clanfield).

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Speaker 1 who basically came from Wales, United Kingdom and was raised there is implying a British accent while reading the provided text as it is obviously her comfortable accent that she has been using since she was little until now.

Ellie is using her Welsh English in which people of Wales themselves describe that their accent needs to sound a little bit confused when talking. Some of them also claimed that they might also sound similar to the Italians as they roll their tongue often while pronouncing the 'r' letter.

Based on Garreth Morgan (1996), he stated that there are two different Modern Welsh, the South and North. Hence, the South Modern Welsh is said to be more attainable by other English speakers instead of the North one.

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Kong and Webb stated that the Welsh speaker preferred syllables with less than 10Hz pitch shift, shorter vowel duration, and lower envelope amplitude inside the vowel. In the video, Ellie stressed some syllables of the words to make the sentence sound clearly.
These are the words that Ellie stressed:

man ifest

/'mænɪfɛst/     man-i-fest

Even though it is short, there is stress in the first syllable. Miss Ellie pronounced the syllable 'ma' a bit longer than other syllables.

fai th

/feɪθ/  faith

She stresses the first syllable. It also has a change in pitch from the syllables coming before and after. She pronounces the first syllable quite louder than the second one.

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A fine handsome young man here is a friend of Anis' online friend who is currently studying at University of Boulder Colorado in Geology. His name is Jadon Hoffman and he is now 21 years old. He was born and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

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/ju maɪt nɑt bɪ wɛr ju wɑnt tu bɪ raɪt naʊ bət ju wɪl ɪˈvnʧəwəli θɪŋz ɑr əˈalaɪnɪŋ ɪn jɔr ˈgrtər gʊd jʊ’v ʤəst gɑt tu hæv feɪθ ðæt θɪŋz wɪl mænəfɛst æt ðə raɪt taɪm/.

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Migration patterns and locations, according to an English and linguistics professor at Carnegie Mellon University named Barbara Johnstone, deserve most of the credit for the range of speech peculiarities on show in Pennsylvania. A horizontal dialect boundary runs the length of the state, nearly paralleling I-80 (Interstate 80) in which she claims that individuals who came into the United States through Boston, primarily from the south of England , impacted the speech and vocabulary of those residing north of that line of demarcation. "People throughout the remainder of Pennsylvania below that tended to arrive in Philadelphia and other towns along the Delaware Valley from Northern England," Johnstone adds. "They came from Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Northern England."

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As mentioned above, Jadon has pronounced each vowel clearly and thicker than the usual Americans' pronunciation in every word that has been included in the text given by us.

The first obvious vowel that could be identified through his speech is the 'i' vowel pronunciation. Let's look at the first example here which is the 'might' word where this speaker tend to pronounce it certainly one by one and the /ɪ/ sound is really there to be notified in between other letters.

Same goes to the 'a' vowel that existed before the 'i' vowel in 'might' word in his pronunciation. The sound produced is /maɪt/ and those two vowels were clearly pronounced by our speaker here, Mr. Jadon Hoffman. This also applied in the 'time' word pronunciation as the 'i' vowel is being stressed. Both /a/ and /ɪ/ are detectable.

In opposite, here, we can hear that Jadon also pronounced the 'e' vowel lightly compared to the other vowels. This can be heard when he started to pronounce the 'where' word which sounded /ɛ/ that is not too stressed. This is probably because he put a stress on the 'r' consonant rather than the vowel itself.

But there is a different case applied for the 'eventually' word where the /ɪ/ sound that was represented as the 'e' vowel at the beginning of the word is more clear and hearable pronounced by him undoubtedly.

As for the 'u' vowel, Jadon tend to pronounce it short and simple, not like how Ellie pronounced this specific vowel. The 'you' word pronounced by him ended just like that without no additional length to the vowel, /u/ instead of /u:/. Similar to the 'to' word where he did not make it longer and simply ended it with /tu/ and not /tu:/.

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We have identified two diphtongs that have been used by our second speaker here such as /aɪ/ and /æ/.

