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Passengers and freight cannot travel individually but in groups or batches. Terminals are central and intermediate locations for the mobility of passengers and freight. Freight must be consolidated at a distribution center, a port, or a rail yard before onward shipment. Goods being shipped from the American Mid-West to the Ruhr in Germany may travel by rail from Cincinnati to the port of New York for the mobility of passengers and freight.

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Passengers and freight cannot travel individually but in groups or batches. Terminals are central and intermediate locations for the mobility of passengers and freight. Freight must be consolidated at a distribution center, a port, or a rail yard before onward shipment. Goods being shipped from the American Mid-West to the Ruhr in Germany may travel by rail from Cincinnati to the port of New York for the mobility of passengers and freight.

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Any station where cargo and people start, end, or are handled during the transit process is referred to as a terminal. The movement of people and goods through terminals is centralised and intermediary. To accommodate the volume of traffic they manage, they frequently need specialised facilities and tools.

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Any station where cargo and people start, end, or are handled during the transit process is referred to as a terminal. The movement of people and goods through terminals is centralised and intermediary. To accommodate the volume of traffic they manage, they frequently need specialised facilities and tools.

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Terminals may be points of interchange within the same modal system, which ensures continuity of the flows. This is particularly the case for air and port operations with hubs connecting parts of the network. Terminals, however, are also critical points of transfer between modes. Buses and cars deliver people to airports, trucks haul freight to rail terminals, and rail brings freight to docks for loading on ships. One core attribute of transport terminals is their convergence function. They are obligatory points of passage, capitalizing on their geographical location, which is generally intermediate to commercial flows. Thus, transport terminals are either created by the centrality or the intermediacy of their respective locations.

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Terminals may be points of interchange within the same modal system, which ensures continuity of the flows. This is particularly the case for air and port operations with hubs connecting parts of the network. Terminals, however, are also critical points of transfer between modes. Buses and cars deliver people to airports, trucks haul freight to rail terminals, and rail brings freight to docks for loading on ships. One core attribute of transport terminals is their convergence function. They are obligatory points of passage, capitalizing on their geographical location, which is generally intermediate to commercial flows. Thus, transport terminals are either created by the centrality or the intermediacy of their respective locations.

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The significance of a transportation hub frequently depends on its size. As required points of transit between various components of the global transportation system, large transport facilities, especially ports and airports, impart the status of entry point or gateway to their location. Containerization has encouraged the development of a hierarchy of terminals serving various purposes and adding value, from the mega-gateway coordinating the flows of a sizable market region to a tiny rail yard or truck depot serving a local market. The same finding holds true for passenger transportation, where there is a clear hierarchy of terminals. Large hub airports are found in major cities, connecting continents all the way down to the little local airport that only offers a few destinations on a daily basis.

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The significance of a transportation hub frequently depends on its size. As required points of transit between various components of the global transportation system, large transport facilities, especially ports and airports, impart the status of entry point or gateway to their location. Containerization has encouraged the development of a hierarchy of terminals serving various purposes and adding value, from the mega-gateway coordinating the flows of a sizable market region to a tiny rail yard or truck depot serving a local market. The same finding holds true for passenger transportation, where there is a clear hierarchy of terminals. Large hub airports are found in major cities, connecting continents all the way down to the little local airport that only offers a few destinations on a daily basis.

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Three major attributes are linked with the importance and the performance of transport terminals :

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Three major attributes are linked with the importance and the performance of transport terminals :

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Location. The major locational factor of a transport terminal is obviously to serve a large concentration of economic activities, representing a terminal’s market area. Specific terminals have specific locational constraints, such as port and airport sites. The former requires a suitable coastline and nautical profile, while the latter requires a large footprint of open flat land. New transport terminals tend to be located outside central areas to avoid high land costs and congestion and find available land.

Accessibility. Accessibility to other terminals (at the local, regional and global scale) as well as how well the terminal is linked to the regional transport system is of importance. For instance, a maritime terminal has little relevance if it is poorly connected to its market area through a high-capacity inland transport system (rail, road, or barge).

