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May 17, 1954 - This supreme court case ruled segregation unconstitutional. It showed that seperation was not equal, fair, or just. The same principle was also justified for students with disabilities. Students could not or should not be discriminated against because of their disability. They should not be discriminated on because of gender, race, disability, etc. All children can receive free public education. Schools are not allowed to deny a student from attending an assigned school.

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April 9, 1965 - The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was signed into law as part of the “War on Poverty.” ESEA not only called for equal access to education for all students but also federal funding for both primary and secondary education for students disadvantaged by poverty. This landmark legislation provided resources to help ensure that disadvantaged students had access to quality education.

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October 8, 1971 - In the Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ruling, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania sided in favor of students with intellectual and learning disabilities in state-run institutions. PARC v. Penn called for students with disabilities to be placed in publicly funded school settings that met their individual educational needs, based on a proper evaluation. This was the first right to the education act concerning students with disabilities.

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December 17, 9171 - In the Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia case, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia students classified as “exceptional”—including those with mental and learning disabilities and behavioral issues. This ruling made it unlawful for the D.C. Board of Education to deny these individuals access to publicly funded educational opportunities.

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1972 - After PARC and Mills, Congress launched an investigation into the status of children with disabilities and found that millions of children were not receiving an appropriate education and were being underserved. The Bureau of Education for the Handicapped found that there were eight million children requiring special education services. Of this total, 3.9 million students adequately had their educational needs met, 2.5 million were receiving a substandard education and 1.75 million weren’t in school. In 1972, legislation was introduced in Congress after several “landmark court cases establishing in law the right to education for all handicapped children.”

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Education for All Handicapped Children Act

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Education for All Handicapped Children Act

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November 29, 1975 - Signed by President Gerald Ford, congress intended that all children with disabilities would “have a right to education, and to establish a process by which State and local educational agencies may be held accountable for providing educational services for all handicapped children.” This law required all states that accepted money from the federal government were required to provide equal access to education for children with disabilities, in addition to providing them with one free meal per day. Specific learning disabilities were recognized in it's own category. States had the responsibility to ensure compliance under the law within all of their public school systems. This act is also known as the, Public Law 94-142. The law has been reauthorized several times, most recently in 2004.

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The Handicapped Children's Protection Act

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The Handicapped Children's Protection Act

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August 6, 1986 - Signed by President Reagan, the Handicapped Children’s Protection Act, was a law that gave parents of children with disabilities more say in the development of their child’s Individual Education Plan, or IEP. While the EHA mandated that all public schools receiving financial support from the federal government provide special-needs students with nondiscriminatory access to all educational programs, the Handicapped Children’s Protection Act (HCPA) of 1986 was created to instate provisions not covered by the EHA.

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Individuals with Disabilties, Education Act

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Individuals with Disabilties, Education Act

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1990 - IDEA was previously known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act from 1975 to 1990. This act includes 6 pillars which are: 1. Public schools are required to create an Individualized Education Program (IEP) for each student who is found to be eligible for special education services. 2. To the maximum extent appropriate, IDEA ensures that all students are given the opportunity to learn in the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) – an inclusive classroom environment in which a special needs student can achieve the most academic success. 3. Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) is an educational right that ensures education and related services are designed to meet handicapped persons’ individual needs as adequately as the needs of non-handicapped persons. 4. IDEA includes a set of procedural safeguards designed to protect the rights of children with disabilities and their families, and to ensure that all special-needs students receive a FAPE. 5. IDEA ensures the use of appropriate evaluation processes. 6. Cross collaboration is key for a student to receive the education necessary for success. All in all, IDEA replaced EHA to place more focus on the individual learner, as opposed to the condition that individual may have.

Indviduals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act
2004 - Congress amended IDEA by calling for early intervention for students, greater accountability, and improved educational outcomes, and raised the standards for instructors who teach special education classes. It required states to demand that local school districts shift up to 15% of their special education funds toward general education if it were determined that a disproportionate number of students from minority groups were placed in special education for reasons other than disability. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 has two primary purposes. The first purpose is to provide an education that meets a child's unique needs and prepares the child for further education, employment, and independent living. The second purpose is to protect the rights of both children with disabilities and their parents.

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2004 - Originally instated in 1998, the Assistive Technology Act was reauthorized in 2004. It provides assistive technology to persons with disabilities so they can more fully participate in education, employment and daily activities on level playing fields with other people in their communities. Under this law, each U.S. state receives a grant to fund Assistive Technology Act Programs (ATAP) that provide services to persons with disabilities for their entire lives.

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No Child Left Behind Out, Every Student Succeeds Act In

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No Child Left Behind Out, Every Student Succeeds Act In

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2015 - Congress reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the statute formerly known as the No Child Left Behind Act. In response to complaints from states and school districts, Congress removed many portions of the law about accountability -- including requirements for highly qualified teachers. In response to complaints from states and school districts, Congress removed many portions of the law about accountability -- including requirements for highly qualified teachers. The new education statute, Every Student Succeeds Act, was signed into law by President Obama on December 10, 2015. IDEA required states to establish goals for the performance of children with disabilities that are consistent with the goals and standards for nondisabled children. States were also required to improve graduation rates and dropout rates and to report the progress of children with disabilities on state and district assessments.