The /aɪ/ sound can be found within the 'time' word, 'right' word and also 'aligning' word. This diphtong is pronounced by Jadon to represent the 'i' vowel at the beginning of each word mentioned here. It is pretty similar to pronounce the 'I' word which also produce the /aɪ/ sound and apparently, the 'i' vowel in the starting of these words really represent the 'I' word itself.

Meanwhile, for the /æ/ sound, it can be found within some words in the text given and one of it is 'manifest' that sounded /mænəfɛst/. The /æ/ sound that was pronounced by Jadon really sound like a combination of two vowels between a and e.

To be more exact, this also applied to other 'a' vowel in the text like 'that' word and also 'at' word. Notice that these two different words produce the same sound as there is a diphtong existed within the words. The only difference here is the existence of 't' and 'h' letters before the diphtong was pronounced.

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For the syntactic variation of the American people, it is widely known by the non-native English speakers as well where the grammatical matters really put a lot of meaning in completing a full sentence that can be understood by the others to create a good daily communication.

This is totally the opposite of the British people as they would go for what they are comfortable in using it for a sentence instead of taking a consideration of whether the other speaker will understand or not their sentences.

All the tenses that have been included in the grammar such as present perfect tense, simple past tense, future tense and many more are most likely to be relatable with the daily usage of English American by the Americans.

The grammar that has been applied by our second speaker here is the ordinary one since it was a referral text which apparently can be understood by the other English speakers.

The use of 'might' word in the text shows that a possibility of two different things whether it is true or wrong that is often used by the Americans in their daily communication.

It is important for the speakers to use the right singular or plural verb along with any collective nouns or the sentence itself does not make any sense. For instance, "My wife is cooking now," and also "Giselle's friends are going to come over tonight."

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Our second speaker which basically came with an American background or to be exact in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and was raised there, he has been adapting with his American accent since he was child and still implementing the accent itself in his daily speech until now, referring to the video above.

Philadelphians also have such a unique accent themselves. Based on Joann Loviglio (2013) in his article, he mentioned that the younger generations of Philadelphians tend to pronounce their vowels more thicker compared to the elders, just like Jadon in the video. Every vowels in each words are pronounced clearly and thick without no doubt.

In addition, some of them also claimed that Philadelphia accent somehow sounds similar to the New Yorkers as it is going through a language change phase in these days.

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These are the words that Jadon stressed:

e ven tually

/iˈvɛnʧəwəli/    e-ven-tu-al-ly
The speaker stresses the 'ven' to make the words sound clearer. When he stresses the syllable 'ven', it is easier to understand the word. The first and last syllables are noticeably shorter and lower than the other two. 'e' and '-ly' are weak syllables and are unstressed.

al ign ing

/əˈlaɪnɪŋ/   a-lign-ing
Jadon stresses the second syllable. It is easy to hear that he lengthens the syllable when he pronounces 'lign'. The pitch of a stressed syllable also becomes higher.

The rhythm of English is a back-and-forth between stressed and unstressed syllables. This is due to the fact that English is a stress-timed language, meaning that certain syllables are longer and need more stress while others are shorter, decreased, and require less stress. (Learn the American Accent with Free English Pronunciation Videos, 2020)

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Hereby, there are two different accents that have been highlighted from these two chosen speakers; one from United Kingdom and one from United States. A comparison has been done to spot on some differences between these two English accents and we managed to find some such as the pronunciations, in terms of stress and also grammatical things. Each accents indeed have their own uniqueness and via this assignment, it managed to open both of our eyes to deliver a better perspective in looking at the differences and similarities between the American and British accent.

Both speakers, Ellie and Jadon were willing to deliver their best in reading the given text to ensure that we are able to further look into the accent that have been used. Throughout our journey for this assignment, accents really play such a big role in representing one's identity of their origin and background. It is really something that we should be proud of so that others will acknowledge it. Hence, English can be said to have a various type of accents that have their own status, widely known and used by other people from different parts, all over the world.

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WAN NUR ISHIKA DAYINI BINTI WAN DINOZAI_REFLECTION ePORTFOLIO EIC453