Infrastructure. The primary function of a terminal is to handle and transship freight or passengers since modes are physically separated. Modern terminal infrastructures consequently require massive investments and are among the largest structures ever built. Airports, ports, and distribution centers are visible on remote sensing images. Terminals have a nominal capacity, which is related to the amount of land they occupy and their level of technological, labor, and managerial intensity. Infrastructure considerations are essential as they must accommodate current traffic and anticipate future trends along with technological and logistical changes. A utilization rate of 75 to 80% of design capacity is considered to be optimal since, above this level, congestion starts to rise, undermining the reliability of terminal operations. A terminal rarely has a consistent utilization, which is often characterized by periods of high and low activity (daily, weekly, monthly).

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With one example, passenger terminals only need a small amount of specialised hardware. This is due to the fact that customers board buses, ferries, or trains using their own personal mobility. Although amenities like ticketing, lodging, food, and security are necessary, the designs and activities that take place in passenger terminals tend to be straightforward. At various periods of the day, they could seem crowded and disordered. Nevertheless, with the right planning of arrivals and departures as well as good platform and access point design, the flow of people can be successfully handled. Passengers typically don't spend much time in these terminals. As a result, bus terminals and railroad stations frequently consist only basic elements like ticket booths, waiting areas, and shops that cater to this sporadic mobility (fast-food restaurants, convenience stores).

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With one example, passenger terminals only need a small amount of specialised hardware. This is due to the fact that customers board buses, ferries, or trains using their own personal mobility. Although amenities like ticketing, lodging, food, and security are necessary, the designs and activities that take place in passenger terminals tend to be straightforward. At various periods of the day, they could seem crowded and disordered. Nevertheless, with the right planning of arrivals and departures as well as good platform and access point design, the flow of people can be successfully handled. Passengers typically don't spend much time in these terminals. As a result, bus terminals and railroad stations frequently consist only basic elements like ticket booths, waiting areas, and shops that cater to this sporadic mobility (fast-food restaurants, convenience stores).

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Measurement of activities in passenger terminals is generally straightforward. The most common indicator is the number of passengers handled, sometimes differentiated according to arrivals and departures. Transfer passengers are counted in the airport totals even though they do not originate there, and so airports that serve as major transfer facilities inevitably record high passenger totals. This is evident in airports such as Atlanta, Chicago, and Dubai, where in-transit passengers account for well over 50% of the total passenger movements. High transfer passenger activity has been enhanced by the actions of many of the leading airlines adopting hub and spoke networks. This results in many passengers being forced to change planes at hub airports. By selecting certain airports as hubs, the carriers can dominate activity at those airports, thereby controlling most landing and departure slots and the best gate locations, thus fending off rival airlines. In this way, they can extract monopoly profits.

A further measure of airport activity is the number of aircraft movements, a figure that must be used with some caution because it pays no regard to the capacity of planes. A 50-seat regional jet and a 300 seat wide-body aircraft both count as one movement. High numbers of aircraft movements may thus not be highly correlated with passenger traffic totals. Still, the number of aircraft movements is an important variable as it indicates the level of usage of the runways as aircraft take about the same landing or takeoff capacity, irrespective of their size.

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Freight handling requires specific loading and unloading equipment. In addition to the facilities needed to accommodate ships, trucks, and trains (berths, loading bays, and freight yards, respectively), a wide range of handling gear and storage are required, which is determined by the types of cargo handling. Freight transport terminals have a set of characteristics linked with core (terminal operations) and ancillary activities (added value such as distribution). The result is that terminals are differentiated functionally both by the mode involved and the commodities transferred. A basic distinction is that between bulk, general cargo, and containers:

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Freight handling requires specific loading and unloading equipment. In addition to the facilities needed to accommodate ships, trucks, and trains (berths, loading bays, and freight yards, respectively), a wide range of handling gear and storage are required, which is determined by the types of cargo handling. Freight transport terminals have a set of characteristics linked with core (terminal operations) and ancillary activities (added value such as distribution). The result is that terminals are differentiated functionally both by the mode involved and the commodities transferred. A basic distinction is that between bulk, general cargo, and containers:

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Bulk refers to goods that are handled in large quantities that are unpackaged and are available in uniform dimensions. Liquid bulk goods include crude oil and refined products that can be handled using pumps to move the product along with hoses and pipes. Relatively limited handling equipment is needed, but significant storage facilities may be required. Dry bulk includes a wide range of products, such as ores, coal, and cereals. More equipment for dry bulk handling is needed, because the material may have to utilize specialized grabs and cranes and conveyor-belt systems. For specific bulk cargoes, some changes in their characteristics may be required to ensure the continuity of the transportation process, such as its load unit or its physical state (from solid to liquid or gas, or any combination).

General cargo refers to goods that are of many shapes, dimensions, and weights, such as machinery, processed materials, and parts. Because the goods are so uneven and irregular, handling is difficult to mechanize. General cargo handling usually requires labor.

Containers are standard units that have had a substantial impact on terminal operations. Container terminals have minimal labor requirements and perform a wide variety of intermodal functions. They, however, require a significant amount of storage space, which are simple paved areas where containers can be stacked and retrieved with intermodal equipment (cranes, straddlers, and holsters). Depending on the intermodal function of the container terminal, specialized cranes are required, such as portainers (container cranes).

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Because they jointly perform transfer and consolidation functions, terminals are essential economically because of the costs incurred in carrying out these activities. The traffic they handle is a source of employment and benefit regional economic activities, notably by providing accessibility to suppliers and customers as well as social interactions and leisure for passenger terminals, which have a more relative value. Terminal costs represent an important component of total transport costs. They are fixed costs that are incurred regardless of the length of the eventual trip and vary significantly between modes. They can be considered as:

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Because they jointly perform transfer and consolidation functions, terminals are essential economically because of the costs incurred in carrying out these activities. The traffic they handle is a source of employment and benefit regional economic activities, notably by providing accessibility to suppliers and customers as well as social interactions and leisure for passenger terminals, which have a more relative value. Terminal costs represent an important component of total transport costs. They are fixed costs that are incurred regardless of the length of the eventual trip and vary significantly between modes. They can be considered as:

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Infrastructure costs. Include construction and maintenance costs of structures such as piers, runways, cranes, and facilities (warehouses, offices, etc.).

Transshipment costs. The costs of loading and unloading passengers or freight, mostly related to labor and energy.

Management costs. Many terminals are managed by institutions such as port or airport authorities or by private companies (e.g. terminal operators), incurring management costs. For instance, ground and air traffic control are a necessity for airport operations. Complex terminals have extensive information systems to must be operated and maintained.

Because ships have the largest carrying capacities, they incur the largest terminal costs, since it may take many days to load or unload a vessel. Conversely, a truck or a passenger bus can be loaded much more quickly, and hence the terminal costs for road transport are the lowest. Terminal costs play an important role in determining the competitive position between the modes. Because of their high freight terminal costs, ships and rail are generally unsuitable for short-haul trips.

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The advantages of terminal transport is the transportation is much cheaper, less packaging cost, and terminals acts as a feeder to other means transport.

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The advantages of terminal transport is the transportation is much cheaper, less packaging cost, and terminals acts as a feeder to other means transport.

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The disadvantages of terminal is also the lack of organization and structure, the random due to involvement of too many organizations and delivery of heavy cargo is expensive by road

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The disadvantages of terminal is also the lack of organization and structure, the random due to involvement of too many organizations and delivery of heavy cargo is expensive by road

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The terminals transportation is important because transport terminals provide an interface between transport modes enabling passengers and cargo to transit. Ports and airports are points of interface between maritime or air and land transport systems. And an efficient transportation system should be developed to strengthen urban functions, to enhance people's quality of life, to facilitate industrial economic activities, and to sustain stable economic growth

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The terminals transportation is important because transport terminals provide an interface between transport modes enabling passengers and cargo to transit. Ports and airports are points of interface between maritime or air and land transport systems. And an efficient transportation system should be developed to strengthen urban functions, to enhance people's quality of life, to facilitate industrial economic activities, and to sustain stable economic growth

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Issy von Simson and Condé Nast Traveller

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Condé Nast Traveler - Travel Reviews, News, Guides & Tips

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